In public use, a director's cut is the director's preferred version of a film (or video game , television episode , music video , commercial , etc. ). It is generally considered a marketing term to represent the version of a film the director prefers, and is usually used as contrast to a theatrical release where the director did not have final cut privilege and did not agree with what was released. ("Cut" explicitly refers to the editing process.)
187-592: Zack Snyder's Justice League (colloquially referred to as the Snyder Cut ) is the 2021 director's cut of the 2017 American superhero film Justice League , the fifth film set within the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) based on the team of the same name appearing in DC Comics publications. It is intended to match director Zack Snyder 's original vision for the film, prior to his departure from
374-477: A Kryptonian ship. They successfully resurrect him, but Clark fails to remember who he is and attacks the group. Lois Lane arrives and placates him, then takes him to Clark's family home in Smallville , allowing him to regain his memories. Steppenwolf retrieves the last Mother Box, but not before Victor's father sacrifices himself to supercharge it with laser heat, allowing Victor to track it. Without Superman,
561-651: A habitable planet . The first conference session on terraforming, then referred to as "Planetary Modeling", was organized that same year. In March 1979, NASA engineer and author James Oberg organized the First Terraforming Colloquium, a special session at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston. Oberg popularized the terraforming concepts discussed at the colloquium to the general public in his book New Earths (1981). Not until 1982
748-476: A magnetic field . However the dynamo ceased to function long ago, and the magnetic field of Mars has largely disappeared, probably due to "loss of core heat, solidification of most of the core, and/or changes in the mantle convection regime." Results from the NASA MAVEN mission show that the atmosphere is removed primarily due to Coronal Mass Ejection events, where outbursts of high-velocity protons from
935-399: A nitrogen / oxygen atmosphere for millions of years. To provide one atmosphere of pressure, roughly 1.1×10 kilograms of gas would be required; or a somewhat lower amount if lower pressure is acceptable. Water could be delivered from the outer solar system. Once this water has been delivered, it would split the water into its constituent oxygen and hydrogen molecules, possibly using
1122-401: A "director's cut" refers to a stage in the editing process, and is not usually what a director wants to release to the public, due to the fact it is unfinished. The editing process of a film is broken into stages: First is the assembly/rough cut, where all selected takes are put together in the order in which they should appear in the film. Next, the editor's cut is reduced from the rough cut;
1309-475: A "more Snyder vibe to the film overall should be pleased", while Alex Abad-Santos of Vox observed the inclusion of scenes not included in the theatrical version, such as the death of Cyborg's father and Wonder Woman receiving the signal from the Amazons. Critics also enjoyed the presence of Darkseid, Superman's black suit, and the inclusion of Iris West 's scenes, which was omitted in the theatrical version, in
1496-745: A "one-shot". WarnerMedia later confirmed this in a press release, describing Zack Snyder's Justice League as a "full-length [HBO] Max Original feature film". The film is dedicated to Autumn Snyder's memory. Snyder expressed his interest in screening his film in IMAX theaters in the markets once the COVID-19 pandemic had gotten under control. A black and white version of the film, titled "Justice Is Gray Edition", had an exclusive theatrical release on July 19, 2022, with three IMAX screenings in New York City , Los Angeles , and Austin, Texas . Proceeds from
1683-569: A Chinese Bookie , Blake Edwards 's Darling Lili and Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather Coda , changes made to a director's cut resulted in a very similar runtime or a shorter, more compact cut. This generally happens when a distributor insists that a film be completed to meet a release date, but sometimes it is the result of removing scenes that the distributor insisted on inserting, as opposed to restoring scenes they insisted on cutting. (See Changes in Star Wars re-releases and E.T.
1870-442: A Director's cut in 2005 with two extra tracks . In 2011 British singer Kate Bush released the album titled Director's Cut . It is made up of songs from her earlier albums The Sensual World and The Red Shoes which have been remixed and restructured, three of which were re-recorded completely. Terraforming Terraforming or terraformation ("Earth-shaping") is the hypothetical process of deliberately modifying
2057-495: A business, they listen to the consumers' demand. While initial reports indicated that no new material would be filmed, in September 2020, it was revealed that Snyder was preparing to film additional footage, with Affleck and Fisher reprising their roles. As a result, the budget was estimated to have increased to $ 70 million. Filming began on October 6. Later that month, Amber Heard , Jared Leto , and Joe Manganiello joined
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#17327868763502244-453: A cut of Justice League did exist and that it was WB's decision to release it. That November, an insider claimed WB was unlikely to release Snyder's cut, calling such hopes a "pipe dream". Snyder later confirmed by that December that his cut was approximately 214 minutes. Robert Greenblatt , then chairman of WarnerMedia and head of HBO Max, stated that discussions surrounding the release of Snyder's Justice League began in late 2019, and lasted
2431-401: A different ending, less ambiguity, or excluding scenes that would earn a more audience-restricting rating , but more often means that the film is simply shortened to provide more screenings per day. With the rise of home video, the phrase became more generically used as a marketing term to communicate to consumers that this is the director's preferred edit of a film, and it implies the director
2618-416: A difficult production . Its script underwent major changes before and during production between 2016 and 2017. In May 2017, Snyder stepped down during post-production following the death of his daughter, Autumn Snyder, and Joss Whedon was hired to finish the film, completing it as an uncredited director. Whedon oversaw reshoots and other changes that incorporated a brighter tone and more humor while reducing
2805-466: A director's cut by Diane Martel . This version of the video was later included on Knowles' B'Day Anthology Video Album (2007). Linkin Park has a director's cut version for their music video " Faint " (directed by Mark Romanek ) in which one of the band members spray paints the words "En Proceso" on a wall, as well as Hoobastank also having one for 2004's "The Reason" which omits the woman getting hit by
2992-433: A director's preferred vision has become ignored, leading to so-called "director's cuts" of films where the director prefers the theatrically released version (or when the director had actual final cut privilege in the first place). Such versions are often marketing ploys, assembled by simply restoring deleted scenes, sometimes adding as much as a half-hour to the length of the film without regard to pacing and storytelling. As
3179-427: A few months. He emphasized Snyder's cut was not finalized, and that WB would have to fund its completion while also clarifying issues with film unions. The studio first approached Snyder to release his unfinished cut, but Snyder rejected the option and insisted on either completing or not releasing it, leading WB to decide if they would proceed across the next few months. According to Snyder, WarnerMedia chose to release
3366-572: A full issue on terraforming for the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society in 1992. In his book Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments (1995), Fogg proposed the following definitions for different aspects related to terraforming: Fogg also devised definitions for candidate planets of varying degrees of human compatibility: Fogg suggests that Mars was a biologically compatible planet in its youth, but
3553-486: A job in Central City 's police department. Victor is inspired by a message left by his father to realize his purpose in life. Later, Lex Luthor , who has escaped from Arkham Asylum , is visited on his yacht by Slade Wilson , to whom he reveals Batman's secret identity while Bruce awakes from an apocalyptic dream of the future, in which his ragtag resistance troop is hunted by a mind-controlled Superman, and receives
3740-569: A major change is made to something they enjoy, and that this reaction usually comes from a smaller subsection of the fandom, which "[paints] the whole community with a really broad brush". In July 2022, Rolling Stone reported that WarnerMedia had discovered via internal investigations that approximately 13% of online activity relating to the Snyder Cut had been deemed "fake" and the result of Internet bot activities. Rolling Stone also spoke with more than 20 people involved with both versions of
3927-425: A middle ground, such as Christopher McKay , who argues that terraforming is ethically sound only once we have completely assured that an alien planet does not harbor life of its own; but that if it does, we should not try to reshape it to our own use, but we should engineer its environment to artificially nurture the alien life and help it thrive and co-evolve, or even co-exist with humans. Even this would be seen as
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#17327868763504114-468: A music licensing issue. It had by then gained over 31 million views, making it Max 's most-viewed trailer. WB also announced a tie-in meal kit product based on the design of the film's Mother Boxes and menu items inspired from the characters it had developed in collaboration with Wonderland Restaurants, a DC Comics-themed restaurant operating in London . On February 14, 2021, the first official trailer for
4301-450: A necessary component of any possible colonization strategy based on the principles of microbial symbiosis and their beneficial ecosystem services . As conditions approach that of Earth, plant life could be brought in, and this will accelerate the production of oxygen, theoretically making the planet eventually able to support animal life. In 1985, Martyn Fogg started publishing several articles on terraforming. He also served as editor for
4488-481: A photo-catalytic dust, with the hydrogen rapidly being lost to space. At an oxygen pressure of 0.2-0.3 bar , the atmosphere would be breathable and nitrogen may be added as required to allow for plant growth in the presence of nitrates . Temperature management would be required, due to the equilibrium average temperature of ~159 Celsius. However, millions of square kilometers at the poles have an average temperature of 0-50 Celsius, or 32-122 Fahrenheit ( i.e., an area
4675-420: A result, the "director's cut" is often considered a misnomer. Some directors deliberately try to avoid labelling alternate versions as such (e.g. Peter Jackson and James Cameron ; each using the phrases "Special Edition" or "Extended Edition" for alternate versions of their films). Sometimes the term is used a marketing ploy. For example, Ridley Scott states on the director's commentary track of Alien that
4862-519: A six-episode miniseries and a long feature-length film, with the former concept being cancelled in January 2021 in favor of releasing it as the latter. The film is dedicated to the memory of Autumn Snyder. Zack Snyder's Justice League was released on HBO Max in the United States on March 18, 2021. It became the fourth-most-streamed film on the platform that year. Critics generally considered
5049-419: A team of metahumans to protect the planet. After failing to recruit Arthur Curry , Bruce locates Barry Allen , who enthusiastically joins. Diana locates Victor Stone , who joins after his father, Silas , and other S.T.A.R. Labs employees are kidnapped by Parademons seeking humanity's Mother Box. Steppenwolf kills Atlantean guards and takes their Mother Box, forcing Arthur to join the group. Victor retrieves
5236-465: A terraforming project. The long timescales and practicality of terraforming are also the subject of debate. As the subject has gained traction, research has expanded to other possibilities including biological terraforming, para-terraforming, and modifying humans to better suit the environments of planets and moons . Despite this, questions still remain in areas relating to the ethics , logistics , economics , politics , and methodology of altering
5423-417: A thicker atmosphere and abundant water that was lost over the course of hundreds of millions of years. The exact mechanism of this loss is still unclear, though three mechanisms, in particular, seem likely: First, whenever surface water is present, carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) reacts with rocks to form carbonates , thus drawing atmosphere off and binding it to the planetary surface. On Earth, this process
5610-417: A version dubbed "The Final Cut" in 2007. This was the final re-cut and the first in which Scott maintained creative control over the final product, leading to The Final Cut being considered the definitive version of the film. Once distributors discovered that consumers would buy alternate versions of films, it became more common for films to have alternative versions released. And the original public meaning of
5797-452: A very long-term choice between terraforming other worlds or allowing all terrestrial life to become extinct . Terraforming totally barren planets, it is asserted, is not morally wrong as it does not affect any other life. The opposing argument posits that terraforming would be an unethical interference in nature , and that given humanity's past treatment of Earth, other planets may be better off without human interference. Still others strike
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5984-408: A video release restored 20 minutes the studio had insisted on cutting; Cameron also voluntarily made cuts to the theatrical version of The Abyss for pacing but restored them for a video release, and most famously, Ridley Scott 's Blade Runner , where an alternate workprint version was released to fan acclaim, ultimately resulting in the 1992 recut. Scott later recut the film once more, releasing
6171-474: A visit from the Martian Manhunter , who promises to help prepare for Darkseid's return. Ray Porter portrays Darkseid , a tyrannical New God from Apokolips. Darkseid did not appear in the theatrical release, with the film being the character's first appearance in a live-action. Porter portrayed Darkseid through motion capture and "went through a few different vocal gymnastics trying to figure out
6358-433: Is able to sustain life, particularly for humans, is generally the end-goal of the hypothetical process of terraforming. Of particular interest in the context of terraforming is the set of factors that have sustained complex, multicellular animals in addition to simpler organisms on Earth. Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology . Classifications of
6545-459: Is believed to be the largest amount of distinct versions of a single film. Among major studio films, the record is believed to be held by Blade Runner ; the magazine Video Watchdog counted no less than seven distinct versions in a 1993 issue, before director Ridley Scott later released a "Final Cut" in 2007 to acclaim from critics including Roger Ebert who included it on his great movies list, The release of Blade Runner: The Final Cut brings
6732-446: Is counteracted when plate tectonics works to cause volcanic eruptions that vent carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere. On Mars, the lack of such tectonic activity worked to prevent the recycling of gases locked up in sediments. Second, the lack of a magnetosphere around Mars may have allowed the solar wind to gradually erode the atmosphere. Convection within the core of Mars, which is made mostly of iron , originally generated
6919-436: Is known as pantropy . There is a philosophical debate within biology and ecology as to whether terraforming other worlds is an ethical endeavor. From the point of view of a cosmocentric ethic , this involves balancing the need for the preservation of human life against the intrinsic value of existing planetary ecologies. Lucianne Walkowicz has even called terraforming a "planetary-scale strip mining operation". On
7106-400: Is not now in any of these three categories, because it can only be terraformed with greater difficulty. Planetary habitability, broadly defined as the capacity for an astronomical body to sustain life, requires that various geophysical , geochemical , and astrophysical criteria must be met before the surface of such a body is considered habitable. Modifying a planetary surface such that it
7293-464: Is not the case with Alien : The Director's Cut. It's a completely different beast." —Ridley Scott James Cameron has shared similar sentiments regarding the special editions of his films, "What I put into theaters is the Director's Cut. Nothing was cut that I didn't want cut. All the extra scenes we've added back in are just a bonus for the fans." Similar statements were made by Ridley Scott for
7480-494: Is only 1.1% that of Earth's, and, being closer to the Sun, any atmosphere would be stripped rapidly unless it can be protected from the solar wind. It is conjectured that Mercury's magnetic field should be much stronger, up to 30% of Earth's, if it weren't being suppressed by certain solar wind feedback effects. If some means of shielding Mercury from solar wind by placing an artificial magnetic shield at Mercury-Sun L 1 (similar to
7667-581: Is that the clouds of Venus are composed of a highly concentrated sulfuric acid solution. Even if atmospheric algae could thrive in the hostile environment of Venus's upper atmosphere, an even more insurmountable problem is that its atmosphere is simply far too thick: the high atmospheric pressure would result in a "atmosphere of nearly pure molecular oxygen" at high pressure. This volatile combination could not be sustained through time. Any carbon that had been reduced by photosynthesis would be quickly oxidized in this atmosphere through combustion, "short-circuiting"
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7854-507: Is therefore untenable, as he later conceded. An additional step noted by Martin Beech includes the injection of water and/or hydrogen into the planetary atmosphere; this step follows after sequestering CO 2 and reducing the mass of the atmosphere. In order to combine hydrogen with O 2 produced by other means, an estimated 4*10 kg of hydrogen is necessary; this may need to be mined from another source, such as Uranus or Neptune. Although
8041-689: Is unclear what the result of heating this up would be. Many proposals for planetary engineering involve the use of genetically engineered bacteria. As synthetic biology matures over the coming decades it may become possible to build designer organisms from scratch that directly manufacture desired products efficiently. Lisa Nip, Ph.D. candidate at the MIT Media Lab 's Molecular Machines group, said that by synthetic biology, scientists could genetically engineer humans, plants and bacteria to create Earth-like conditions on another planet. Gary King, microbiologist at Louisiana State University studying
8228-643: The Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the surface environment of objects in the Solar System. The low gravity of Mars suggests that these impacts could have ejected much of the Martian atmosphere into deep space. Terraforming Mars would entail two major interlaced changes: building the atmosphere and heating it. A thicker atmosphere of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide would trap incoming solar radiation . Because
8415-539: The Marvel Cinematic Universe films The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), to rewrite the script and help with extensive reshoots . WB CEO Kevin Tsujihara mandated that Justice League 's runtime could not exceed two hours. WB decided not to delay the film partly due to concerns that parent company AT&T might dissolve the studio in an upcoming merger . Snyder
8602-464: The PlayStation 4 games Ghost of Tsushima and Death Stranding both received expanded features on both games. "Director's cuts" in music are rarely released. A few exceptions include Guided by Voices ' 1994 album Bee Thousand , which was re-released as a three disc vinyl LP director's cut in 2004, and Fall Out Boy 's 2003 album Take This to Your Grave , which was re-released as
8789-420: The atmosphere , temperature , surface topography or ecology of a planet , moon , or other body to be similar to the environment of Earth to make it habitable for humans to live on. The concept of terraforming developed from both science fiction and actual science . Carl Sagan , an astronomer , proposed the planetary engineering of Venus in 1961, which is considered one of the first accounts of
8976-454: The introduced species , the importation of microbial life could begin. As conditions approach that of Earth, plant life could also be brought in. This would accelerate the production of oxygen, which theoretically would make the planet eventually able to support animal life. In many respects, Mars is the most Earth-like planet in the Solar System. It is thought that Mars once had a more Earth-like environment early in its history, with
9163-483: The origin of an ecosystem . In the context of space exploration, Haynes describes ecopoiesis as the "fabrication of a sustainable ecosystem on a currently lifeless, sterile planet". Fogg defines ecopoiesis as a type of planetary engineering and is one of the first stages of terraformation. This primary stage of ecosystem creation is usually restricted to the initial seeding of microbial life. A 2019 opinion piece by Lopez, Peixoto and Rosado has reintroduced microbiology as
9350-413: The planetary equilibrium temperature ; terraforming concepts may include modifying temperature by methods including solar reflectors to increase or decrease the amount of solar illumination, and hence modify temperature. All known life requires water; thus the capacity for planetary body to sustain water is a critical aspect of habitability. The " Habitable Zone " of a solar system is generally defined as
9537-663: The triple point of water (611.7 Pa), water cannot be liquid at any temperature. Human survival requires a still-higher pressure of at least 6.3 kPa, the Armstrong limit ; below this pressure, exposed body fluids boil at body temperature. Furthermore, a thick atmosphere protects the surface from cosmic rays . A thin atmosphere could be thickened using gases produced locally (e.g. the Moon could be given an atmosphere of oxygen by reducing lunar rock ) or gases could be imported from elsewhere. Once conditions become more suitable for life of
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#17327868763509724-559: The "Snyder Cut". Although most industry insiders reported its release unlikely, WB moved ahead with it in February 2020; in May, Snyder announced it would be released as Zack Snyder's Justice League as an HBO Max Original Film. $ 70 million was spent to complete the visual effects, score and editing, with new material being shot in October 2020. The release was originally planned as both
9911-402: The "world house" concept, para-terraforming involves the construction of a habitable enclosure on a planet that encompasses most of the planet's usable area. The enclosure would consist of a transparent roof held one or more kilometers above the surface, pressurized with a breathable atmosphere, and anchored with tension towers and cables at regular intervals. The world house concept is similar to
10098-560: The #ReleaseTheSnyderCut movement engaged in acts of fan activism to promote it, with a few fans even contacting WB officials. Following the death of Snyder's daughter and his departure from Justice League , fans from the #ReleaseTheSnyderCut movement soon began campaigns to raise money for suicide prevention; these campaigns raised over $ 500,000 for the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP) in donations by February 2021. These efforts garnered praise from Snyder and
10285-464: The 1970s, several of which were re-cut (Chaplin's re-release of The Gold Rush in the 1940s is almost certainly the earliest prominent example of a director's re-cut film being released to the public). A theatrical re-release of Close Encounters of the Third Kind used the phrase " Special Edition " to describe a cut which was closer to Spielberg's intent but had a compromised ending demanded by
10472-483: The 2003 'director's cut' of Alien . Such alternate versions sometimes include changes to the special effects in addition to different editing, such as George Lucas 's Star Wars films, and Steven Spielberg 's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Extended or special editions can also apply to films that have been extended for television or cut out to fill time slots and long advertisement breaks, against
10659-636: The 2017 marketing campaign, the HBO ones featured a black-and-white filter and strongly emphasized Snyder's name. Chris Agar of Screen Rant called the filter "a stark contrast from the colorful Justice League posters that were prevalent in the buildup to the theatrical release, which is most definitely an intentional choice to separate the two versions of the movie". Rolling Stone stated that film expenditures had risen from $ 73 million to over $ 100 million after accounting for marketing costs, indicating WB spent at least $ 27 million in marketing. On August 22, 2020,
10846-421: The 3rd most viewed release of 2021 on HBO Max España. In Germany, it ranked first during its first full week of release on Netflix and spent seven weeks in its weekly rankings for top 10 most-viewed films. According to Whip Media , who track viewership data for the 19 million worldwide users of their TV Time app, the film was the eighth most-streamed-film of 2021. In January 2022, tech firm Akami reported that
11033-460: The AFSP. Ahead of the 2019 San Diego Comic-Con , fans launched a crowdfunding campaign with half of the revenue to be spent for an advertising campaign consisting of billboards and a flying banner ad, while the other half was donated to the AFSP. For a similar campaign at the 2019 New York Comic Con , the movement purchased ad space on two billboards over Times Square featuring quotes from members of
11220-683: The Director’s Cut are like pieces missing from a beautiful but incomplete puzzle" ), or Sam Peckinpah 's Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid , where the restored 115-minute cut is closer to the director's intent than the theatrical 105-minute cut (the actual director's cut was 122 minutes; it was never completed to Peckinpah's satisfaction, but was used as a guide for the restoration that was done after his death). In some instances, such as Peter Weir 's Picnic at Hanging Rock , Robert Wise 's Star Trek: The Motion Picture , John Cassavetes 's The Killing of
11407-545: The Extra-Terrestrial: The 20th Anniversary ) Separate to director's cuts are alternate cuts released as "special editions" or "extended cuts". These versions are often put together for home video for fans, and should not be confused with 'director's cuts'. For example, despite releasing extended versions of his The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Peter Jackson told IGN in 2019 that “the theatrical versions are
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#173278687635011594-472: The Moon. One proposal for terraforming Ceres would involve heating it (using orbital mirrors, detonating thermonuclear devices or colliding small asteroids with Ceres), creating an atmosphere and deep ocean. However, this appears to be based on a misconception that Ceres' surface is icy in a similar way to the gas giant moons. In reality, Ceres' surface is "a layer of mixed ice, silicates and light strong phases best matched by hydrated salts and clathrates". It
11781-428: The Snyder Cut in February 2020, after chairman Toby Emmerich acknowledged the #ReleaseTheSnyderCut movement and contacted Snyder. The Snyders invited executives from WB, HBO Max, and DC to their home to watch a then-assembled black and white version of the Snyder Cut. Snyder also proposed various ideas for its release, including releasing the cut in an episodic manner. Impressed, the executives decided to proceed with
11968-481: The Snyder Cut. On the two-year anniversary of the theatrical release, the cast and crew voiced support through social media. Other film- and comic book-industry figures not related to Justice League also supported the release of a "Snyder Cut", including filmmakers Kevin Smith and Alan Taylor , television producer Steven S. DeKnight , and comic book writers Rob Liefeld , Robert Kirkman and Jerry Ordway . Members of
12155-456: The Sun impact the atmosphere. Mars does still retain a limited magnetosphere that covers approximately 40% of its surface. Rather than uniformly covering and protecting the atmosphere from solar wind, however, the magnetic field takes the form of a collection of smaller, umbrella-shaped fields, mainly clustered together around the planet's southern hemisphere. Finally, between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 billion years ago, asteroid impacts during
12342-685: The Unity. Working together, the team kills Steppenwolf. Darkseid vows to return to Earth to find the Anti-Life Equation. In the aftermath, Bruce and Diana make plans to set up a base of operations for the newly formed alliance at the desolated Wayne Manor . Clark resumes his double life in Metropolis , with Lois implied to be pregnant with his child. Arthur meets with Vulko and Mera before going to see his father, and Barry informs his erroneously convicted father in prison that he has acquired
12529-409: The ability of water (possibly saline, or under high pressure in the ocean bottom) to be available in liquid form. This may constitute a bounding range for the development of life on other planets, in the context of terraforming. For Earth, the temperature is set by the equilibrium of incident solar radiation absorbed and outgoing infrared radiation, including the effect of greenhouse gasses in modifying
12716-532: The agency and some of its research partners created an software called DTA GView − a ' Google Maps of genomes ', in which genomes of several organisms can be pulled up on the program to immediately show a list of known genes and where they are located in the genome. According to Alicia Jackson, deputy director of DARPA's Biological Technologies Office , they have developed a "technological toolkit to transform not just hostile places here on Earth, but to go into space not just to visit, but to stay". Also known as
12903-445: The approval of the director was 1983's Twice Upon a Time , which was extended to have more profanity (supervised by co-writer and producer Bill Couturié ) as opposed to co-director John Korty 's original. The Coen Brothers ' Blood Simple is one of few examples that demonstrate director's cuts are not necessarily longer. The music video for the 2006 Academy Award -nominated song " Listen ", performed by Beyoncé , received
13090-505: The atmosphere, using orbiting mirrors to reflect more sunlight onto the planet, or lowering the albedo of the planet. Conversely, a planet too hot for liquid water could be cooled down by removing greenhouse gases (if these are present), placing a sunshade in the L 1 point to reduce sunlight reaching the planet, or increasing the albedo. Atmospheric pressure is another issue: various celestial bodies including Mars, Mercury and most moons have lower pressure than Earth. At pressures below
13277-449: The atmosphere, the greenhouse effect would be reduced until surface temperatures dropped to "comfortable" levels. The resulting plant matter, Sagan proposed, would be pyrolyzed by the high surface temperatures of Venus, and thus be sequestered in the form of "graphite or some involatile form of carbon" on the planet's surface. However, later discoveries about the conditions on Venus made this particular approach impossible. One problem
13464-526: The battle with Doomsday reactivates the Boxes, attracting Steppenwolf , Darkseid's disgraced lieutenant. Steppenwolf aims to regain Darkseid's favor by gathering the Boxes to form "The Unity", which would terraform Earth into a copy of their homeworld. Steppenwolf reaches Themyscira through a portal and fights to obtain the Amazons' Mother Box. Diana Prince informs Bruce Wayne , as the two seek to form
13651-442: The car. Britney Spears ' music video for 2007's " Gimme More " was first released as a director's cut on iTunes , with the official video released 3 days later. Many other director's cut music videos contain sexual content that can't be shown on TV thus creating alternative scenes, such as Thirty Seconds to Mars 's " Hurricane ", and in some cases, alternative videos, such as in the case of Spears' 2008 video for " Womanizer ". As
13838-764: The case of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty and Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater , the American versions were released first, followed by the Japanese versions and then the European versions, with each regional release offering new content not found in the previous one. All of the added content from the Japanese and European versions of those games were included in the expanded editions titled Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance and Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence . They also, similar to movies, will occasionally include extra, uncensored or alternate versions of cutscenes, as
14025-472: The cast and crew. That December, the movement rented another flying banner ad, this time passing over WB Studios and directly asking Sarnoff to release the Snyder Cut. In January 2020, the movement bought four minutes of ad space advocating for the film's release on a digital banner wrapped around the interior of Riverside Stadium during the FA Cup . Shawn Robbins, chief analyst for Boxoffice Pro , suggested
14212-536: The cast to reprise their DCEU roles as Mera , the Joker , and Deathstroke , respectively. Snyder also directed an additional scene with Ezra Miller as Flash over Zoom , who was then filming Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore (2022) in London. Snyder sent the film's crew drawings and diagrams of how he wanted the scene to look. His video feed played through a stand on a table, enabling him to direct Miller and
14399-429: The cations Mg , Ca , K and Na and the anion Cl . Many of these elements may undergo biologically facilitated oxidation or reduction to produce usable metabolic energy. Terraforming a planet would involve making it fit the habitability requirements listed in the previous section. For example, a planet may be too cold for liquid water to exist on its surface. Its temperature could be raised by adding greenhouse gases to
14586-410: The concept of a domed habitat , but one which covers all (or most) of the planet. Potential targets for paraterraforming include Mercury, the Moon, Ceres and the gas giant moons. It has also been suggested that instead of or in addition to terraforming a hostile environment humans might adapt to these places by the use of genetic engineering , biotechnology and cybernetic enhancements . This
14773-570: The concept. The term was coined by Jack Williamson in a science-fiction short story (" Collision Orbit ") published in 1942 in Astounding Science Fiction . Even if the environment of a planet could be altered deliberately, the feasibility of creating an unconstrained planetary environment that mimics Earth on another planet has yet to be verified. While Venus, Earth , Mars , and even the Moon have been studied in relation to
14960-509: The corps a bit", but did not contact him. While the basic framework of the story is the same, numerous scenes that were removed by Joss Whedon are restored to expand upon the characters, mythos , and worldbuilding elements. Teases for upcoming films are also present in Snyder's version. Snyder's version does not use any of the scenes shot by Whedon for his version of Justice League . Former WB executives Jon Berg and Geoff Johns , who oversaw
15147-416: The country, selling nearly 26,000 units during the year. Director%27s cut Most of the time, film directors do not have the "final cut" (final say on the version released to the public). Those with money invested in the film, such as the production companies, distributors, or studios, may make changes intended to make the film more profitable at the box office. In extreme cases that can sometimes mean
15334-453: The creation of the initial five-film plan, confirmed at San Diego Comic-Con that there were no plans to make more DC projects with Snyder or develop sequels to his Justice League cut. Tom Holkenborg , also known as Junkie XL, composed the film's score; he had previously worked on the score for the theatrical version of Justice League , before being replaced by Danny Elfman following Snyder's departure and Whedon's arrival. When Holkenborg
15521-563: The crew, who filmed the scene on his behalf. He estimated that only four to five minutes of footage was shot. Heard stated that filming for reshoots had wrapped by that December. The final scene was originally filmed with John Stewart / Green Lantern portrayed by Wayne T. Carr, but WB rejected it as they had other plans for the character. Previous variations of the scene included characters such as Kilowog with John Stewart, Kilowog with Tomar-Re , and Stewart with Martian Manhunter. Snyder opted to change Kilowog to Martian Manhunter, while rejecting
15708-491: The criteria of habitability can be varied, but it is generally agreed upon that the presence of water, non-extreme temperatures, and an energy source put broad constraints on habitability. Other requirements for habitability have been defined as the presence of raw materials, a solvent, and clement conditions, or elemental requirements (such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur), and reasonable physiochemical conditions. When applied to organisms present on
15895-459: The definitive versions, I regard the extended cuts as being a novelty for the fans that really want to see the extra material.” "The traditional definition of the term 'Director's Cut' suggests the restoration of a director's original vision, free of any creative limitations. It suggests that the filmmaker has finally overcome the interference of heavy-handed studio executives, and that the film has been restored to its original, untampered form. Such
16082-471: The director doesn't prefer them. Once such example is Ridley Scott's Alien , which had a "director's cut" released in 2003, even though the director said it was purely for "marketing purposes" and didn't represent his preferred vision for the film. Sometimes alternate edits are released, which are not necessarily director's preferred cuts, but which showcase different visions for the project for fans to enjoy. Examples include James Cameron's Avatar , which
16269-530: The director would not like to be shown but uses as a placeholder until satisfactory replacements can be inserted. This is still how the term is used within the film industry, as well as commercials, television, and music videos. The trend of releasing alternate cuts of films for artistic reasons became prominent in the 1970s; in 1974, the "director's cut" of The Wild Bunch was shown theatrically in Los Angeles to sold-out audiences. The theatrical release of
16456-408: The directorial credit, to negative reception from general audience, fans and critics alike and a box office failure. Following a global fan campaign to which the director and members of the cast and crew showed support, Snyder was allowed to return and complete the project the way he intended it and a 4-hour version of the film dubbed Zack Snyder's Justice League with some additionally shot scenes at
16643-407: The dwarf planet Ceres . The moons are covered in ice, so heating them would make some of this ice sublimate into an atmosphere of water vapour, ammonia and other gases. For Jupiter's moons, the intense radiation around Jupiter would cause radiolysis of water vapour, splitting it into hydrogen and oxygen. The former would be rapidly lost to space, leaving behind the oxygen (this already occurs on
16830-403: The earth, including humans, these constraints can substantially narrow. In its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as "extended regions of liquid water, conditions favorable for the assembly of complex organic molecules , and energy sources to sustain metabolism ." The general temperature range for all life on Earth is -20°C to 122°C, set primarily by
17017-405: The editor may be guided by their own choices or following notes from the director or producers. Eventually is the final cut , which actually gets released or broadcast. In between the editor's cut and the final cut can come any number of fine cuts, including the director's cut. The director's cut may include unsatisfactory takes, a preliminary soundtrack, a lack of desired pick-up shots etc., which
17204-662: The effects of climate change , an interventionist program might be designed to return Earth to pre-industrial climate parameters. In order to achieve this, multiple approaches have been proposed, such as the management of solar radiation , the sequestration of carbon dioxide, and the design and release of climate altering genetically engineered organisms. These are typically referred to as geoengineering or climate engineering , rather than terraforming. Other possible candidates for terraforming (possibly only partial or paraterraforming) include large moons of Jupiter or Saturn ( Europa , Ganymede , Callisto , Enceladus , Titan ), and
17391-543: The end was released on March 18, 2021, on HBO Max to much favorable reviews and acclaim. Snyder originally teased a 214-minute cut of the film that was supposed to be the theatrical version released in 2017 if he did not step down from the project. Snyder has also confirmed that his Netflix distributed sci-fi film Rebel Moon – Part One: A Child of Fire (2023) and its sequel Rebel Moon – Part Two: The Scargiver (2024) would receive R-rated director's cuts with its new titles Rebel Moon – Chapter One: Chalice of Blood , and
17578-437: The energy source to keep the water liquid is from tidal heating , rather than solar energy. On the most fundamental level, the only absolute requirement of life may be thermodynamic disequilibrium , or the presence of Gibbs Free Energy . It has been argued that habitability can be conceived of as a balance between life's demand for energy and the capacity for the environment to provide such energy. For humans, energy comes in
17765-428: The environment of an extraterrestrial world, presenting issues to the implementation of the concept. The astronomer Carl Sagan proposed the planetary engineering of Venus in an article published in the journal Science in 1961. Sagan imagined seeding the atmosphere of Venus with algae , which would convert water, nitrogen and carbon dioxide into organic compounds . As this process removed carbon dioxide from
17952-409: The event were donated to a charity for the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention . For the theatrical release of the film, Snyder added a 10-minute intermission into the film accompanied by the score track "The Crew at Warpower". The film was released in an open matte 1.33:1 aspect ratio alongside IMAX 1.43:1. The film was screened in full color for the first time on IMAX on April 30, 2023, as
18139-530: The events of Zack Snyder's Justice League . Following the release of the film, fans expressed their appreciation on social media. Fans soon began a new movement, #RestoreTheSnyderverse, advocating for WB to allow Snyder to complete his originally planned Justice League trilogy. Another movement, #ReleasetheAyerCut, also started trending as well, with fans advocating for WB to release director David Ayer 's original cut of Suicide Squad (2016). In July 2022, DC Comics artist Jim Lee , who assisted Zack Snyder in
18326-759: The explicit wishes of the director, such as the TV versions of Dune (1984), The Warriors (1979), Superman (1978) and the Harry Potter films. The Lord of the Rings film series directed by Peter Jackson saw an "Extended Edition" release for each of the three films The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002), and The Return of the King (2003) featuring an additional 30 minutes, 47 minutes and 51 minutes respectively of new scenes, special effects and music alongside fan-club credits. These versions of
18513-503: The film an improvement over the 2017 theatrical release. Apokoliptian warlord Darkseid and his Parademons attempt to invade Earth using the combined energies of the three Mother Boxes . Darkseid is foiled by a unified alliance of the Olympian Gods , Amazons , Atlanteans , humanity, and extraterrestrial beings. The Mother Boxes are then separated and hidden in different locations. Millennia later, Superman 's death following
18700-421: The film between March 19–21 (only counting smart TVs, not devices). The total was behind the three-day total of DCEU film Wonder Woman 1984 (2.2 million). Samba TV also reported that just one-third of households watched the film in its entirety in a single sitting. Over its first full week of release, the film was watched by 2.2 million US households, with 792,000 (36%) finishing it in one sitting. Over
18887-425: The film had cut 10 minutes to get an R rating, but this cut was hailed as superior and has now become the definitive one. Other early examples include George Lucas 's first two films being re-released following the success of Star Wars , in cuts which more closely resembled his vision, or Peter Bogdanovich re-cutting The Last Picture Show several times. Charlie Chaplin also re-released all of his films in
19074-506: The film in the comic book issue, Justice League #59, written by Brian Michael Bendis , penciled and inked by David Marquez , and colored by Tamra Bonvillain. The covers were drawn by Lee Bermejo , Liam Sharp , and Jim Lee . At the 2021 WarnerMedia Upfront, Warner Media declared the film was "a hit" Max original. Priya Dogra, president of WarnerMedia Entertainment Networks for Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific stated
19261-470: The film released. Snyder had previously been releasing sneak peeks for the trailer on social media, including showing the Batmobile and Jared Leto's Joker. As such, Abigail Covington from Esquire had said that the trailer "expands on those earlier previews" and highlighting the action sequences, Darkseid, and Superman's black suit. Charles Holmes of The Ringer highlighted Leto's appearance as Joker in
19448-407: The film resulted in a net loss of $ 60 million for WB. Due to the film's poor performance, WB decided to move away from Snyder's vision for a shared universe of interconnected films and focus on standalone films and solo franchises instead. After leaving the project, Snyder subsequently saved the rough version of his cut on a hard drive , which had not undergone the post-production process at
19635-482: The film to be a "global phenomenon" during a presentation for HBO Max Europe. Zack Snyder's Justice League was released on March 18, 2021, in the United States . It is also available to stream on HBO Max in 4K , HDR in both HDR10 and Dolby Vision , and Dolby Atmos . Unlike the theatrical version which was rated PG-13 , this version received an R-rating for "violence and some language". Ten days prior to
19822-460: The film was the second most pirated film of 2021. Variety stated that the film was the fourth most-streamed film of 2021. The film ranked first on the " NPD Videoscan First Alert" chart for home media sales in the United States during its first week, as well as in the Blu-ray sales. Overall, it sold five times more than the second-ranked The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It . In addition,
20009-414: The film, most of whom believe that Snyder was "working to manipulate the ongoing campaign". In September 2018, former DC Entertainment president Diane Nelson deleted her Twitter account after substantial online harassment by members of the movement. WB telephone operators, inundated with regular calls about the "Snyder Cut", were trained to treat them as prank calls . By March 2019, Snyder stated that
20196-447: The films were not Jackson's preferred edit, however, they were simply extended versions for fans to enjoy at home. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice directed by Zack Snyder had an "Ultimate Edition," which added back 31 minutes of footage cut for the theatrical release and received an R rating, released digitally on 28 June 2016, and on Blu-ray on 19 July 2016. The extended director's cut received more positive critical reviews than
20383-729: The first film, and entire scenes that were shot by replacement director Richard Lester which Donner dislikes but were required for story purposes. On the other side, some critics (such as Roger Ebert ) have approved of the use of the label in unsuccessful films that had been tampered with by studio executives, such as Sergio Leone 's original cut of Once Upon a Time in America , and the moderately successful theatrical version of Daredevil , which were altered by studio interference for their theatrical release. Other well-received director's cuts include Ridley Scott 's Kingdom of Heaven (with Empire magazine stating: "The added 45 minutes in
20570-520: The first teaser was released during the DC FanDome event, which featured a remix of the song " Hallelujah " (1984) by Leonard Cohen . It was considered to be a highly anticipated part of the event, and well-received by audiences and critics. The trailer had leaked hours prior to its planned debut in the DC FanDome event. Julia Alexander, writing for The Verge , had remarked that those desiring
20757-499: The five heroes travel to an abandoned Russian city called Pozharnov, where Steppenwolf aims to form the Unity. They fight their way through the surrounding Parademons, with Superman arriving in time to subdue Steppenwolf. However, Victor fails to prevent the Unity and the planet begins to be destroyed. To reverse time in order to provide Victor the necessary charge, Barry enters the Speed Force , allowing him and Superman to prevent
20944-526: The footage that exists. Examples of this include Terry Zwigoff 's Bad Santa , Brian Helgeland 's Payback , and most notably the Richard Donner re-cut of Superman II . Donner completed about 75 per cent of the shooting of the sequel during the shooting of the first one but was fired from the project. His director's cut of the film includes, among other things, screen test footage of stars Christopher Reeve and Margot Kidder , footage used in
21131-826: The form of sugars, fats, and proteins provided by consuming plants and animals, necessitating in turn that a habitable planet for humans can sustain such organisms. Much of earth's biomass (~60%) relies on photosynthesis for an energy source, while a further ~40% is chemotropic . For the development of life on other planetary bodies, chemical energy may have been critical, while for sustaining life on another planetary body in our solar system, sufficiently high solar energy may also be necessary for phototrophic organisms. On Earth, life generally requires six elements in high abundance: carbon , hydrogen , nitrogen , oxygen , phosphorus , and sulfur . These elements are considered "essential" for all known life and plentiful within biological systems. Additional elements crucial to life include
21318-416: The gameplay or additional game modes and features outside the main portion of the game. As is the case with certain high-profile Japanese-produced games, the game designers may take the liberty to revise their product for the overseas market with additional features during the localization process. These features are later added back to the native market in a re-release of a game in what is often referred as
21505-406: The gravity on Earth's Moon is too low to hold an atmosphere for geological spans of time, if given one, it would retain it for spans of time that are long compared to human lifespans. Landis and others have thus proposed that it could be feasible to terraform the moon, although not all agree with that proposal. Landis estimates that a 1 PSI atmosphere of pure oxygen on the Moon would require on
21692-475: The home media version sold out in the first 20 minutes of releases. It was released in the United States and Canada on September 7 on Blu-ray, DVD, and 4K, and a week later on those same platforms in Canada. The film was digitally released on July 19, 2022. Following its opening weekend, view-tracking app Samba TV reported that 1.8 million American households had watched at least the first five minutes of
21879-657: The iTunes Store in India; Neon , Sky Go , and Sky Movies Premiere in New Zealand; and on Now and Sky Cinema in the United Kingdom. The film was also released on HBO Max in Latin America when the service launched on June 29, 2021. While the cut was originally planned to release as a four-part miniseries in addition to a single film, Snyder said on Vero in January 2021 that the cut would be released as
22066-463: The injection of floating, photosynthetic bacteria into the Venusian atmosphere to reduce CO 2 to organic form , and increase the atmospheric concentration of O 2 in the atmosphere. This concept, however, was based in a flawed 1960s understanding of Venus's atmosphere as much lower pressure; in reality, the Venusian atmospheric pressure (93 bars) is far higher than early estimates. Sagan's idea
22253-478: The international version of the game. This was the case with the overseas versions of Final Fantasy VII , Metal Gear Solid and Rogue Galaxy , which contained additional features (such as new difficulty settings for Metal Gear Solid ), resulting in re-released versions of those respective games in Japan ( Final Fantasy VII International , Metal Gear Solid: Integral and Rogue Galaxy: Director's Cut ). In
22440-482: The last Mother Box, which he had hidden. He reveals it was used to rebuild his body after a car accident, explaining that the Boxes can rearrange matter. The group realizes they could resurrect Superman using the box. Meanwhile, Steppenwolf receives a vision of the Anti-Life Equation on Earth, a secret power sought by Darkseid to control all of existence. The team exhumes Clark Kent's body and places it in
22627-648: The last film in a "Snyderverse Trilogy" three-day event to benefit suicide prevention. The film was released May 24, 2021, on 4K Ultra HD , Blu-ray , and DVD in the United Kingdom . It was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray and Blu-ray in Hong Kong , Australia , Germany , and Italy on May 25, May 26, and May 27, 2021, respectively. A limited edition SteelBook was announced for the UK by HMV with pre-orders starting March 22. According to Warner Bros UK, pre-orders for
22814-404: The moon would require "about 100 comets the size of Halley's." Mercury would be difficult to terraform. Beech states "There seems little prospect of terraforming Mercury such that any animals or plants might exist there," and suggests that its primary use in a terraforming project would be as a mining source for minerals. Nevertheless, terraforming has been considered. Mercury's magnetic field
23001-406: The moons to a minor extent, giving them thin atmospheres of oxygen). For Saturn's moons, the water vapour could be split by using orbital mirrors to focus sunlight, causing photolysis . The ammonia could be converted to nitrogen by introducing bacteria such as Nitrosomonas , Pseudomonas and Clostridium , resulting in an Earth-like nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere. This atmosphere would protect
23188-536: The most extreme organisms on Earth, notes that "synthetic biology has given us a remarkable toolkit that can be used to manufacture new kinds of organisms specially suited for the systems we want to plan for" and outlines the prospects for terraforming, saying "we'll want to investigate our chosen microbes, find the genes that code for the survival and terraforming properties that we want (like radiation and drought resistance ), and then use that knowledge to genetically engineer specifically Martian-designed microbes". He sees
23375-509: The movement have also been described by various journalists as "toxic" for harassing, threatening, and cyberbullying those who expressed contrary opinions about the Snyder Cut. Yohana Desta of Vanity Fair broadly described the act of fans demanding an alternative cut as a "modern pattern of audience demand that is actively making fandoms more toxic", comparing it to the harassment of Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) actress Kelly Marie Tran . Brandon Katz of The New York Observer said that
23562-516: The movement was composed of "both toxic DC fans that hurl vitriolic harassment at any and all opposition, and supportive moviegoers that genuinely enjoy Snyder's style and are just hoping to see the conclusion of his trilogy that began with 2013's Man of Steel . As with any contingent, there are both extremists and level-headed individuals in its ranks." Bob Rehak, Swarthmore College Associate Professor and Chair of Film and Media Studies, said that fandoms such as #ReleaseTheSnyderCut react strongly when
23749-517: The ninth week, it returned to the top 10 rankings by acquiring the second position overall the next week amidst discounts offered ahead of Black Friday , while also selling the most number of Blu-ray units. According to The Numbers , it sold 51,027 Blu-ray units for $ 1.4 million during the week. In the United Kingdom, it ranked first on the Official Film Chart for five weeks. It was the second-highest-selling Blu-ray title of 2021 in
23936-441: The order of two hundred trillion tons of oxygen, and suggests it could be produced by reducing the oxygen from an amount of lunar rock equivalent to a cube about fifty kilometers on an edge. Alternatively, he suggests that the water content of "fifty to a hundred comets" the size of Halley's comet would do the job, "assuming that the water doesn't splash away when the comets hit the moon." Likewise, Benford calculates that terraforming
24123-420: The original theatrical release was his "director's cut", and that the new version was released as a marketing ploy. Director Peter Bogdanovich , no stranger to director's cuts himself, cites Red River as an example where MGM have a version of Howard Hawks's Red River that they're calling the Director's Cut and it is absolutely not the director's cut. It's a cut the director didn't want, an earlier cut that
24310-418: The planet's 450 °C (842 °F) surface temperature. These goals are closely interrelated because Venus's extreme temperature may result from the greenhouse effect caused by its dense atmosphere. Venus's atmosphere currently contains little oxygen, so an additional step would be to inject breathable O 2 into the atmosphere. An early proposal for such a process comes from Carl Sagan , who suggested
24497-611: The platform, and in the UK through Sky Cinema on April 30. The film was released internationally on several platforms: on HBO Go in select Asian countries; Binge in Australia; Crave in Canada; HBO services in select European countries; on digital services such as Amazon Prime Video and the iTunes Store in France; on KinoPoisk HD in Russia & CIS countries; digital services such as BookMyShow, Hungama Play , Tata Sky and
24684-452: The pro-terraforming side of the argument, there are those like Robert Zubrin , Martyn J. Fogg , Richard L. S. Taylor, and the late Carl Sagan who believe that it is humanity's moral obligation to make other worlds suitable for human life , as a continuation of the history of life-transforming the environments around it on Earth. They also point out that Earth would eventually be destroyed if nature takes its course , so that humanity faces
24871-550: The production and subsequent studio interference. The film follows Batman ( Ben Affleck ), Wonder Woman ( Gal Gadot ), Cyborg ( Ray Fisher ), Aquaman ( Jason Momoa ), the Flash ( Ezra Miller ), and Superman ( Henry Cavill ) as they form an alliance to stop the extradimensional New God Steppenwolf ( Ciarán Hinds ) and his army of Parademons from conquering Earth for his overlord Darkseid ( Ray Porter ). Released by Warner Bros. Pictures in 2017, Justice League had
25058-744: The production for Whedon's version, had their credits removed for Snyder's. Snyder stated that his version is not set in the same continuity as Whedon's, which would remain the canonical version of the film. However, Jason Momoa said that Aquaman (2018) takes place after Snyder's version, rather than Whedon's. Similarly, Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins said that no DC director considers Whedon's Justice League canonical, and that she had worked with Snyder to ensure Wonder Woman maintained continuity with his film. Despite these sentiments, commentators noted various contradictions between Aquaman and Zack Snyder's Justice League relating to Mera 's backstory. Additionally, The Flash (2023) acknowledges
25245-516: The project's biggest bottleneck in the ability to genetically tweak and tailor the right microbes, estimating that this hurdle could take "a decade or more" to be solved. He also notes that it would be best to develop "not a single kind of microbe but a suite of several that work together". DARPA is researching the use of photosynthesizing plants, bacteria, and algae grown directly on the Mars surface that could warm up and thicken its atmosphere. In 2015
25432-473: The project. Snyder began to collaborate with the film's original post-production team for completion. Despite the process being compromised by the then-ongoing COVID-19 pandemic , which was escalating around the time, the Snyders insisted on completing it. Snyder notified the original cast of the undertaking from April and May 2020; according to Snyder, he contacted Fisher first, who initially thought that Snyder
25619-426: The proposal for Mars), then Mercury's magnetic field could possibly grow in intensity to a point where Mercury's magnetic field could be self-sustaining provided the field wasn't made to "stall" by another solar event. Despite being much smaller than Mars, Mercury has an escape velocity only slightly less than that of Mars due to its higher density and could, if a magnetosphere prevents atmospheric stripping, hold
25806-453: The raised temperature would add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, the two processes would augment each other. Carbon dioxide alone would not suffice to sustain a temperature above the freezing point of water, so a mixture of specialized greenhouse molecules might be manufactured. Terraforming Venus requires two major changes: removing most of the planet's dense 9 MPa (1,300 psi; 89 atm) carbon dioxide atmosphere, and reducing
25993-615: The region in which stable surface liquid water may be present on a planetary body. The boundaries of the Habitable Zone were originally defined by water loss by photolysis and hydrogen escape, setting a limit on how close a planet may be to its orbited star, and the prevalence of CO 2 clouds that would increase albedo , setting an outer boundary on stable liquid water. These constraints are applicable in particular to Earth-like planets, and would not as easily apply to moons like Europa and Enceladus with ice-covered oceans, where
26180-627: The released movie, a new experience apart from that movie". The Snyders felt that being able to finally finish Justice League would bring them closure, and were excited by the prospect of expanding the film's character development. Greenblatt indicated its completion would be "wildly expensive" and estimated it would cost more than $ 30 million. In June 2020, Sandra Dewey, president of productions and business operations for WarnerMedia, stated in an interview that they are aiming for an "early to mid-2021" release. By January 2021, Snyder had completed his cut. The announcement of Zack Snyder's Justice League
26367-662: The roles of the Old Gods Zeus and Artemis , respectively. Julian Lewis Jones and Francis Magee are credited with portraying the Ancient Atlantean king and Ancient king of men , respectively. Michael McElhatton appears as Black Clad Alpha, the leader of terrorist group who clash with Wonder Woman. Marc McClure has a brief cameo as Jerry, a police officer who befriends Lois Lane. Green Lanterns Yalan Gur and Kilowog also appear, while Granny Goodness appears through computer-generated imagery (CGI) and
26554-465: The runtime significantly in accordance with a mandate from Warner Bros. The theatrical version polarized critics and underperformed at the box office; this resulted in WB opting to prioritize developing future films around individual characters, with less regard for consistency and continuity within the wider shared universe . Many people expressed interest in Snyder's version of the film, often referred to as
26741-456: The same timeframe, the HBO Max app was downloaded 64% more and opened 8.9% more than in an average week. Later, Samba TV reported that it was watched in 3.2 million households over the first 17 days and 3.7 million US households after 39 days. In Canada, the film became the most-streamed content of all time on Crave , with 1.1 million viewers in one week. It also allegedly led to
26928-482: The scheduled debut of the film, HBO Max accidentally released the film to some viewers that were attempting to watch Tom & Jerry (2021). Although the cut's full runtime was locked to Tom & Jerry ' s 101 minutes, viewers quickly managed to bypass the bug. After more than two hours, it was later fixed. A week after the film's HBO Max release, the Justice Is Gray Edition was released on
27115-662: The second idea during post-production in 2017. Ultimately, Snyder chose the third idea and filmed the scene in August 2020. WB did not want Stewart to be in the scene, so Snyder decided to compromise with the studio and reshot the scene to only include Martian Manhunter by October 2020. He reshot Affleck's side of the scene as the previous footage was unusable due to lighting issues. Snyder originally wanted to include Ryan Reynolds , who previously portrayed Hal Jordan in Green Lantern (2011), as an "additional lantern... to fill out
27302-474: The second week, the film was ranked second in home media sales as well as the Blu-ray sales, being displaced by Black Widow , which outsold it by four times overall. It sold 71,682 units overall for $ 2 million according to The Numbers . By the end of September, it ranked third in overall disc sales according to NPD. After dropping to the 29th rank in overall disc sales and the 24th rank in Blu-ray sales by
27489-401: The sequel Rebel Moon – Chapter Two: Curse of Forgiveness (both 2024). The PG-13 initial versions of those films having been critically panned. The film Caligula exists in at least 10 different officially released versions, ranging from a sub-90-minute television edit version of TV-14 (later TV-MA) for cable television to an unrated full pornographic version exceeding 3.5 hours. This
27676-408: The service growing in subscribers by 12%. In the United Kingdom, where it is streaming via Sky Cinema , the film was viewed by 954,000 households, with 458,000 (48%) watching it in its entirety. In India, where it was released on BookMyShow Stream, about 100,000 homes watched the film in its first weekend. The film went on to become the most rented film of 2021 on that service. In Spain, the film became
27863-521: The size of Mexico at each pole with habitable temperatures). The total habitable area could be even larger if the planetary albedo were increased from 0.12 to ~0.6, potentially increasing the habitable area. Roy proposes that the temperature could be further managed by decreasing the solar flux at Mercury to near the terrestrial value by solar sails reflecting sunlight. He calculates that 16 to 17 million sails, each with an area of one square kilometer would be needed. It has been recently proposed that due to
28050-450: The size of the movement was too small to make an impact, opining that the film "doesn't seem to be something many outside the die-hard fan base are clamoring to see". Writer Mario F. Robles, based on his industry connections, said WB did not trust Snyder's vision and was not willing to spend the money required for its completion. Throughout the movement, various media journalists referred to the Snyder Cut as "fabled" or "mythical". Members of
28237-619: The songs " Distant Sky " and " There Is a Kingdom " by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds ; none are included on the soundtrack. Allison Crowe 's cover of the Leonard Cohen song " Hallelujah " plays during the end credits as a tribute to Autumn Snyder. Alongside the announcement of Zack Snyder's Justice League , HBO released posters depicting the six members of the Justice League. Although these posters had previously been used for
28424-748: The studio did not like the "stupefying" changes in Whedon's version, they were reluctant to criticize it and thus decided to proceed with it. Justice League was released theatrically on November 17, 2017. Critics described it as a "Frankenstein" film, identifying it as the work of two different directors with competing visions. After seeing Whedon's version in late 2017, Deborah and executive producer Christopher Nolan advised Snyder to not watch it, knowing it would "break his heart". Justice League grossed $ 657.9 million against an estimated $ 300 million budget. Against an estimated break-even point of as much as $ 750 million, Deadline Hollywood estimated
28611-529: The studio. As the home video industry rose in the early 1980s, video releases of director's cuts were sometimes created for the small but dedicated cult fan market. Los Angeles cable station Z Channel is also cited as significant in the popularization of alternate cuts. Early examples of films released in this manner include Michael Cimino 's Heaven's Gate , where a longer cut was recalled from theatres but subsequently shown on cable and eventually released to home video; James Cameron 's Aliens , where
28798-701: The stylized, desaturated, super-high contrast looks of other films in the franchise." Principal photography for Justice League began in April 2016 and wrapped the following December. Months later, multiple cuts of Snyder's Justice League were shown to Warner Bros. executives, in addition to friends and family of Snyder. A final run-time and picture lock were achieved, though the cuts had incomplete visual effects shots and partial audio mixing. Snyder said his multiple cuts were essentially "done", only requiring "a few CG tweaks" for completion. Forbes contributor and film screenwriter Mark Hughes reported that Snyder's cut
28985-483: The subject, Mars is usually considered to be the most likely candidate for terraforming. Much study has been done concerning the possibility of heating the planet and altering its atmosphere, and NASA has even hosted debates on the subject. Several potential methods for the terraforming of Mars may be within humanity's technological capabilities, but according to Martin Beech, the economic attitude of preferring short-term profits over long-term investments will not support
29172-454: The supposed grand total to eight differing versions of Blade Runner . Upon its release on DVD and Blu-ray in 2019, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald featured an extended cut with seven minutes of additional footage. This is the first time since Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that a Wizarding World film has had one. An animated example of an extended cut without
29359-645: The surface from Jupiter's radiation, but it would also be possible to clear said radiation using orbiting tethers or radio waves. Challenges to terraforming the moons include their high amounts of ice and their low gravity. If all of the ice were fully melted, it would result in deep moon-spanning oceans, meaning any settlements would have to be floating (unless some of the ice was allowed to remain, to serve as land). Low gravity would cause atmospheric escape over time and may cause problems for human health . However, atmospheric escape would take place over spans of time that are long compared to human lifespans, as with
29546-409: The terraforming process. Sagan also visualized making Mars habitable for human life in an article published in the journal Icarus , "Planetary Engineering on Mars" (1973). Three years later, NASA addressed the issue of planetary engineering officially in a study, but used the term "planetary ecosynthesis" instead. The study concluded that it was possible for Mars to support life and be made into
29733-744: The theatrical release and restored for the film. Actors reprising their roles from previous DCEU films include: Eleanor Matsuura as Epione, Samantha Jo as Euboea, Ann Ogbomo as Philippus, Doutzen Kroes as Venelia, Carla Gugino as the Kryptonian ship's voice. Uncredited appearances include Robin Wright as Antiope , Billy Crudup as Henry Allen , Kevin Costner (via archival voice recording and still photograph) as Jonathan Kent , Joe Manganiello as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke and Russell Crowe as Jor-El . Sergi Constance and Aurore Lauzeral portray
29920-526: The theatrical release featured a brighter tone and more humor, and reduced the level of violence seen in Snyder's darker direction. To meet the mandated runtime, more than 90 minutes of Snyder's footage was removed, but the result still adhered to the basic outline of the story. While the initial cut was poorly received by test audiences, the early screening of Whedon's cut scored as high as Wonder Woman (2017), so WB decided to move forward with it. Later in February 2021, an anonymous WB executive stated that even
30107-455: The theatrical version's mixed reviews, with fans particularly disliking the film as they assumed Whedon created an inferior film. The circumstances were compared to that of Superman II (1980). Commentators assumed an alternate cut of Justice League was inevitable as some of Snyder's previous films had been re-released in extended cuts for home media, such as Watchmen (2009) and Batman v Superman, which critics considered an improvement to
30294-485: The theatrical version. Members of the Justice League cast and crew showing support for the Snyder Cut's release included actors Ben Affleck , Gal Gadot , Jason Momoa , Ciarán Hinds , and Ray Fisher , photographer Clay Enos, storyboard artist Jay Oliva , cinematographer Fabian Wagner , and Affleck's stunt double Richard Cetrone. Deborah said executive producers Nolan and Emma Thomas encouraged them to make
30481-439: The theatrically released film. The film Justice League which suffered a very troubled production, was begun by Snyder, who completed a pre-postproduction director's cut but had to step down before completing the project due to his daughter's death. Joss Whedon was hired by the films' distributor Warner Bros. Pictures to complete the film, which was however heavily re-shot, re-edited and released in 2017 with Snyder retaining
30668-437: The time. He kept it as a "memento", so that he could show people or for "snippets" of footage to be included in a documentary, as he thought his version would not be released. Snyder sent an editor in to retrieve materials related to the film on a hard drive. However, he was asked to return them as they were considered to be studio property, but refused to do so as he said it was his "personal use". Sources said that though security
30855-468: The trailer, particularly his line, "We live in a society", and felt that the trailer "doubles down" on Snyder's aesthetics, but was skeptical if the film would be superior to the theatrical version. On March 14, the final trailer for the film released, with Daniel Kreps at Rolling Stone writing that it featured "many of the hallmarks that made Snyder's version of the blockbuster so mythic in the first place". Two days later, DC published three variant covers of
31042-435: The trailer. In early November, the original teaser was temporarily removed from HBO Max's social platforms due to the expiration of the rights to "Hallelujah". On November 17, the third anniversary of the theatrical release, an updated version with new footage was uploaded in black and white on Snyder's Vero account and in color on HBO Max's social media accounts. In July 2023, the trailer was delisted from YouTube again after
31229-451: The trend became more widely recognized, the term director's cut became increasingly used as a colloquialism to refer to an expanded version of other things, including video games, music, and comic books. This confusing usage only served to further reduce the artistic value of a director's cut, and it is currently rarely used in those ways. For video games, these expanded versions, also referred as "complete editions", will have additions to
31416-426: The trilogy consisting of all three DCEU films directed by Snyder was ranked fourteenth on the Blu-ray sales chart. According to The Numbers , the film sold 107,489 Blu-ray units and 33,820 DVD units in the first week for a revenue of $ 4.1 million. The Numbers reported the film had made an estimated $ 15.96 million from domestic video sales, as of May 29, 2022, with 439,547 Blu-rays and 92,599 DVDs sold. In
31603-461: The voice". He was unfamiliar with Darkseid upon being cast, with Snyder and screenwriter Chris Terrio helping him with their knowledge of comics. Peter Guinness portrays DeSaad , Darkseid's master enforcer and liaison between him and Steppenwolf. Harry Lennix reprises his DCEU role as US Secretary of Defense Calvin Swanwick , later revealed to be Martian Manhunter . Snyder stated Swanwick
31790-754: Was always Martian Manhunter since Man of Steel and secretly guided mankind to do good as he wanted humanity to try to protect Earth themselves before intervening. Jared Leto reprises his role from Suicide Squad (2016) as the Joker , a psychotic criminal and Batman's archenemy , who becomes a surviving resistance member in the Knightmare future. The Joker was not planned to appear in Snyder's original version, but he chose to use and redesign Joker for it following its revival as he intended to utilize Joker. Karen Bryson portrays Elinor Stone, Victor's late mother, while Kiersey Clemons portrays Iris West , Barry Allen's future love interest; their scenes were cut from
31977-446: Was celebrated by the #ReleasetheSnyderCut movement, with many fans expressing their enthusiasm on social media. Some Snyder fans uploaded videos of them destroying their DVD and Blu-ray copies of the theatrical release. Many industry figures, such as cast members of Justice League , expressed their gratitude to the fans who supported the release of Snyder's version of the film. However, various journalists expressed concern that WarnerMedia
32164-416: Was conceding to fans who engaged in forms of harassment and trolling during the movement, fearing it would set a negative precedent. Screen Rant opined that it gave the impression that similar methods of fan activism can influence film studios, networks, and streaming services. In response to this concern, HBO Max CEO Tony Goncalves affirmed the passion of the fandom and denied such claims, stating that as
32351-630: Was expected to film scenes that Whedon re-wrote, and they were working together to meet WB's requests when Snyder's daughter, Autumn Snyder, died in March 2017. Though Snyder was initially open to Whedon rewriting the script, he eventually became more resistant as the studio began granting Whedon more directing privileges. However, he did not directly challenge it as he and his family were dealing with Autumn's death. Snyder left Justice League that May, while producer Deborah Snyder , his wife, also departed soon after. A source claimed in February 2018 that Snyder
32538-501: Was fired by the studio approximately three months prior to the public announcement of his departure. Whedon later assumed full control over production, although Snyder retained directorial credit. Whedon added nearly 80 pages to the script, and Wagner estimates that Whedon's cut uses only about 10% of the footage that Snyder shot. Composer Tom Holkenborg completed his film score before being replaced by Danny Elfman halfway through post-production. The scenes that Whedon wrote or re-shot for
32725-428: Was joking. On May 20, 2020, Snyder announced during a Q&A after an online watch party of Man of Steel that his cut of Justice League would be released as Zack Snyder's Justice League on HBO Max in 2021. Greenblatt said WarnerMedia tried to get the news out "as quickly as possible" before HBO Max launched on May 27. Snyder described his cut as "an entirely new thing, and, especially talking to those who have seen
32912-432: Was junked. They assume because it was longer that it's a director's cut. Capra cut two reels off Lost Horizon because it didn't work and then someone tried to put it back. There are certainly mistakes and stupidities in reconstructing pictures. Another way that released director's cuts can be compromised is when directors were never allowed to even shoot their vision, and thus when the film is re-cut, they must make do with
33099-490: Was modeled after Weta artist Jojo Aguilar's aunt. Following the release of Man of Steel in 2013, director Zack Snyder outlined his vision for the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), consisting of a five-film arc including Man of Steel , Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), and a Justice League trilogy. Snyder's original intention was for Batman v Superman to be the darkest in the franchise, and have subsequent films become lighter in tone. However, Batman v Superman
33286-422: Was more than 90% complete, while The Daily Telegraph cited a visual effects expert estimating that WB would need another $ 30–40 million for completion. Snyder began screening his rough versions of Justice League by February 27, 2017, with studio executives disliking it as they felt the plot was too complex and decided to pivot. After disapproving of Snyder's direction, WB hired Joss Whedon , who directed
33473-493: Was not happy with the version that was originally released. Sometimes there are big disagreements between the director's vision and the producer's vision, and the director's preferred edit is sought after by fans (for example Terry Gilliam's Brazil ). Not all films have separate "director's cuts", (often the director is happy with the theatrical release, even if they didn't have final cut privilege), and sometimes separate versions of films are released as "director's cuts" even if
33660-506: Was notified, no action was taken as the studio did not expect Snyder would "begin tinkering with an alternate cut of the film". Immediately after the theatrical release of Justice League , fans created an online petition to release the "Snyder Cut" that gained more than 100,000 signatures. The movement, which used the hashtag #ReleaseTheSnyderCut on social media, began before fans had any knowledge that Snyder's cut of Justice League actually existed. The movement had gained traction following
33847-503: Was one of the first to describe a novel method of warming Mars, where chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are added to the atmosphere to produce a strong greenhouse effect. Motivated by Lovelock's book, biophysicist Robert Haynes worked behind the scenes to promote terraforming, and contributed the neologism Ecopoiesis , forming the word from the Greek οἶκος , oikos , "house", and ποίησις , poiesis , "production". Ecopoiesis refers to
34034-473: Was poorly received, with criticism for its dark tone, lack of humor, and slow pacing. Distributor Warner Bros. Pictures and Snyder re-evaluated upcoming DCEU films, particularly Suicide Squad (2016), which had already wrapped principal photography, and Justice League , which was a month away from filming. Thus, Snyder and screenwriter Chris Terrio rewrote Justice League to change its tone. Cinematographer Fabian Wagner said Snyder wanted to "get away from
34221-478: Was rehired to score the film in early 2020, he decided to restart and make a brand new score for the film, which consists of fifty-four tracks and is three hours and 54 minutes long. The length of the score surpassed that of Ben-Hur (1959) by nearly a full hour, becoming the longest musical score in film history. Holkenborg described the score as "fully electronic [at times], and at other times fully orchestral", incorporating elements of rock and trap . The album
34408-410: Was released as both a "Special Edition" and "Extended" cuts, and Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings , which were released on home video as "Extended Editions". These versions do not represent the director's preferred visions. The term since expanded to include media such as video games, comic books and music albums (the latter two of which don't actually have directors). Within the industry itself,
34595-436: Was released via WaterTower Music on March 18, 2021, the same day as the film's release. Two tracks from the film's score, "The Crew at Warpower", and "Middle Mass", were released as singles on February 17, 2021, and March 12, 2021, respectively. The soundtrack also makes use of a couple of songs; the beginning of the movie features a traditional Icelandic song " Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu " by Yong Aus Galeson, while later scenes use
34782-935: Was the case with Resident Evil: Code Veronica X . In markets with strict censorship, a later relaxing of those laws occasional will result in the game being rereleased with the "Special/Uncut Edition" tag added to differentiate between the originally released censored version and the current uncensored edition. Several of the Pokémon games have also received director's cuts and have used the term "extension", though "remake" and "third version" are also often used by many fans. These include Pocket Monsters: Blue (Japan only), Pokémon Yellow (for Pokémon Red and Green / Blue ), Pokémon Crystal (for Pokémon Gold and Silver ), Pokémon Emerald (for Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire ), Pokémon Platinum (for Pokémon Diamond and Pearl ) and Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon . For their PlayStation 5 "Director's Cut" releases of
34969-495: Was the word terraforming used in the title of a published journal article. Planetologist Christopher McKay wrote "Terraforming Mars", a paper for the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society . The paper discussed the prospects of a self-regulating Martian biosphere, and the word "terraforming" has since become the preferred term. In 1984, James Lovelock and Michael Allaby published The Greening of Mars . Lovelock's book
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