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75-487: The counties of Ada , Adams , Boise , Canyon , Elmore , Gem , Owyhee , Payette , Valley , and Washington are included in the region. In the 2020 Census , the ten county area had a combined population of 845,395 people; 45.9% of the state's population. Ada and Canyon are the two most populous counties in Idaho, and both have (respectively) experienced a 36.6% and 31.2% growth in population since 2010, making them among

150-421: A family was $ 67,519. Males had a median income of $ 48,290 versus $ 34,875 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 27,915. About 6.9% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 census , there were 300,904 people, 113,408 households, and 77,344 families in the county. The population density

225-569: A final five-day battle fought alongside Snake Creek at the base of Montana's Bears Paw Mountains only 40 miles (64 km) from the Canada–US border. A large majority of the surviving Nez Perce represented by Chief Joseph of the Wallowa band of Nez Perce, surrendered to Brigadier Generals Oliver Otis Howard and Nelson A. Miles . White Bird , of the Lamátta band of Nez Perce, managed to elude

300-429: A nominal sum, with the caveat that they be able to hunt, fish. and pasture their horses etc. on unoccupied areas of their former land – the same rights to use public lands as Anglo-American citizens of the territories. The newly established Nez Perce Indian reservation was 7,500,000 acres (30,000 km ) in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington territories. Under the terms of the treaty, no white settlers were allowed on

375-638: A remarkable fighting retreat. They crossed from Idaho over Lolo Pass into Montana Territory , traveling southeast, dipping into Yellowstone National Park and then back north into Montana, roughly 1,170 miles (1,880 km). They attempted to seek refuge with the Crow Nation , but, rejected by the Crow, ultimately decided to try to reach safety in Canada. A small number of Nez Perce fighters, probably fewer than 200, defeated or held off larger forces of

450-625: A surprise attack upon the Nez Perce camp on the morning of September 30. After a three-day standoff, Howard arrived with his command, on October 3 and the stalemate was broken. Chief Joseph surrendered on October 5, 1877, and declared in his famous surrender speech that he would "fight no more forever." In total, the Nez Perce engaged 2,000 American soldiers of different military units, as well as their Indian auxiliaries. They fought "eighteen engagements, including four major battles and at least four fiercely contested skirmishes." Many people praised

525-545: Is Idaho's primary and most well-known metropolitan area, with numerous industries , with the largest (by average employees) being education and health services; trade, transportation, and utilities; professional and business services; leisure and hospitality; and construction. In Southwestern Idaho, K-12 schools are often ran by school district models, including the Boise School District and Meridian School Districts . These aforementioned school districts had

600-695: Is concentrated in Boise itself, while Republican strength is concentrated in the western suburbs. Several of the Boise seats were Democratic pickups in 2006. Each party held all of their respective legislative seats in the 2008 elections, but Republicans won two competitive county commission races. The county government is administered by the Ada County Board of Commissioners , a three-member legislative body. Other elected officials include clerk , treasurer, sheriff , assessor , coroner , and prosecutor . The Idaho Department of Correction operates

675-467: Is plentiful…. The Payette Lake, a beautiful sheet of water 12 miles long, in places is dotted with richly wooded inlets set like emerald gems on the bosom of the liquid mirror. - N.B. Willey , Warren Times, 1874. Meanwhile, communities in the forests and mountains of Southwestern Idaho began to grow. N. B. Willey , future governor of Idaho, wrote to the Warren Times , creating interest in

750-632: The Appaloosa in battle and in flight. The lyrics identify Chief Joseph 's Nez Perce name, which translates as "Thunder Rolling Down the Mountain," and quotes extensively from his "I will fight no more forever" speech. Texas country band Micky & the Motorcars released the song "From Where the Sun Now Stands" on their 2014 album Hearts from Above. The song chronicles the flight of

825-586: The Casey Act , passed in 1894, allowed for the reclamation states with public lands to sell 160-acre plots of lands to farmers, which would then have irrigation districts approved by the state's office of reclamation engineering to bring irrigation to those pieces of acreage; a notable example is the Pioneer Irrigation District, established by 1900 near Caldwell and the surrounding areas (such as Notus and Middleton ). Idaho benefitted

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900-674: The Crow tribe . After the Crows' refusal of aid, they sought sanctuary with the Lakota led by Sitting Bull , who had fled to Canada in May 1877 to avoid capture following the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn . The Nez Perce were pursued by elements of the U.S. Army with whom they fought a series of battles and skirmishes on a fighting retreat of 1,170 miles (1,880 km). The war ended after

975-611: The Northern Paiute . These people were among the first inhabitants in Idaho, first living in the area as early as 12,000 years ago. The Native Americans tribes were nomadic, adopting a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and had an annual rendezvous in the Boise Valley , which also included catching salmon. Spanish explorers in the late 1500s explored parts of the American West, including southwestern Idaho, and introduced

1050-595: The Pacific Northwest and move to an Indian reservation in Idaho Territory . This forced removal was in violation of the 1855 Treaty of Walla Walla , which granted the tribe 7.5 million acres of their ancestral lands and the right to hunt and fish on lands ceded to the U.S. government. After the first armed engagements in June, the Nez Perce embarked on an arduous trek north initially to seek help with

1125-657: The South Boise Prison Complex , a correctional facility located in unincorporated Ada County, south of the Boise Airport and east of Kuna. School districts include: Residents are in the area (and the taxation zone) for College of Western Idaho . The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Ada County. † county seat 43°27′N 116°14′W  /  43.45°N 116.24°W  / 43.45; -116.24 Nez Perce War The Nez Perce War

1200-429: The Wallowa valley in northeastern Oregon. Disputes there with white farmers and ranchers led to the murders of several Nez Perce, and the murderers were never prosecuted. Tensions between Nez Perce and white settlers rose in 1876 and 1877. General Oliver Otis Howard called a council in May 1877 and ordered the non-treaty bands to move to the reservation, setting an impossible deadline of 30 days. Howard humiliated

1275-540: The Washington Territory , and Joel Palmer , superintendent of Indian affairs for Oregon Territory , signed the Nez Perce Treaty in 1855, which granted the Nez Perce the right to remain in a large portion of their own lands in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon territories, in exchange for relinquishing almost 5.5 million acres of their approximately 13 million acre homeland to the U.S. government for

1350-466: The Army after the battle and escape with an undetermined number of his band to Sitting Bull's camp in Canada. The 418 Nez Perce who surrendered, including women and children, were taken prisoner and sent by train to Fort Leavenworth , Kansas. Although Chief Joseph is the most well known of the Nez Perce leaders, he was not the sole overall leader. The Nez Perce were led by a coalition of several leaders from

1425-539: The First Infantry; the rest traveled on horseback escorted by troops of the Seventh Cavalry en route to their winter quarters. A majority of Bismarck's citizens turned out to welcome the Nez Perce prisoners, providing a lavish buffet for them and their troop escort. On November 23, the Nez Perce prisoners had their lodges and equipment loaded into freight cars and themselves into eleven rail coaches for

1500-511: The Idaho State Department of Commerce's website, including Boise Bible College , Idaho Baptist College , and Northwest Lineman College . 43°30′N 116°30′W  /  43.500°N 116.500°W  / 43.500; -116.500 Ada County, Idaho Ada County is located in the southwestern part of Idaho , United States. As of the 2020 census , the county had a population of 494,967, which by 2022

1575-640: The Native Americans of the area to pigs, horses, domestic fowl, corn, tomatoes, and garlic. After the Lewis & Clark Expedition through Idaho, French-Canadian fur trappers further explored the area. Mountain men , including Spaniards and Mexicans, lived off the land in Southwestern Idaho, trading with the Native Americans in the area. However, it wasn't until further development in Oregon ,

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1650-539: The Nez Perce and the strategist behind the Nez Perce's skilled fighting retreat. The American press referred to him as "the Red Napoleon " for the military prowess attributed to him, but the Nez Perce bands involved in the war did not consider him a war chief. Joseph's younger brother, Ollokot; Poker Joe , and Looking Glass of the Alpowai band were among those who formulated the fighting strategy and tactics and led

1725-554: The Nez Perce by jailing their old leader, Toohoolhoolzote , who spoke against moving to the reservation. The other Nez Perce leaders, including Chief Joseph, considered military resistance to be futile; they agreed to the move and reported as ordered to Fort Lapwai , Idaho Territory. By June 14, 1877, about 600 Nez Perce from Joseph's and White Bird's bands had gathered on the Camas Prairie , six miles (10 km) west of present-day Grangeville . On June 13, shortly before

1800-443: The Nez Perce campaign. The Nez Perce perspective was represented by Yellow Wolf: His Own Story , published in 1944 by Lucullus Virgil McWhorter , who had interviewed Yellow Wolf , a Nez Perce warrior. This book is very critical of the U.S. military's role in the war, and especially of General Howard. McWhorter also wrote Hear Me, My Chiefs! , published after his death. It was based on documentary sources and had material supporting

1875-409: The Nez Perce for their exemplary conduct and skilled fighting ability. The Montana newspaper New North-West stated: "Their warfare since they entered Montana has been almost universally marked so far by the highest characteristics recognized by civilized nations. " By the time Chief Joseph formally surrendered on October 5, 1877, 2:20 pm, European Americans described him as the principal chief of

1950-584: The Nez Perce stopped to make camp and rest on the prairie adjacent to Snake Creek in the foothills of the north slope of the Bear's Paw Mountains in Montana Territory, only 40 miles (64 km) from the Canada–United States border . They believed that they had shaken off Howard and their pursuers, but they were unaware that the recently promoted Brigadier General Nelson A. Miles in command of

2025-796: The Pacific Northwest. Joseph, however, was not permitted to return to the Nez Perce reservation but instead settled at the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington . He died there in 1904. General Oliver Otis Howard was the commanding officer of U.S. troops pursuing the Nez Perce during the Nez Perce War of 1877. In 1881, he published an account of Joseph and the war, Nez Perce Joseph: An Account of His Ancestors, His Lands, His Confederates, His Enemies, His Murders, His War, His Pursuit and Capture , depicting

2100-631: The President and Congress, and his account was published in the North American Review . While he was greeted with acclaim, the U.S. government did not grant his petition due to fierce opposition in Idaho. Instead, Joseph and the Nez Perce were sent to Oklahoma and eventually located on a small reservation near Tonkawa, Oklahoma . Conditions in "the hot country" were hardly better than they had been at Leavenworth. In 1885, Joseph and 268 surviving Nez Perce were finally allowed to return to

2175-644: The U.S. Army in several battles. The most notable was the two-day Battle of the Big Hole in southwestern Montana territory, a battle with heavy casualties on both sides, including many women and children on the Nez Perce side. Until the Big Hole the Nez Perce had the naive view that they could end the war with the U.S. on terms favorable, or at least acceptable, to themselves. Afterwards, the war "increased in ferocity and tempo. From then on all white men were bound to be their enemies and yet their own fighting power had been severely reduced." The war came to an end when

2250-406: The age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.1% were non-families, and 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.11. The median age was 34.8 years. The median income for a household in the county was $ 55,835 and the median income for

2325-408: The age of 18 living with them, 55.10% were married couples living together, 9.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.80% were non-families. 23.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.07% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.11. The county population contained 27.30% under

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2400-467: The age of 18, 10.30% from 18 to 24, 32.50% from 25 to 44, 20.80% from 45 to 64, and 9.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.9 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 46,140, and the median income for a family was $ 54,416. Males had a median income of $ 37,867 versus $ 26,453 for females. The per capita income for

2475-548: The area around Payette Lake , the future site of McCall . In a few years, commercial fisheries would come to operation on Payette Lake, selling fresh, salted, and dried Chinook salmon and white fish to the areas in the Boise Valley. Over time, infrastructure, including a hotel, the Meadow-to-Warren Trail (now Idaho State Highway 55 ), and a post office led to the southern shore of Payette Lake to become

2550-466: The biggest ranching operations in 1869 was in Owyhee County, where an original 1,400 head of cattle was driven around the county, forging the area's cattle industry that persists today. At an unknown time, there were an estimated 100,000 head of cattle in the area of Owyhee. This piece of country is worth looking after. The lakes and streams abound with fish at this time of the year and the game

2625-710: The center of mining, recreation, forestry, and agriculture for the McCall area. Over the next 20 years, expansion would continue with commercial camps, more hotels, private clubs, church camps, and scenic tours. During this time period, the Native American tribes that had inhabited Southwestern Idaho were forced onto reservations in the 1870s, with the Nez Perce War being a key conflict during this time period. By 1877, all tribes native to Southwestern Idaho were located on reservations. Rapid and exponential growth

2700-547: The commanding general of the Army, William Tecumseh Sherman , overruled them and directed that the Nez Perce were sent to Kansas. "I believed General Miles, or I never would have surrendered," Chief Joseph said afterward. Miles marched his captives 265 miles (426 km) to the Tongue River Cantonment in southeast Montana Territory, where they arrived on October 23, 1877, and were held until Oct. 31. The able-bodied warriors were marched out to Fort Buford , at

2775-640: The confluence of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers. On November 1, women, children, the ill and the wounded set out for Fort Buford in fourteen Mackinaw boats . Between November 8 and 10, the Nez Perce left Fort Buford for Custer's post command at the time of his death; Fort Abraham Lincoln across the Missouri River from Bismarck in the Dakota Territory . About two hundred left in the mackinaws on November 9 guarded by two companies of

2850-459: The county in his 2002 and 2006 races, despite losing statewide in both contests. Another prominent Democrat, Boise mayor David Bieter , was elected in 2007, 2011 and 2015. Ada County is split between the first and second congressional districts; it is the only county in the state that is not located entirely within one district. As of 2022, the first district is represented by Russ Fulcher and includes Meridian , Eagle and Kuna , while

2925-462: The county was $ 22,519. About 5.40% of families and 7.70% of the population were below the poverty line , including 9.20% of those under age 18 and 5.70% of those age 65 or over. Ada County has traditionally been rather conservative for an urban county. Like Idaho as a whole, it has long been a Republican Party stronghold. The last victory in a presidential election by a Democrat in Ada County

3000-404: The county was 90.3% white, 2.4% Asian, 1.1% black or African American, 0.7% American Indian, 0.2% Pacific islander, 2.4% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 7.1% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 19.4% were German , 15.9% were English , 11.8% were Irish , and 8.6% were American . Of the 148,445 households, 35.6% had children under

3075-406: The county's vote since Lyndon B. Johnson. In 2016, Donald Trump won the county by only a plurality due to high third party performance. In 2020, whereas the state of Idaho voted very strongly for Trump, he carried Ada County by a slim majority, only beating Joe Biden by around 3 percentage points. The election was close due to Biden's strength in Boise's downtown urban core, which gave him 59.2% of

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3150-465: The culture. The drama was notable for attempting to present a balanced view of the events: the leadership pressures on Joseph were juxtaposed with the Army's having to carry out an unpopular task while an action-hungry press establishment looked on. Folk singer Fred Small 's 1983 song " The Heart of the Appaloosa " describes the events of the Nez Perce War, highlighting the Nez Perce's skillful use of

3225-512: The deadline for removing onto the reservation, White Bird's band held a tel-lik-leen ceremony at the Tolo Lake camp in which the warriors paraded on horseback in a circular movement around the village while individually boasting of their battle prowess and war deeds. According to Nez Perce accounts, an aged warrior named Hahkauts Ilpilp (Red Grizzly Bear) challenged the presence in the ceremony of several young participants whose relatives' deaths at

3300-696: The different bands who comprised the "non-treaty" Nez Perce, including the Wallowa Ollokot , White Bird of the Lamátta band, Toohoolhoolzote of the Pikunin band, and Looking Glass of the Alpowai band. Brigadier General Howard was head of the U.S. Army's Department of the Columbia , which was tasked with forcing the Nez Perce onto the reservation and whose jurisdiction was extended by General William Tecumseh Sherman to allow Howard's pursuit. It

3375-480: The failure of the U.S. government to uphold the treaties , and at settlers who squatted on their land and plowed up their camas prairies, which they depended on for subsistence. In 1863, a group of Nez Perce were coerced into signing away 90% of their reservation to the U.S., leaving only 750,000 acres (3,000 km ) in Idaho Territory. Under the terms of the treaty, all Nez Perce were to move onto

3450-537: The fastest growing counties in terms of population in the state. The largest city in Southwestern Idaho, and in the state, is Boise , with a population of 235,684. Other major cities include Meridian , Nampa , Caldwell , Fruitland , Weiser , Homedale , McCall , and Emmett . Southwestern Idaho was originally inhabited by three main Native American tribes: the Shoshone-Bannock , the Nez Perce , and

3525-492: The fastest growing in the country: Meridian, Nampa, and Caldwell all experienced population growths greater than or equal to 5% from July 2020 to July 2021. For context, Idaho is one of the fastest growing states in the United States; in 2022, census officials estimated that Idaho's population had grown by 1.8% from July 2021 to July 2022, making it the second-fastest growing state in the country. Today, Southwestern Idaho

3600-464: The following evening, June 14, 1877, Swan Necklace returned to the lake to announce that the trio had killed four white men and wounded another man. Inspired by the war furor, approximately sixteen more young men rode off to join Shore Crossing in raiding the settlements. Joseph and his brother Ollokot were away from the camp during the raids on June 14 and 15. When they arrived at the camp

3675-512: The hands of whites had gone unavenged. One named Wahlitits (Shore Crossing) was the son of Eagle Robe, who had been shot to death by Lawrence Ott three years earlier. Thus humiliated and apparently fortified with liquor, Shore Crossing and two of his cousins, Sarpsisilpilp (Red Moccasin Top) and Wetyemtmas Wahyakt (Swan Necklace), set out for the Salmon River settlements on a mission of revenge. On

3750-834: The highest amount of funding and reserve funds in the state for the 2020-21 school year, with the Meridian School District having over $ 376.5 million, and the Boise School District having over $ 322.7 million. Each district harbors a third of this funding in reserves. The Idaho State Department of Commerce recognizes the following higher education facilities in Southwestern Idaho: There are also numerous extension sites in Southwestern Idaho for Idaho State University , University of Idaho , and Tresure Valley Community College . There are also other higher education facilities not listed on

3825-408: The hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are – perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever. Joseph's speech was translated by the interpreter Arthur Chapman and

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3900-409: The historical claims of each side. The fifth volume of William T. Vollmann 's Seven Dreams cycle, The Dying Grass , offers a detailed account of the conflict. The 1975 David Wolper historical teledrama I Will Fight No More Forever , starring Ned Romero as Joseph and James Whitmore as General Howard, was well received at a time when Native American issues were receiving wider exposure in

3975-547: The interior Pacific Northwest east of the Cascade Range , Ada County ranks second in population, behind Spokane County, Washington . Ada County was created by the Idaho Territory legislature on December 22, 1864, partitioned from Boise County . It is named for Ada Riggs, the daughter of H. C. Riggs, a member of the legislature; he established the county and was a co-founder of Boise . Canyon County , which originally included Payette County and most of Gem County ,

4050-522: The mass exodus of settlers to the West on the Oregon , Californian , and Mormon trails, the establishment of Fort Boise , and the Idaho Gold Rush in the 1850s and 60s that settling of Southwestern Idaho began to increase. In order to support mining towns, such as Idaho City , Booneville , Ruby City , and Silver City , numerous ranching and agriculture businesses were set up in the area. One of

4125-810: The most from the Casey Act, with around 60% of all land utilized by the Casey Act was located in Idaho, including Southwestern Idaho. In the early 1900s, reclamation projects, such as Arrowrock Dam , the New York Canal , the Cascade Dam , and the Anderson Ranch Dam all helped irrigate and make the area more sustainable and liveable. These projects, coupled alongside the underground pumping of water (started in 1950) continue to supply Southwestern Idaho with its necessary water supply. In recent history, three cities in Southwestern Idaho were among

4200-409: The new and much smaller reservation east of Lewiston. A large number of Nez Perce, however, did not accept the validity of the treaty, refused to move to the reservation, and remained on their traditional lands. The Nez Perce who approved the treaty were mostly Christian; the opponents mostly followed the traditional religion. The "non-treaty" Nez Perce included the band of Chief Joseph, who lived in

4275-665: The newly created District of the Yellowstone had been dispatched from the Tongue River Cantonment to find and intercept them. Miles led a combined force made up of units of the Fifth Infantry, and Second Cavalry and the Seventh Cavalry . Accompanying the troops were Lakota and Cheyenne Indian Scouts , many of whom had fought against the Army only a year prior during the Sioux War . They made

4350-534: The next day, most of the Nez Perce had departed for a campsite on White Bird Creek to await the response of General Howard. Joseph considered an appeal for peace to the Whites, but realized it would be useless after the raids. Meanwhile, Howard mobilized his military force and sent out 130 men, including 13 friendly Nez Perce scouts, under the command of Captain David Perry to punish the Nez Perce and force them onto

4425-678: The protests to Sherman by the commander of the Fort, the Nez Perce were forced to live in a swampy bottomland. One author described the effects on the Nez Perce refugees: "the 400 miserable, helpless, emaciated specimens of humanity, subjected for months to the malarial atmosphere of the river bottom." Chief Joseph went to Washington in January 1879 to plead that his people be allowed to return to Idaho or, at least, be given land in Indian Territory , what would become Oklahoma . He met with

4500-414: The reservation without the permission of the Nez Perce. However, in 1860 gold was discovered near present-day Pierce, Idaho , and 5,000 gold-seekers rushed onto the reservation, illegally founding the downstream city of Lewiston as a supply depot on Nez Perce land. Ranchers and farmers followed the miners, and the U.S. government failed to keep settlers out of Indian lands. The Nez Perce were incensed at

4575-544: The reservation. Howard anticipated that his soldiers "will make short work of it." The Nez Perce defeated Perry at the Battle of White Bird Canyon and began their long flight eastward to escape from the U.S. soldiers. Joseph and White Bird were joined by Looking Glass's band and, after several battles and skirmishes in Idaho during the next month, approximately 250 Nez Perce warriors, and 500 women and children, along with more than 2000 head of horses and other livestock, began

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4650-553: The second district is represented by Mike Simpson and includes most of Boise proper. Both Fulcher and Simpson are Republicans. In the Idaho Legislature , Ada County is split among nine districts, the most of any county. Each district elects one state senator and two state representatives. As of 2022, In the state senate, Republicans hold five seats and Democrats hold four. In the state house, Republicans hold ten seats and Democrats hold eight. Generally, Democratic strength

4725-630: The summits are in adjacent Boise County. The southwestern border of the county is bounded by the Snake River . County roads and highways are maintained by the Ada County Highway District . As of the 2010 census , there were 392,365 people, 148,445 households, and 99,282 families in the county. The population density was 372.8 inhabitants per square mile (143.9/km ). There were 159,471 housing units at an average density of 151.5 per square mile (58.5/km ). The racial makeup of

4800-458: The trip via train to Fort Leavenworth in Kansas. One of the most extraordinary Indian Wars of which there is any record. the Indians displayed a courage and skill that elicited universal praise. They abstained from scalping: let captive women go free; did not commit indiscriminate murder of peaceful families, which as usual, and fought with almost scientific skill, using advance and rear guards , skirmish lines and field fortifications . Over

4875-446: The vote to Trump's 37.4%. This is the narrowest election in decades for Ada County, and the closest a Democrat has come to carrying the county since 1940. Yet, in 2024, this trend reversed, with Trump once again taking the majority in the county with 53.76% of the vote. This was the best performance for a Republican presidential candidate in Ada county since George W. Bush in 2004. Democratic gubernatorial nominee Jerry Brady carried

4950-467: The warriors in battle, while Joseph was responsible for guarding the camp. Chief Joseph became immortalized by his famous speech: I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed. Looking Glass is dead. Toohoolhoolzoote is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say, "Yes" or "No." He who led the young men [Ollokot] is dead. It is cold, and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to

5025-448: Was 285/sq mi (110/km ). There were 118,516 housing units at an average density of 112/sq mi (43/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 92.86% White, 0.65% Black or African American, 0.69% Native American, 1.74% Asian, 0.15% Pacific Islander, 1.67% from other races, and 2.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.48% of the population. There were 113,408 households, out of which 36.20% had children under

5100-467: Was an armed conflict in 1877 in the Western United States that pitted several bands of the Nez Perce tribe of Native Americans and their allies, a small band of the Palouse tribe led by Red Echo ( Hahtalekin ) and Bald Head ( Husishusis Kute ), against the United States Army . Fought between June and October, the conflict stemmed from the refusal of several bands of the Nez Perce, dubbed "non-treaty Indians," to give up their ancestral lands in

5175-503: Was at the final surrender of the Nez Perce when Chief Joseph gave his famous "I Will Fight No More Forever" speech, which was translated by the interpreter Arthur Chapman. An 1877 New York Times editorial discussing the conflict stated, "On our part, the war was in its origin and motive nothing short of a gigantic blunder and a crime". We took away their country and their means of support, broke up their mode of living, their habits of life, introduced disease and decay among them and it

5250-438: Was by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936 . It rejected Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 during his 44-state landslide. Barry Goldwater carried it by 13 points, a major reason why Idaho was Johnson's closest state. In 2008 the presidential election in Ada County was more competitive than in previous years; John McCain defeated Barack Obama by six percentage points. Obama became the first Democrat to garner as much as 40 percent of

5325-421: Was estimated to have risen to 518,907. Ada County is by far the state's most populous county; it is home to 26.8% of the state's population. The county seat and largest city is Boise , which is also the state capital. Ada County is included in the Boise metropolitan area . The Ada County Highway District has jurisdiction over all the local county and city streets, except for private roads and state roads. In

5400-733: Was for this and against this they made war. Could anyone expect less? In 1855, at the Walla Walla Council , the Nez Perce were coerced by the federal government into giving up their ancestral lands and moving to the Umatilla Reservation in Oregon Territory with the Walla Walla , Cayuse , and Umatilla tribes. The tribes involved were so bitterly opposed to the terms of the plan that Isaac I. Stevens, governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for

5475-563: Was partitioned from western Ada County in 1891. According to the United States Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 1,060 square miles (2,700 km ), of which 1,053 square miles (2,730 km ) is land and 7.9 square miles (20 km ) (0.7%) is water. The Boise River flows through the northern portion of the county, and the northwest border is bounded by the foothills of the Boise Range mountains;

5550-415: Was relatively contained by the limits of agriculture and irrigation over the next half century, as Southwestern Idaho has an arid climate that makes long-term, practical farming difficult. Numerous small-scale, private companies aimed to establish irrigation in the lands outside of the easily watered lands near the Boise Valley, but were often disorganized, and had difficulty upscaling to larger areas. As such,

5625-504: Was transcribed by Howard's aide-de-camp Lieutenant C. E. S. Wood . Among other vocations, Wood was a writer and a poet. His poem, "The Poet in the Desert" (1915), was a literary success, and some critics have suggested that he may have taken poetic license and embellished Joseph's speech. During the surrender negotiations, Howard and Miles had promised Joseph that the Nez Perce would be allowed to return to their reservation in Idaho. But,

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