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53-856: SWGRL is a member of PINES , a program of the Georgia Public Library Service that covers 53 library systems in 143 counties of Georgia. Any resident in a PINES supported library system has access to the system's collection of 10.6 million books. The library is also serviced by GALILEO , a program of the University System of Georgia which stands for "GeorgiA LIbrary LEarning Online". This program offers residents in supported libraries access to over 100 databases indexing thousands of periodicals and scholarly journals. It also boasts over 10,000 journal titles in full text. The first public library to open in Seminole County

106-462: A causality ; minor technological glitches occur on a regular basis. Reported problems include: Problems were reported on 29 February 2000, Y2K's first Leap Year Day, and 1 March 2000. These were mostly minor. Some software did not correctly recognize 2000 as a leap year, and so worked on the basis of the year having 365 days. On the last day of 2000 (day 366) and first day of 2001 these systems exhibited various errors. Some computers also treated

159-400: A white paper was created exploring the feasibility of a statewide public library card for Georgia. As Georgia had consistently ranked among the lowest states in public library funding per capita it was agreed that a universal library card could be of great benefit to the residents of Georgia as long as the affiliated libraries were unified under one single integrated library system (ILS). It

212-427: A combined date and time within a fixed binary field is often considered a solution, but the possibility for software to misinterpret dates remains because such date and time representations must be relative to some known origin. Rollover of such systems is still a problem but can happen at varying dates and can fail in various ways. For example: The date of 4 January 1975 overflowed the 12-bit field that had been used in

265-451: A computer-induced apocalypse . Contrary to published expectations, few major errors occurred in 2000. Supporters of the Y2K remediation effort argued that this was primarily due to the pre-emptive action of many computer programmers and information technology experts. Companies and organizations in some countries, but not all, had checked, fixed, and upgraded their computer systems to address

318-399: A person's century of birth. In both countries, the birth year was historically indicated by two digits only. This numbering system had already given rise to a similar problem, the " Year 1900 problem ", which arose due to problems distinguishing between people born in the 19th and 20th centuries. Y2K fears drew attention to an older issue, while prompting a solution to a new problem. In Finland,

371-595: A piece. Land was donated by members of the community, and a new building was completed on May 1, 1988. The oldest known library in Decatur County is the Jeffersonian Library and Literary Association, founded in the early 1880s in Bainbridge, Georgia . Newspapers from the era hinted at the difficulty of holding interest in a public library in the town, with one such article suggesting the end of

424-420: A signed 32-bit integer, as used in many computer systems, is 2147483647. Systems using an integer to represent a 10 character date-based field, where the leftmost two characters are the 2-digit year, ran into an issue on 1 January 2022 when the leftmost characters needed to be '22', i.e. values from 2200000001 needed to be represented. Microsoft Exchange Server was one of the more significant systems affected by

477-553: Is a leap year". This method works fine for the year 2000 (because it is a leap year), and will not become a problem until 2100, when older legacy programs will likely have long since been replaced. Other programs contained incorrect leap year logic, assuming for instance that no year divisible by 100 could be a leap year. An assessment of this leap year problem including a number of real-life code fragments appeared in 1998. For information on why century years are treated differently, see Gregorian calendar . Some systems had problems once

530-418: Is only capable of representing integers between −(2 ) and (2 )−1, treated as number of seconds since the epoch at 1 January 1970 at 00:00:00 UTC . These systems can only represent times between 13 December 1901 at 20:45:52 UTC and 19 January 2038 at 03:14:07 UTC. If these systems are not updated and fixed, then dates all across the world that rely on Unix time will wrongfully display

583-437: The ... computer problem linked to the year 2000" began trading mid-March 1997. Special committees were set up by governments to monitor remedial work and contingency planning , particularly by crucial infrastructures such as telecommunications, utilities and the like, to ensure that the most critical services had fixed their own problems and were prepared for problems with others. While some commentators and experts argued that

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636-534: The Georgia Public Library Service . By June 2017, the catalog consisted of books from 284 library facilities in 143 counties across the U.S. state of Georgia with a collection size of 10.6 million items, all of which are searchable by anyone with a PINES library card which can be obtained free of charge from any PINES-participating library. The PINES system effectively turns most of the state of Georgia into one huge library. PINES cardholders are able to request an interlibrary loan from any affiliated library, and

689-620: The PlayStation 3 (except the Slim model). The most important occurrences of such a glitch were in Germany, where up to 20 million bank cards became unusable, and with Citibank Belgium , whose Digipass customer identification chips failed. When the year 2022 began, many systems using 32-bit integers encountered problems, which are now collectively known as the Y2K22 bug. The maximum value of

742-403: The formatting and storage of calendar data for dates in and after the year 2000 . Many programs represented four-digit years with only the final two digits, making the year 2000 indistinguishable from 1900. Computer systems' inability to distinguish dates correctly had the potential to bring down worldwide infrastructures for computer reliant industries. In the years leading up to the turn of

795-408: The millennium , the public gradually became aware of the "Y2K scare", and individual companies predicted the global damage caused by the bug would require anything between $ 400 million and $ 600 billion to rectify. A lack of clarity regarding the potential dangers of the bug led some to stock up on food, water, and firearms, purchase backup generators, and withdraw large sums of money in anticipation of

848-522: The 21st century. Some libraries were still not automated as well. The PINES initiative would give these libraries access first, bringing their services into the modern era. Looking to complete the project before the year 2000, on April 8, 1999, the initial contract to develop the ILS was awarded to KPMG partnered with the SIRSI Corporation and Sun Microsystems . In December 1999 the new software

901-591: The 80-column variety employed by IBM , which dominated the industry. Many tricks were used to squeeze needed data into fixed-field 80-character records. Saving two digits for every date field was significant in this effort. In the 1960s, computer memory and mass storage were scarce and expensive. Early core memory cost one dollar per bit. Popular commercial computers, such as the IBM 1401 , shipped with as little as 2 kilobytes of memory. Programs often mimicked card processing techniques. Commercial programming languages of

954-565: The County of Decatur and City of Bainbridge. At the dedication of this new library it was revealed the library was officially founded in 1902 despite the Decatur County Library Association's founding in 1896. Public Information Network for Electronic Services The Public Information Network for Electronic Services (or PINES ) is the nearly statewide library consortium and its online library catalog of

1007-502: The Decsystem 10 operating systems. There were numerous problems and crashes related to this bug while an alternative format was developed. Even before 1 January 2000 arrived, there were also some worries about 9 September 1999 (albeit less than those generated by Y2K). Because this date could also be written in the numeric format 9/9/99, it could have conflicted with the date value 9999 , frequently used to specify an unknown date. It

1060-705: The PINES system. Most of those are in the Atlanta metropolitan area , but the library systems of the Columbus metropolitan area are also outside of the PINES system. In February 2018, the Live Oak Public Libraries of the Savannah metropolitan area joined the PINES consortium. Year 2000 problem The term year 2000 problem , or simply Y2K , refers to potential computer errors related to

1113-412: The Y2K22 bug. The problem caused emails to be stuck on transport queues on Exchange Server 2016 and Exchange Server 2019, reporting the following error: The FIP-FS "Microsoft" Scan Engine failed to load. PID: 23092, Error Code: 0x80004005. Error Description: Can't convert "2201010001" to long. Many systems use Unix time and store it in a signed 32-bit integer . This data type

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1166-456: The bug was more likely to confuse computer operators than machines. Normally, a year is a leap year if it is evenly divisible by four. A year divisible by 100 is not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar unless it is also divisible by 400. For example, 1600 was a leap year, but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not. Some programs may have relied on the oversimplified rule that "a year divisible by four

1219-517: The coverage of the problem largely amounted to scaremongering , it was only the safe passing of the main event itself, 1 January 2000, that fully quelled public fears. Some experts who argued that scaremongering was occurring, such as Ross Anderson , professor of security engineering at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory , have since claimed that despite sending out hundreds of press releases about research results suggesting that

1272-568: The current software no more libraries would be able to be added to the system. As a result, the GPLS explored the possibility of creating their own software, and on June 4, 2004, a press release by the state librarian outlined a two-year development plan for a new PINES ILS software called Evergreen . The new ILS was completed and ready to go live in September 2006. On September 1, the Sirsi ILS

1325-438: The internet host requirements document RFC   1123 . On April Fools' Day 1998, some companies set their mainframe computer dates to 2001, so that "the wrong date will be perceived as good fun instead of bad computing" while having a full day of testing. While using 3-digit years and 3-digit dates within that year was used by some, others chose to use the number of days since a fixed date, such as 1 January 1900. Inaction

1378-409: The library by the end of June in 1882. By 1896 the idea of a public library was given new life, and on March 14 a large group of teachers and educators met at the courthouse to organize the Decatur County Library Association. Originally this library had several hundred volumes which were kept on shelves in a local business, and by 1940 a new library building was constructed as a joint enterprise between

1431-701: The month is stored as the calendar month plus 20, and for all persons born in or after 2000, the month is stored as the calendar month plus 40. Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien 's most important cabinet ministers were ordered to remain in the capital Ottawa , and gathered at 24 Sussex Drive , the prime minister's residence, to watch the clock. 13,000 Canadian troops were also put on standby. The Dutch Government promoted Y2K Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs) to share readiness between industries, without threat of antitrust violations or liability based on information shared. Norway and Finland changed their national identification numbers to indicate

1484-740: The new year 2001 as 1901, causing errors. These were generally minor. Since 2000, various issues have occurred due to errors involving overflows . An issue with time tagging caused the destruction of the NASA Deep Impact spacecraft . Some software used a process called date windowing to fix the issue by interpreting years 00–19 as 2000–2019 and 20–99 as 1920–1999. As a result, a new wave of problems started appearing in 2020, including parking meters in New York City refusing to accept credit cards, issues with Novitus point of sale units, and some utility companies printing bills listing

1537-474: The number 16. For example, because the SMS protocol uses BCD for dates, some mobile phone software incorrectly reported dates of SMSes as 2016 instead of 2010. Windows Mobile is the first software reported to have been affected by this glitch; in some cases WM6 changes the date of any incoming SMS message sent after 1 January 2010 from the year 2010 to 2016. Other systems affected include EFTPOS terminals, and

1590-419: The possibility that these programs would both remain in use and cause problems when interacting with databases – a new type of program with different characteristics – went largely uncommented upon. The first person known to publicly address this issue was Bob Bemer , who had noticed it in 1958 as a result of work on genealogical software . He spent the next twenty years fruitlessly trying to raise awareness of

1643-657: The problem was not likely to be as big as some had suggested, they were largely ignored by the media. In a similar vein, the Microsoft Press book Running Office 2000 Professional , published in May 1999, accurately predicted that most personal computer hardware and software would be unaffected by the year 2000 problem. Authors Michael Halvorson and Michael Young characterized most of the worries as popular hysteria, an opinion echoed by Microsoft Corp. The practice of using two-digit dates for convenience predates computers, but

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1696-451: The problem was solved by replacing the hyphen ("-") in the number with the letter "A" for people born in the 21st century (for people born before 1900, the sign was already "+"). In Norway, the range of the individual numbers following the birth date was altered from 0–499 to 500–999. Romania also changed its national identification number in response to the Y2K problem, due to the birth year being represented by only two digits. Before 2000,

1749-810: The problem with programmers, IBM , the government of the United States and the International Organization for Standardization . This included the recommendation that the COBOL picture clause should be used to specify four digit years for dates. In the 1980s, the brokerage industry began to address this issue, mostly because of bonds with maturity dates beyond the year 2000. By 1987 the New York Stock Exchange had reportedly spent over $ 20 million on Y2K, including hiring 100 programmers. Despite magazine articles on

1802-428: The problem. Then- U.S. president Bill Clinton , who organized efforts to minimize the damage in the United States, labeled Y2K as "the first challenge of the 21st century successfully met", and retrospectives on the event typically commend the programmers who worked to avert the anticipated disaster. Critics argued that even in countries where very little had been done to fix software, problems were minimal. The same

1855-451: The single statewide library card grants access to the hundreds of branches associated with the service. PINES also manages the booking of rooms, the use of remote self-check machines, allows automated search and retrieval, as well as supports RSS and Schema.org standards. PINES developed the open-source software Evergreen , an integrated library system which it and other library consortia use to manage their online catalogs. In 1998

1908-589: The size of stored data files and databases in exchange for becoming unusable past the year 2000. This meant that programs facing two-digit years could not distinguish between dates in 1900 and 2000. Dire warnings at times were in the mode of: The Y2K problem is the electronic equivalent of the El Niño and there will be nasty surprises around the globe. Options on the De Jager Year 2000 Index, "the first index enabling investors to manage risk associated with

1961-418: The subject from 1970 onward, the majority of programmers and managers only started recognizing Y2K as a looming problem in the mid-1990s, but even then, inertia and complacency caused it to be mostly unresolved until the last few years of the decade. In 1989, Erik Naggum was instrumental in ensuring that internet mail used four digit representations of years by including a strong recommendation to this effect in

2014-498: The time, such as COBOL and RPG , processed numbers in their character representations. Over time, the punched cards were converted to magnetic tape and then disc files, but the structure of the data usually changed very little. Data was still input using punched cards until the mid-1970s. Machine architectures, programming languages and application designs were evolving rapidly. Neither managers nor programmers of that time expected their programs to remain in use for many decades, and

2067-516: The title The Year 2000 Computing Crisis in 1996). Its first recorded mention on a Usenet newsgroup is from 18 January 1985 by Spencer Bolles. The acronym Y2K has been attributed to Massachusetts programmer David Eddy in an e-mail sent on 12 June 1995. He later said, "People were calling it CDC (Century Date Change), FADL (Faulty Date Logic). There were other contenders. Y2K just came off my fingertips." The problem started because on both mainframe computers and later personal computers , memory

2120-449: The use of capacity. It never entered our minds that those programs would have lasted for more than a few years. As a consequence, they are very poorly documented. If I were to go back and look at some of the programs I wrote 30 years ago, I would have one terribly difficult time working my way through step-by-step. — Alan Greenspan , 1998 Business data processing was done using unit record equipment and punched cards , most commonly

2173-462: The year 1920. The video game WWE 2K20 also began crashing when the year rolled over, although a patch was distributed later that day. Although the Bulgarian national identification number allocates only two digits for the birth year, the year 1900 problem and subsequently the Y2K problem were addressed by the use of unused values above 12 in the month range. For all persons born before 1900,

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2226-473: The year as 1901 beginning at 03:14:08 UTC on 19 January 2038. Several very different approaches were used to solve the year 2000 problem in legacy systems. Problems that occurred on 1 January 2000 were generally regarded as minor. Consequences did not always result exactly at midnight. Some programs were not active at that moment and problems would only show up when they were invoked. Not all problems recorded were directly linked to Y2K programming in

2279-431: The year rolled over to 2010. This was dubbed by some in the media as the "Y2K+10" or "Y2.01K" problem. The main source of problems was confusion between hexadecimal number encoding and binary-coded decimal encodings of numbers. Both hexadecimal and BCD encode the numbers 0–9 as 0x0–0x9. BCD encodes the number 10 as 0x10, while hexadecimal encodes the number 10 as 0x0A; 0x10 interpreted as a hexadecimal encoding represents

2332-592: Was also believed that by establishing a state-wide library cost to individual library systems would be lowered as they wouldn't need to maintain their own integrated library systems, and certain tasks could be centralized through the state saving additional time. By 1999 PINES became a reality, administered by the current Georgia Public Library Service (GPLS). It initially was used as a Y2K state-funded project to address needs of public libraries without Y2K-compliant ILS computer services. These libraries, mostly rural, were deemed not to have programs that would survive into

2385-564: Was associated with the popular (rather than literal) rollover of the millennium , even though most of the problems could have occurred at the end of any century. Computerworld ' s 1993 three-page "Doomsday 2000" article by Peter de Jager was called "the information-age equivalent of the midnight ride of Paul Revere" by The New York Times . The problem was the subject of the early book Computers in Crisis by Jerome and Marilyn Murray (Petrocelli, 1984; reissued by McGraw-Hill under

2438-447: Was expensive, from as low as $ 10 per kilobyte, to more than US$ 100 per kilobyte in 1975. It was therefore very important for programmers to minimize usage. Since computers only gained wide usage in the 20th century, programs could simply prefix "19" to the year of a date, allowing them to only store the last two digits of the year instead of four. As space on disc and tape storage was also expensive, these strategies saved money by reducing

2491-480: Was finished and ready for deployment. In that same month Phase 1 of PINES went live with 98 affiliated libraries. For the next two years other libraries saw the success of PINES, and rather than replace their outdated ILS with a new independent one, requested to join the statewide system. In 2001 Phase 2 of PINES went live with an addition 111 libraries joining the service. In 2004 the GPLS decided not to renew their contract with KPMG/Sirsi after being advised that under

2544-538: Was never a problem until stored dates were used in calculations. I'm one of the culprits who created this problem. I used to write those programs back in the 1960s and 1970s, and was proud of the fact that I was able to squeeze a few elements of space out of my program by not having to put a 19 before the year. Back then, it was very important. We used to spend a lot of time running through various mathematical exercises before we started to write our programs so that they could be very clearly delimited with respect to space and

2597-477: Was not an option, and risked major failure. Embedded systems with similar date logic were expected to malfunction and cause utilities and other crucial infrastructure to fail. Saving space on stored dates persisted into the Unix era, with most systems representing dates to a single 32-bit word, typically representing dates as elapsed seconds from some fixed date , which causes the similar Y2K38 problem . Storage of

2650-706: Was taken offline, and by September 5 Evergreen was up and running. Due to the success of Evergreen it was awarded the Mellon Award for Technology Collaboration in 2007 by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation . Since its initial release, Evergreen is now used in over 1,800 libraries around the world, including the highest-circulating library in the United States, the King County Library System . There are several library systems in Georgia outside of

2703-653: Was the Donalsonville Public Library, which opened on May 11, 1928. Initially this library existed in an old millinery store before moving in 1929 to the city courthouse. In 1952 the Decatur-Seminole Regional Library was formed. By 1978 plans were made with the help of the Public Works Program to start raising money for a new library building. A "Buy a Brick" effort began, with bricks selling for $ 2.00

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2756-500: Was thus possible that database programs might act on the records containing unknown dates on that day. Data entry operators commonly entered 9999 into required fields for an unknown future date, (e.g., a termination date for cable television or telephone service), in order to process computer forms using CICS software. Somewhat similar to this is the end-of-file code 9999 , used in older programming languages. While fears arose that some programs might unexpectedly terminate on that date,

2809-471: Was true in sectors such as schools and small businesses where compliance with Y2K policies was patchy at best. Y2K is a numeronym and was the common abbreviation for the year 2000 software problem. The abbreviation combines the letter Y for "year", the number 2 and a capitalized version of k for the SI unit prefix kilo meaning 1000; hence, 2K signifies 2000. It was also named the "millennium bug" because it

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