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78-523: The center is composed of three distinct units. The Smithsonian Folklife Festival is planned and implemented annually by the Festival staff at the Folklife center. The Smithsonian Folkways Record label comprises a second team working at the center; they produce this non-profit music label with the goal of promoting and supporting the cultural diversity of sound. The third team at CFCH manages and curates

156-574: A committee of the 104th United States Congress provided no funds for NPS crowd-counting activities in Washington, D.C., when it prepared legislation making 1997 appropriations for the U.S. Department of the Interior . As a result, the NPS has not provided any official crowd size estimates for Mall events since 1995. The absence of such an official estimate fueled a political controversy following

234-757: A new DC folk festival. The first Festival of American Folklife , with a budget of $ 4,900 and showcasing 84 participants, took place over the Fourth of July weekend 1967 on the National Mall and on the plaza of the Museum of History and Technology . By the time of the Bicentennial Celebration 10 years later, the DC Folklife Festival had been incorporated into the festivities for the national party with activities scheduled throughout

312-520: A peak in the 1970s. The NPS has used a number of methods to control this fungal epidemic, including sanitation , pruning , injecting trees with fungicide and replanting with DED-resistant American elm cultivars (see Ulmus americana cultivars ). The NPS cloned one such cultivar ( 'Jefferson' ) from a DED-resistant tree growing near a path on the Mall in front of the Freer Gallery of Art, near

390-661: A week, Wednesday through Sunday. The festival took place in the western part of the National Mall, south of the Reflection Pool. National Mall The National Mall is a landscaped park near the downtown area of Washington, D.C. , the capital city of the United States . It contains and borders a number of museums of the Smithsonian Institution , art galleries, cultural institutions, and various memorials, sculptures, and statues. It

468-776: Is administered by the National Park Service (NPS) of the United States Department of the Interior as part of the National Mall and Memorial Parks unit of the National Park System . The park receives approximately 24 million visitors each year. Designed by Pierre L'Enfant , the "Grand Avenue" or Mall was to be a democratic and egalitarian space—unlike palace gardens, such as those at Versailles in France, that were paid for by

546-555: Is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. In the space of 15 years on the international playing field folklore has been rebranded as cultural heritage . It is this contemporary shift that CFCH bridges in its compound title of Folklife & Cultural Heritage . This eclectic collection of artifacts and activities came together at

624-529: Is one of several federal institutions to have related mandates. The American Folklife Center , at the nearby Library of Congress , limits its scope to American Folklife in contrast to the international scope of the CFCH. The National Endowment for the Arts , also headquartered in Washington, D.C., offers support and funding to both new and established art media. As such, it overlaps with topical arts programs brought to

702-533: Is reported to be the first to name the area west of the United States Capitol as the "Mall". The name is derived from that of The Mall in London , which during the 1700s was a fashionable promenade near Buckingham Palace upon which the city's elite strolled. The Washington City Canal , completed in 1815 in accordance with the L'Enfant Plan, travelled along the former course of Tiber Creek to

780-462: Is the moment when the CFCH took notice. An active research group was formed to explore and articulate this concept of cultural sustainability. How is this defined, and how is it measured? Their goal is to explore means and indicators for assessing the impacts of culture on sustainable development, to develop best practices for bringing culture into political and social policy, and to share their findings with individuals, communities and policymakers around

858-399: Is west of the National Mall (proper). The Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle"), constructed from 1847 to 1855, is the oldest building now present on the National Mall (proper). The Washington Monument, whose construction began in 1848 and reached completion in 1888, stands near the planned site of its namesake's equestrian statue. The Jefferson Pier marks the planned site of

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936-478: The Center for Folklife & Cultural Heritage through a series of fortuitous and unplanned events. It began with the first Festival of American Folklife in 1967. In 1964 the new Smithsonian secretary, S. Dillon Ripley , arrived in Washington with an innovative museum concept: he challenged curators to "take the objects out of their cases and make them sing". To facilitate this, Ripley appointed James R. Morris as

1014-589: The Commemorative Works Clarification and Revision Act . This Act prohibits the siting of new commemorative works and visitor centers in a designated reserve area within the cross-axis of the Mall. In October 2013, a two-week federal government shutdown closed the National Mall and its museums and monuments. However, when a group of elderly veterans tried to enter the National World War II Memorial during

1092-811: The Congress House (now the United States Capitol ) and an equestrian statue of George Washington . The statue would be placed directly south of the President 's House (now the White House ) and directly west of the Congress House (see L'Enfant Plan ) on the site of the Washington Monument. The grand avenue was to be flanked by gardens and spacious accommodations for foreign ministers. Mathew Carey 's 1802 map

1170-494: The National Mall each summer during the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. The National Park Service has as one of its objectives the preservation of historic sites, partnering with CFCH in their concerns for the cultural sustainability of both tangible and natural cultural resources . A plethora of newly minted compound concepts have been introduced into the vocabulary and discussion of culture since

1248-548: The Potomac River along B Street Northwest (NW) (now Constitution Avenue NW) and south along the base of a hill containing the Congress House, thus defining the northern and eastern boundaries of the Mall. Being shallow and often obstructed by silt , the canal served only a limited role and became an open sewer that poured sediment and waste into the Potomac River's flats and shipping channel. The portion of

1326-556: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial north to Constitution Avenue". A map within the plan entitled "National Mall Areas" illustrates "The Mall" as being the green space bounded on the east by 3rd Street, on the west by 14th Street, on the north by Jefferson Drive, NW, and on the south by Madison Drive, SW. A Central Intelligence Agency map shows the Mall as occupying the space between the Lincoln Memorial and

1404-549: The Ulysses S. Grant Memorial and the Capitol Reflecting Pool ) from NPS jurisdiction. The National Park Service states that the purposes of the National Mall are to: In his 1791 plan for the future city of Washington, D.C. , Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant envisioned a garden-lined "grand avenue" approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) in length and 400 feet (120 m) wide, in an area that would lie between

1482-532: The United States Department of Agriculture in 1862 during the Civil War. Designed by Adolf Cluss and Joseph von Kammerhueber, the United States Department of Agriculture Building (No. 25 on the map), was constructed in 1867–1868 north of B Street SW within a 35-acre site on the Mall. After the Civil War ended, the Department of Agriculture started growing experimental crops and demonstration gardens on

1560-696: The United States capital . Usually divided into programs featuring a nation, region, state or theme, the Festival has featured tradition bearers from more than 90 nations, every region of the United States, scores of ethnic communities, more than 100 American Indian groups, and some 70 different occupations. The Festival generally includes daily and evening programs of music, song, dance, celebratory performance, crafts and cooking demonstrations, storytelling, illustrations of workers' culture, and narrative sessions for discussing cultural issues. Cultural practitioners speak for themselves, with each other, and to

1638-466: The 400 feet (120 m) wide "grand avenue" with a 300 feet (91 m) wide vista containing a long and broad expanse of grass. Four rows of American elm trees ( Ulmus americana ) planted fifty feet apart between two paths or streets would line each side of the vista. Buildings housing cultural and educational institutions constructed in the Beaux-Arts style would line each outer path or street, on

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1716-753: The Armory (No. 27 on the 1893 map of the Mall) was built at the intersection of B Street SW and 6th Street SW on the Armory Grounds. In 1862, during the American Civil War , the building was converted to a military hospital known as Armory Square Hospital to house Union Army casualties. After the war ended, the Armory building became the home of the United States Fish Commission . The United States Congress established

1794-679: The Capitol. Near the tracks, several structures were built over the years. The Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station (B on the map) rose in 1873 on the north side of the Mall at the southwest corner of 6th Street and B Street NW (now the site of the west building of the National Gallery of Art ). In 1881, the Arts and Industries Building (No. 34 on the map), known originally as the National Museum Building, opened on

1872-456: The Festival and the Folkways units at CFCH collect, research, and produce experiences. The compound name, Center for Folklife & Cultural Heritage, epitomizes an ongoing transition within the field of cultural studies . In concatenated form, it documents the shift from folklore to cultural heritage that has taken place in academics and in fieldwork within the last 15 years. The CFCH

1950-491: The Folkways record label; it serves as the documentation and research foundation for the activities of these other two units of the CFCH. As with all archives, the Folklife Archives is currently working to move its entire collection into digital format, thus enabling global access to the artifacts. This includes not only the artifacts which are born-digital but also older analog forms which require reformatting for

2028-747: The Liberty Loan Building, remained standing in 2019 while housing the Treasury Department's Bureau of the Fiscal Service . In 1918, contractors for the United States Navy 's Bureau of Yards and Docks constructed the Main Navy and Munitions Buildings along nearly a third of a mile of the south side of Constitution Avenue (then known as B Street), from 17th Street NW to 21st Street NW. Although

2106-441: The Mall along the east side of the former railroad route on 6th Street. The smokestacks of the buildings' centrally-located power plant were set apart to preserve the view of the Washington Monument from the Capitol building. Soon afterwards, the government constructed Buildings D, E and F to the east and west of the row. Around 1921 (when the United States and Germany signed the U.S.–German Peace Treaty , thus formally ending

2184-497: The Mall. These gardens extended from the department's building near the south side of the Mall to B Street NW (the northern boundary of the Mall). The building was razed in 1930. In addition, greenhouses belonging to the U.S. Botanical Garden (No. 16 on the map) appeared near the east end of the Mall between the Washington City Canal and the Capitol (later between 1st and 3rd Streets NW and SW). Originating during

2262-693: The NPS prepared a National Register nomination form that documented the Mall's boundaries, features and historical significance. From the 1970s to 1994, a fiberglass model of a triceratops named Uncle Beazley stood on the Mall in front of the National Museum of Natural History . The life-size statue, which is now located at the National Zoological Park (the National Zoo) in Northwest Washington, D.C. ,

2340-684: The National Mall Historic District 's boundary to encompass an area bounded by 3rd Street, NW/SW, Independence Avenue, SW, Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW, the CSX Railroad , the Potomac River , Constitution Avenue, NW, 17th Street, NW, the White House Grounds, and 15th Street, NW. The listing's registration form, which contained 232 pages, described and illustrated the history and features of the historic district's proposed expanded area. In combination with

2418-405: The National Mall as being a landscaped park that extends from the Capitol to the Washington Monument, defined as a principal axis in the L'Enfant Plan for the city of Washington. However, a 2010 NPS plan for the Mall contains maps that show the Mall's general area to be larger. A document within the plan describes this area as "the grounds of the U.S. Capitol west to the Potomac River, and from

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2496-459: The Navy intended the buildings to provide temporary quarters for the United States military during World War I, the reinforced concrete structures remained in place until 1970. After their demolition, much of their former sites became Constitution Gardens , which was dedicated in 1976. During World War II, the government constructed a larger set of temporary buildings on the Mall in the area of

2574-519: The Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections. While the archive, filled with paper documentation and other memorabilia, is traditionally considered to be museum material, the other two sections exemplify more accurately the direction CFCH is headed, with a "shift from reified and ossified discourses of 'preservation' to more dynamic and ecological models of sustainability". Instead of collecting and curating objects, both

2652-602: The Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle"). The NPS has combated the disease's local insect vector , the smaller European elm bark beetle ( Scolytus multistriatus ), by trapping and by spraying with insecticides . Soil compaction and root damage by crowds and construction projects also adversely affect the elms. On October 15, 1966, the NPS listed the National Mall on the National Register of Historic Places . In 1981,

2730-501: The Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian Gardens maintains a number of gardens and landscapes near its museums. These include: Features east of the National Mall proper include: Not included in the above map: In its 1981 National Register of Historic Places nomination form, the NPS defined the boundaries of the National Mall (proper) as Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues on the north, 1st Street NW on

2808-505: The Smithsonian in 1989 under the unique condition that all records in the collection remain available "forever", regardless of sales. Since then, the label has expanded on Asch's vision of documenting and preserving music and soundscapes from around the world. It now includes an extensive collection of traditional American music, children's music, and international music. As such, Smithsonian Folkways has become an important collection to

2886-560: The Smithsonian's Division of Performing Arts until a separate Office of Folklife Programs was created in 1980. Now that the festival organization and model were well established, Rinzler began to explore other varieties of folklife productions appropriate for a national museum. He spearheaded the protracted negotiations to purchase the Folkways music collection from Moe Asch , including both recordings and business files. These were successfully concluded in 1987, and this collection became

2964-427: The Smithsonian's first Director of Museum Services. Morris had no professional museum experience. Nevertheless, he proposed to stage an outdoor festival on the National Mall during the summer, building on his previous career as both performer and manager in the music industry. Using the (by then) well-established National Folk Festival as a model, he wanted to exhibit and celebrate different folk traditions from across

3042-649: The United States Capitol. In 2011, the 112th United States Congress enacted the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2012, which transferred to the Architect of the Capitol the NPS "property which is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, on the east by First Street Northwest and First Street Southwest, on the south by Maryland Avenue Southwest, and on the west by Third Street Southwest and Third Street Northwest". This act removed Union Square (the area containing

3120-461: The United States. It is held on the National Mall for two weeks around the Fourth of July (the U.S. Independence Day ) holiday. The Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage produces the Festival. The Festival is free to the public, encouraging cultural exchange. Attracting more than one million visitors yearly, the two-week-long celebration is the largest annual cultural event in

3198-486: The canal that traveled near the Mall was covered over in 1871 for sanitary reasons. Some consider a lockkeeper's house constructed in 1837 near the western end of the Washington City Canal for an eastward extension of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal to be the oldest building still standing on the National Mall. The structure, which is located near the southwestern corner of 17th Street NW and Constitution Avenue NW,

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3276-484: The center until his death in 1994. Since 1967 the Smithsonian Folklife Festival has taken place at the National Mall and featured ongoing performances and demonstrations of contemporary cultural traditions. It has become a national and international model of a research-based presentation of intangible cultural heritage . Year after year, it continues to bring musicians, artists, performers, craftspeople, workers, cooks, and storytellers into this public forum to demonstrate

3354-750: The core of the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections , a rich resource for the study of folk culture and music. The recordings were bundled into the Smithsonian Folkways label. In 1998, the Festival was renamed the Smithsonian Folklife Festival to reflect its international interests, and in 1999 the office was renamed the Center for Folklife & Cultural Heritage to reflect its research and public program functions. Rinzler worked at

3432-709: The culture of a region is embodied in the actual vocabulary of its language? What unique knowledge is lost when a language has lost its last native speaker? These are some of the issues investigated in this research area, which focuses specifically on the indigenous or minoritized languages of Europe. The charge for this inquiry was set forth in 1992 with passage of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , which mandates protection and promotion of historical regional and minority languages in Europe. Spotlighting these questions also brings into sharp relief

3510-671: The digital world. In alignment with the mission of the Smithsonian Institution, the Center for Folklife & Cultural Heritage is actively promoting and supporting research in fields under its purview. Currently there are three main research areas actively sponsored by CFCH. Introduced as a concept in the Brundtland Report published in 1987, sustainable development was originally defined as encompassing three domains: environmental, economic, and social. It posited that these components must work in concert with each other to insure that current development does not impede development in

3588-598: The early 1800s as a collection of market stalls immediately north of the Washington City Canal and the Mall, the Center Market (No. 19 on the map), which Adolf Cluss also designed, opened in 1872 soon after the canal closed. Located on the north side of Constitution Avenue NW, the National Archives now occupies the Market's site. During that period, railroad tracks crossed the Mall on 6th Street, west of

3666-542: The east, Independence and Maryland Avenues on the south, and 14th Street NW on the west, with the exception of the section of land bordered by Jefferson Drive on the north, Independence Avenue on the south, and by 12th and 14th Streets respectively on the east and west, which the U.S. Department of Agriculture administers and which contains the Jamie L. Whitten Building (U.S. Department of Agriculture Administration Building) . The 2012–2016 National Park Service index describes

3744-618: The federal government constructed a number of temporary buildings (tempos) on the Mall, disrupting the area's planned layout. Most of these buildings were in two clusters: one near the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool and the other on the National Mall (proper) in the vicinity of 4th through 7th Streets NW and SW. The United States entered World War I in April 1917. By 1918, a row of tempos designated from north to south as Buildings A, B, and C had stretched across

3822-572: The field as folklore and uses that term throughout its paper: Folklore (or traditional and popular culture) is the totality of tradition-based creations of a cultural community, expressed by a group or individuals and recognized as reflecting the expectations of a community in so far as they reflect its cultural and social identity; its standards and values are transmitted orally, by imitation or by other means. Its forms are, among others, language, literature, music, dance, games, mythology, rituals, customs, handicrafts, architecture and other arts. By 2003,

3900-730: The follow-up treaty was entitled the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage . Once again the subject matter was defined: Intangible Cultural Heritage means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, and skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation,

3978-748: The former World War I tempos, along the south side of Constitution Avenue between 12th and 14th Streets NW, on the west side of the Washington Monument grounds, along the entire length of the south side of the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool and between the Reflecting Pool and the Main Navy and Munition buildings on the Pool's north side. Numbers identified new buildings built on the Monument grounds, while letters identified

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4056-408: The future of cultural heritage policy and practice at the Smithsonian. As one of the "Grand Challenges" of the Smithsonian, CFCH strives to be steward and ambassador of cultural connections. Smithsonian Folklife Festival The Smithsonian Folklife Festival, launched in 1967, is an international exhibition of living cultural heritage presented annually in the summer in Washington, D.C. in

4134-400: The future. In 2010, a fourth component was added to this model: culture . This component, previously tucked in with social sustainability, was now to considered in its own right. By acknowledging culture to be independent and separate from the social development of individuals, it recognizes the power and role of cultural structures and forms to give shape and meaning to a social group. This

4212-451: The future. This research group brings together thought leaders, both digitally and in person, to explore some of the critical issues facing our nation and the world. This new platform is one of the ways in which the center is working to implement a strategic plan goal of convening conversations on topics of importance. Through these connections with external networks and strategic cultural partners, best practices and challenges emerge to inform

4290-512: The more theoretical work on "cultural policy" . works with UNESCO, ministries of culture around the world, as well as local, national, and international governments to recommend and develop policy concepts and language on cultural sustainability. Working in collaboration with the Smithsonian initiative "Recovering Voices" . , this interdisciplinary research program explores relationships between language revitalization, cultural heritage, and traditional cultural transmission . How much of

4368-399: The musical community to access and research these recordings from all over the world. The Archives' holdings were seeded by the business records of the Folkways Record label, which were acquired by the CFCH in 1987, and contain the business files of Lead Belly , Pete Seeger , and Woody Guthrie among others. The archive continues to grow in tandem with both the annual Folklife Festival, and

4446-401: The nation. This was non-standard for the Smithsonian, and guaranteed to provoke curators accustomed to operating in orderly museum buildings. Once approved by Ripley, Morris hired Ralph Rinzler to help him produce this festival for the upcoming summer 1967. Rinzler had previously worked at the Newport Folk Festival, and brought with him both the know-how and connections needed to pull together

4524-477: The new land, which became West Potomac Park , expanded the Mall southward and westward (see 1893 map above). In 1902, the McMillan Commission 's plan, which was partially inspired by the City Beautiful Movement and which purportedly extended Pierre L'Enfant 's plan, called for a radical redesign of the Mall that would replace its greenhouses, gardens, trees, and commercial/industrial facilities with an open space. The plan differed from L'Enfant's by replacing

4602-414: The north side of B Street SW to the east of "The Castle". Designed in 1876 by Adolf Cluss and his associates, the building is the second oldest still standing on the National Mall (proper). In 1887, the Army Medical Museum and Library , which Adolf Cluss designed in 1885, opened on the Mall at northwest corner of B Street SW and 7th Street SW. The Smithsonian Institution's Hirshhorn Museum now occupies

4680-582: The opposite side of the path or street from the elms. In subsequent years, the vision of the McMillan plan was generally followed with the planting of American elms and the layout of four boulevards down the Mall, two on either side of a wide lawn . In accordance with a plan that it completed in 1976, the NPS converted the two innermost boulevards (Washington Drive NW and Adams Drive SW) into gravel walking paths. The two outermost boulevards (Madison Drive NW and Jefferson Drive SW)) remain paved and open to vehicular traffic. During World Wars I and II ,

4758-414: The other attractions in the Washington Metropolitan Area , the National Mall makes the nation's capital city one of the most popular tourist destinations in the country. It has several other uses in addition to serving as a tourist focal point. The National Mall's status as a vast, open expanse at the heart of the capital makes it an attractive site for protests and rallies of all types. One notable example

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4836-401: The people but reserved for the use of a privileged few. The core area of the National Mall extends between the United States Capitol grounds to the east and the Washington Monument to the west and is lined to the north and south by several museums and federal office buildings. The term National Mall may also include areas that are also officially part of neighboring West Potomac Park to

4914-585: The public. Visitors participate, learning, singing, dancing, eating traditional foods, and conversing with people that the Festival program presents. The regions and topics featured at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival since its inception in 1967: As part of the nationwide Bicentennial celebration , the 1976 American Folklife Festival was extended into a 12-week event held from June 16 to September 6. Years of preparation in collaboration with thousands of scholars, performers, and preservationists produced programs, activities, and outdoor exhibitions running five days

4992-469: The remainder. The government also built dormitories, residence halls and facilities for dining and recreation south of the eastern half of the Mall and within the part of West Potomac Park that lay south of the Mall's western half. The government progressively demolished all of the World War II tempos beginning in 1964. After the government removed the Main Navy and Munitions buildings in 1970, much of their former sites became Constitution Gardens , which

5070-461: The shadow side of minority language communities, which are characteristically marked by poverty, isolation, segregation, travel restrictions, and censorship. Along with the artifacts of material culture , we are blanketed with artifacts of intangible cultural heritage , including traditions of performance, ritual, music, dance, knowledge, storytelling, and oral transmission. Tradition is always with us, shaping our thoughts, our behavior, our path into

5148-406: The shutdown's first day, the memorial's barricades were removed. The NPS subsequently announced that the veterans had a legal right to be in the memorial and would not be barred in the future. During the shutdown's second week, the NPS permitted an immigration rally and concert to take place on the Mall. On December 8, 2016, the NPS listed on the National Register of Historic Places an increase in

5226-430: The site of the building, which was demolished in 1968. Meanwhile, in order to clean up the Potomac Flats and to make the Potomac River more navigable, in 1882 Congress authorized the Army Corps of Engineers to dredge the river. The Corps used the sediment removed from the shipping channel to fill in the flats. The work started in 1882 and continued until 1911, creating the Tidal Basin and 628 new acres of land. Part of

5304-401: The skills, knowledge, and aesthetics that embody the creative vitality of community-based traditions. The Smithsonian Folkways Recordings has as its stated mission to curate and provide public access to each item in their collection of folk music, spoken word, instruction, and sounds from around the world. The record label originated as the Folkways Records of Moe Asch , which were donated to

5382-414: The south and west and Constitution Gardens to the north, extending to the Lincoln Memorial on the west and Jefferson Memorial to the south. The National Mall proper contains the following landmarks , museums and other features (including opening year): Not marked on the above image: With the exception of the National Gallery of Art , all of the museums on the National Mall proper are part of

5460-525: The statue itself. During the early 1850s, architect and horticulturist Andrew Jackson Downing designed a landscape plan for the Mall. Over the next half century, federal agencies developed several naturalistic parks within the Mall in accordance with Downing's plan. Two such areas were Henry Park and Seaton Park. During that period, the Mall was subdivided into several areas between B Street Northwest (NW) (now Constitution Avenue NW) and B Street Southwest (SW) (now Independence Avenue SW): In 1856,

5538-400: The summer. It had a seven million-dollar budget, lasted twelve weeks and involved five thousand artists from every region in the United States and from 35 other nations. Morris and Rinzler were named Washingtonians of the Year . Following the Bicentennial Festival, Morris went on to other positions in the Smithsonian complex. Rinzler continued in the Festival organization, originally as part of

5616-467: The turn of the century. The topics and research areas that had been labeled as folklore and folklife are increasingly rebranded as topics within the purview of cultural studies . This linguistic shift can be documented more precisely in the language of the UNESCO treaties. At a meeting in 1989, they published a "Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore". This paper defines

5694-493: The war between the two nations), the government demolished Buildings A and B. The remaining tempos held offices of several agencies belonging to the Agriculture, Commerce , Treasury and War Departments for a number of years after the war ended. The government then slowly dismantled most of the tempos that had remained within the Mall (proper), removing the power plant and nearby buildings by 1936. Among those removed

5772-472: The world. In the practical implementation of cultural sustainability, CFCH also manages three different projects where the theoretical finding of this research can be put to test in the field. The "My Armenia" . project is a collaboration between the people of Armenia , the Smithsonian, and USAID . In their "Artisan Initiative" . , CFCH is dedicated to building the sustainability of craft traditions of individuals and groups. A third team involved in

5850-520: Was Building C, which the government demolished between 1933 and 1936. By 1937, the government had removed all of the World War I tempos that had been within the National Mall (proper) except for Building E, thus largely restoring the Mall's central vista. However, another World War I tempo, which the government constructed south of the Mall in 1919 between 14th Street SW and the Tidal Basin as

5928-470: Was dedicated in 1976. The planting of American elm trees ( Ulmus americana ) on the National Mall following the McMillan Plan started in the 1930s between 3rd and 14th Streets at the same time that Dutch Elm Disease (DED) began to appear in the United States. Concern was expressed about the impact that DED could have on these trees. DED first appeared on the Mall during the 1950s and reached

6006-560: Was donated to the Smithsonian Institution by the Sinclair Oil Corporation . The statue, which Louis Paul Jonas created for Sinclair's DinoLand pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair , was named after a dinosaur in Oliver Butterworth 's 1956 children's book, The Enormous Egg , and the 1968 televised movie adaptation in which the statue appeared. In 2003, the 108th United States Congress enacted

6084-760: Was the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , a political rally during the Civil Rights Movement , at which Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his speech " I Have a Dream ". The largest officially recorded rally was the Vietnam War Moratorium Rally on October 15, 1969. However, in 1995, the NPS issued a crowd estimate for the Million Man March with which an organizer of the event, Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan , disagreed. The next year,

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