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98-549: The SCR was planned during the late 1960s along with the rest of the Ringway scheme but was never constructed due to large scale opposition from many quarters. The construction work required to pass a six-lane dual carriageway with grade separated junctions through the congested streets of south London would have been enormous and devastating to the communities through which it passed. The SCR would have started in Battersea at

196-507: A cold store , which had frozen the ground below it. The District line tunnel had to be removed and replaced with a new supporting structure that could accommodate the redesigned station building. The work was formally reopened on 30 November 1977 by the Lord Mayor of London , Peter Vanneck (though the station had never actually closed). A part of the stonework elevation from the 1886 LC&DR station has been preserved at platform level in

294-663: A 'motorway/freeway' standard divided road. Most states only declare a divided road as a 'motorway' or 'freeway' if access is completely controlled . Speed limits are usually 100 km/h or 110 km/h. Blackfriars station Blackfriars , also known as London Blackfriars , is a central London railway station and connected London Underground station in the City of London . It provides Thameslink services: local (from North to South London), and regional (Bedford and Cambridge to Brighton) and limited Southeastern commuter services to South East London and Kent. Its platforms span

392-414: A broken line indicating passing zones and a solid line indicating no passing zones and solid white baseline shoulder stripes. On undivided roads with more than one lane in each direction, the center is normally marked with a double solid line. The double solid stripe denotes that it is illegal to pass on the other side of the center line. Multilane one-way carriageways use broken white lines between lanes;

490-478: A built up area is indicated by the presence of street lights; on lit dual carriageways that are not considered to be in a built-up area, the speed limit will be clarified with intermittent signs. Although in Ireland the term dual carriageway technically applies to any road with physically separated lanes, it is usually used only to refer to those route sections that do not have a motorway designation. Most often it

588-582: A central median, usually fitted with guardrails. The most heavily used expressways in Croatia is the D10 road , connecting capital Zagreb to Vrbovec and Križevci . In the United States, this type of road may be called a divided highway, boulevard, parkway, expressway, freeway, or interstate, and has a grassy median or Jersey barrier separating the traffic directions. With few exceptions, all roads in

686-496: A difficult section through Brixton town centre where a complexity of railway tracks branching and crossing above one another to follow different routes, Brixton station and the narrow shopping streets would have needed considerable demolition to make a route for the elevated SCR. In conjunction with the road scheme, the Greater London Council proposed a scheme for the almost total clearance and reconstruction of

784-729: A distributor road connecting to the West Cross Route and SCR at Battersea and to the SCR at Brixton, via the "South Cross Route to Parkway D Radial". Leaving the junction of the West Cross Route and SCR heading south-west, the Balham Loop would have passed over the railway land at Clapham Junction station before heading south to cross the A3 at Battersea Rise then run parallel with the railway across Wandsworth Common to cross Nightingale Lane ( B229 ) and past Wandsworth Common station. It

882-478: A dual-carriageway design, it inspired the mass construction of future high-speed roadways. During the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union began construction of a network of dual carriageway expressways. By 1942, Germany had over 3,200 km (2,000 mi) of dual carriageway roads, Italy had nearly 1,300 km (810 mi), and the Soviet Union had 400 km (250 mi). What may have been

980-499: A goods depot, was demolished in 1964. The bridge was closed to trains on 27 June 1971 and the deck was removed in 1985, and only the piers in the river and the orange bridge abutments remain. The station began to be rebuilt along with the Underground station in 1971, which included an additional 150,000 square feet (14,000 m ) of office space. Reconstruction was problematic, as the original station building had sat on top of

1078-467: A lack of funding elsewhere, partial controlled-access "expressways" and limited-mobility divided arterial roads are more common in the western provinces where there are no specially numbered systems of freeways. On some portions of Ontario 's 400-series highway network, the median may be either steel guardrail or an Ontario tall-wall barrier rather than an unpaved strip, particularly in urban areas. Some partial limited-access divided highways such as

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1176-502: A median barrier preventing left turns (motorists have to use a "turnabout" overpass to access exits on the opposing direction). Speed limits in Canada are usually 80 to 90 km/h on signalized divided highways and 100 to 120 km/h on freeways. In Australia, dual carriageways are referred to in some regions as divided roads, though there is no official terminology. Each state's road agency has its own definition of what constitutes

1274-462: A new roof of glazed north lights and partial-height glazed side panels installed along the entire length of the bridge. On the south bank of the river a new station entrance was built at Bankside , containing a second ticket hall. The through platforms were moved to the east side and extended along Blackfriars Railway Bridge to accommodate 12-carriage trains (in place of the previous eight). The layout has been altered by building new bay platforms on

1372-605: A new standard was set to designate certain high-quality routes formally as "Expressways". Many roads such as the A1 , the A14 , the A19 and the A42 are built to a high quality, with grade-separated junctions, full barriers at roadside and central reservations and, in some cases, three lanes of traffic. They may still fall short of motorway standard in terms of hard shoulders, the height of overpasses or

1470-584: A replacement for the earlier Blackfriars Bridge station (now the present station's southern entrance) and the earlier Blackfriars railway bridge. This increased capacity of rail traffic through the Snow Hill tunnel to the rest of the rail network. The Underground station opened in 1870 with the arrival of the Metropolitan District Railway . The station was renamed Blackfriars in 1937 to avoid confusion with St Paul's tube station . It

1568-533: A residential area to reach the triangular railway junction south of Tulse Hill station. Here the Balham Loop would have met the "South Cross Route to Parkway D Radial" motorway and traffic would have had the option of turning north-east towards Brixton or south-east to West Norwood . The Balham Loop was cancelled in 1967 when it was decided that the M23 would be terminated further south on Ringway 2 at Streatham Vale. The "South Cross Route to Parkway D Radial" motorway

1666-416: A result of their misjudging the speed of approaching traffic on the other carriageway when doing so. The majority of dual carriageway roads now have barriers. Some are heavy concrete obstructions which can bounce a vehicle back into the path of other traffic; others are made from steel ropes mounted on moderately weak posts, where the rope cuts into the vehicle body to slow the vehicle while keeping it against

1764-467: A semi-dual-carriageway design. The New York City Belt Parkway system, which was built between 1907 and 1934, also pioneered the same design. However the majority of it featured concrete or brick railings as lane dividers instead of grass medians. In the year of 1924 the first Italian autostrada was opened running 55 km (34 mi) from Milan to Varese . It featured a broad road bed and did not feature lane dividers except near cities and through

1862-510: Is autovía (literally autoway ). All of them are government-owned and not tolled. First-generation autovías, built in the 1980s and early 1990s, were just duplications in parallel of existing roads, as shown in the photograph. Modern autovías are two carriageways built from scratch, leaving the old road they replace as an alternative route for pedestrians, bicycles and other non-motorized vehicles. Private properties may have direct access to an autovía, as well as bus stops and gas stations in

1960-399: Is national roads (roads with a route number prefix of N ; e.g. N8 ) that are built as or upgraded to dual carriageway. A number of non-national roads (for example, regional roads ) are dual carriageway, for example in urban areas near or in cities, or where the road was part of a national route. Dual carriageways of this class differ from motorways in a number of ways. The hard shoulder

2058-501: Is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation (BrE) or median (AmE). Roads with two or more carriageways which are designed to higher standards with controlled access are generally classed as motorways , freeways, etc., rather than dual carriageways. A road without a central reservation is known as a single carriageway regardless of how many lanes there are. Dual carriageways have improved road traffic safety over

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2156-410: Is also served by a small number of Southeastern services to Beckenham Junction and Dartford. Although many services are Thameslink through trains, Blackfriars is considered a central London terminus and tickets marked 'London Terminals' are valid to use when travelling to/from the south. Tickets marked 'London Thameslink' can be used in both directions. Blackfriars Underground station is served by

2254-450: Is demarcated with a dashed yellow line (as opposed to an unbroken yellow line on motorways). The standard speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph) for national routes usually applies (by default the limit is 80 km/h (50 mph) for non-national roads, even if dual carriageway). Local authorities have the power to apply a limit of up to 120 km/h (75 mph) as used on most motorways (The High Quality Dual Carriageway section of

2352-510: Is frequently used as a descriptive term for major routes built in this style. Such major dual carriageways usually have two lanes of traffic in each direction, with the lane nearest the centre being reserved for overtaking. Occasionally dual carriageways have only one lane in each direction, or more than two lanes each way (sometimes to permit easier overtaking of slower uphill traffic). Different speed limits apply on dual carriageway sections from those that apply on single carriageway sections of

2450-520: Is not certain which side of the railway the motorway would have run but the south side of the railway through Balham is likely to have offered the road planners the easier route. At Tooting Common the Balham Loop would have had a Y-shaped junction with the end of the M23 motorway coming north from Streatham Vale and would then have continued through Streatham Hill , over the A23 and then would have cut through

2548-753: Is served by through services on the Thameslink route operated by Thameslink and Southeastern . This includes trains from Bedford , St Albans City and Luton to the north, and Brighton , Sutton and Sevenoaks to the south. Southbound trains run via London Bridge or Elephant & Castle ; northbound trains next call at City Thameslink . Before March 2009 some services from the south terminated at three bay platforms, which were then removed during renovation works. Two new bay platforms opened in May 2012 and are used during peak hours and at weekends. The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is: The station

2646-577: The Autobahn network programme but still have the blue signs (e. g. the B 59 , formerly A 540 near Grevenbroich ); and on the other hand some former non- Autobahn (yellow) motorways have been added to Autobahn budgeting but the signs have not been changed either (e. g. parts of the B 6 , now A 36 in the north of the Harz highland area in Saxony-Anhalt). Motorways that are neither in

2744-852: The Blackwall Tunnel , the A2 Rochester Way Relief Road coming east from Eltham and the A20 coming north from Mottingham . At this junction, the south-east corner of the London Motorway Box traffic would have been directed on to the A2 with slip roads providing connections to and from the A20 and the East Cross Route. The purpose of the Balham Loop motorway was to provide a connection between Ringway 1 and

2842-510: The Circle and District lines and is between Temple and Mansion House stations. The underground station pre-dates the mainline one and was opened on 30 May 1870 by the Metropolitan District Railway (MDR) as the railway's new eastern terminus when the line was extended from Westminster . The MDR had been created as a new company to complete the Circle line, which would split the budget from

2940-483: The Corporation of London , was unsure as to what it should look like and how many arches there should be. The station was designed by Joseph Cubitt and had a long roof with walls that stretched up to the riverbank. Cubitt subsequently designed the original bridge, which carried four tracks on a 933 feet (284 m) lattice girder bridge, supported by sets of stone piers supporting iron columns. Services began across

3038-500: The Hanlon Parkway and Black Creek Drive have stop-controlled at-grade intersections and private entrances, but have sufficient right-of-way to convert them to full freeways with interchanges if traffic warrants. There are also RIRO expressways , such as Highway 11 and a portion of Highway 35 , which are not full freeways since they allow access to existing properties, but traffic speeds are faster than regular roads due to

South Cross Route - Misplaced Pages Continue

3136-629: The London Borough of Southwark . The north bank entrance is on the south side of Queen Victoria Street and the south bank entrance, opened in 2011, is adjacent to Blackfriars Road . The station falls within fare zone 1 . The station is run by Thameslink, with Transport for London handling the underground platforms. A Thameslink driver depot is in the station building. The adjacent Blackfriars Millennium Pier provides river services to Putney and Canary Wharf . London Buses routes 4 , 40 , 63 and night routes N63 and N89 serve

3234-561: The M23 motorway running through south London. Other incoming motorways, such as the M1 and M11 , were intended to terminate directly on the innermost Ringway, but the route of the M23 through south London was considerably more difficult than the M1's route through north London and there was no simple or direct route for the M23 to reach Ringway 1 in Clapham. Instead, the Balham Loop would have acted as

3332-667: The M3 motorway and the actual terminus of the M4 motorway at Gunnersbury . It is possible that this motorway would have been designated as a continuation of the M4. In the mid-1960s the Ringways plan also included a motorway, known as the Balham Loop , heading south-west from the triangular junction through Clapham Junction station, then south towards Balham and east to Tulse Hill . This route

3430-659: The N1 between the end of the M1 and the border with Northern Ireland and the N25/N22 Ballincollig Bypass in Cork are the only route sections with such special limits). Traffic lights and junctions are permitted at grade on dual carriageways. For older sections of dual carriageway, this has resulted in fewer flyover junctions. Newer dual carriageway sections are usually near motorway standard, with grade-separated junctions, but may not be designated as motorways due to

3528-725: The River Thames , the only station in London to do so, along the length of Blackfriars Railway Bridge , a short distance downstream from Blackfriars Bridge . There are two station entrances – one on each side of the Thames – along with a connection to the London Underground District and Circle lines . The main line station was opened by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway with the name St. Paul's in 1886, as

3626-680: The autobahn network nor in the Bundesstraße network are given black on white signs, following the same sign code as high-speed dual carriageways—this is mostly seen on urban trunk roads. Italian Highway Code ( Codice della strada ) divides dual carriageways into three different classifications: Italian type-B and type-C roads do not follow a specific numbering criterion. They may be numbered as Strade Statali (SS; "state roads"), Strade Regionali (SR; "regional roads"), Strade Provinciali (SP; "provincial roads") or Strade Comunali (SC; "municipal roads"). The Spanish word for dual carriageway

3724-569: The 160-mile-long (260 km) Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first rural dual carriageway built in the United States. By 1955 several states had built dual carriageway freeways and turnpikes and in 1957 the Interstate Highway System began. Completed in 1994, the major highway system links all the major cities of the United States. In the UK, although the term "dual carriageway" applies to any road with physically separated lanes, it

3822-531: The 1960s was a sewage works . From here the route is uncertain but it would have probably crossed Addiscombe and Shirley to reach Addington and Ringway 3. The SCR and the other roads planned in the 1960s for central London had developed from early schemes prior to the Second World War through Sir Patrick Abercrombie's County of London Plan, 1943 and Greater London Plan, 1944 to a 1960s Greater London Council (GLC) scheme that would have involved

3920-601: The District and Metropolitan Railways. The construction of the new section of the MDR was planned in conjunction with the building of the Victoria Embankment and was achieved by the cut and cover method of roofing over a shallow trench. On 3 July 1871 the MDR was extended eastwards to a new terminus at Mansion House. The Circle line ran over the same route, but its completion was delayed following arguments between

4018-536: The LC&;DR had financial difficulties throughout its lifetime attempting to drive a railway through Central London. The station's frontage backed onto the District Railway , making cab access and a forecourt impossible owing to lack of space. It did, however, allow St Paul's a direct interchange with the rest of the underground, unlike all the other LC&DR stations. On 13 November 1886, a direct connection

South Cross Route - Misplaced Pages Continue

4116-475: The Local Government Act 2001. Accordingly, hard shoulders are included wherever feasible to provide for the resulting pedestrian and cyclist traffic, and are present on much of the national route network. These hard shoulders may also be used as running lanes by motorised traffic under certain conditions. Until 2005, many motorways and dual carriageways in Ireland did not have crash barriers in

4214-581: The Roman emperor Claudius between Rome and its harbor of Portus . The route between the city and the port experienced a great deal of commercial and pedestrian traffic, as Portus served as the primary avenue for the grain shipments of the Cura Annonae into Rome, as well as transporting the majority of goods imported from across the Mediterranean world . This influx of road activity necessitated

4312-590: The SCR would have continued east, requiring further demolitions on the south side of the Loughborough Junction triangle to reach Ruskin Park . East of Ruskin Park the SCR would have passed along Champion Park between Denmark Hill station and the Salvation Army 's William Booth College. East of Denmark Hill station the south side of the railway line to the next station at Peckham Rye was, in

4410-565: The SCR would have merged with a spur from the north-west that was planned to run 0.75 miles along the New Cross railway line to end at a junction on New Cross Road ( A2 ). The SCR would have crossed to the north side of the railway to skirt the town centre passing through industrial and commercial areas and crossing over the route now occupied by the Docklands Light Railway . Residential demolitions would have been required at

4508-466: The Thameslink route to pass through London. Thameslink services began using the newly constructed platforms in early 2011. The station's new entrance and ticket hall on the south side of the river opened on 5 December. The tube station reopened on 20 February 2012. The Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , visited the works on the same day, saying "the rebirth of this central London station will improve

4606-428: The barrier until it has stopped. Often on urban dual carriageways where the road has been converted from a four-lane single carriageway the central reservation will not be substantial: often just a small steel divider to save space. Turning right (that is, across the line of traffic heading in the opposite direction) is usually permitted only at specific locations. Often the driver will be required to turn left (away from

4704-459: The basis of their structure these roads have, comparable to the German autobahn , the legal foundation that no default speed limit exists (design speed 130 km/h), although the standard advisory speed limit ( German : Richtgeschwindigkeit ) still exists. Nevertheless, expressways are often given speed limit signs. Exit signs. At the moment some (blue) motorways have been taken out of

4802-471: The bridge on 21 December 1864. Upon completion, trains ended at a temporary terminal, replaced by Ludgate Hill on 1 June 1865. A further station, Holborn Viaduct , opened on 2 March 1874 and the LC&DR line ran via the Snow Hill tunnel to a connection to the Metropolitan Railway near Farringdon , then on to King's Cross and St Pancras stations. The mainline Blackfriars station

4900-691: The central reservation, the policy being to use a wider median instead. Crash barriers are now mandatory for such routes, and wire cabling or full crash barriers (depending on whether or not the route is a motorway, and median width) have been fitted to existing routes. Between 2000 and 2010, three major types of dual carriageway were built on national road schemes in Ireland: In Germany the term Autobahnähnliche Straße (motorway-like road) refers to roads that are similar to German autobahn in grade-separation and signage. Most of them are designated as Kraftfahrstraßen (expressways), which means that

4998-776: The construction of a dual thoroughfare as the road approached the Porta Portese , the corresponding gate in the Aurelian Walls of Rome for the Via Portuensis . One claim for the first divided highway in the United States was Savery Avenue in Carver, Massachusetts , first built in 1860, where the two roadways were separated by a narrow strip of trees down the middle. In 1907 the Long Island Motor Parkway opened, and roughly 20% of it featured

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5096-469: The construction of many miles of motorway standard roads across the city and demolition on a massive scale. Due to the huge construction costs and widespread public opposition, most of the scheme including the SCR was cancelled in 1973. Only the East Cross Route, part of the West Cross Route and the Westway were built. Dual carriageway A dual carriageway ( BrE ) or a divided highway ( AmE )

5194-435: The dual carriageway) in order to loop around to an access road that permits crossing the major road. Roundabouts on dual carriageways are relatively common, especially in cities or where the cost of a grade-separated junction would be prohibitive. Where space is even more limited, intersections may be controlled by traffic lights. Smaller residential roads adjoining urban dual carriageways may be blocked off at one end to limit

5292-615: The energy for the station. In 2017, the station won a Major Station of the Year award at the National Rail Awards. The Waterloo & City line , a deep-level tube line which runs non-stop between Waterloo and Bank , runs almost directly under Blackfriars station and there have been suggestions to construct an interchange station for the line at Blackfriars. The Department for Transport considers this to have "no significant transport benefit". Blackfriars main-line station

5390-667: The federally funded Interstate Highway System are fully controlled access divided highways known as freeways . A broader definition, expressways , includes both freeways and partial limited-access divided highways, and "expressway" is often used specifically to refer to the latter. United States Numbered Highways , state highways and other locally maintained highways may also be divided. Speed limits on rural divided highways range from 65 to 75 miles per hour (105 to 121 km/h), with some portions as high as 80 miles per hour (130 km/h). One privately run toll road in Texas, SH 130, has

5488-673: The generic speed limit is 120 km/h (75 mph), minimum speed is 60 km/h (37 mph), driving backwards is strictly prohibited, and they shall not have at-grade junctions. Dual carriageways or expressways in Croatia (Croatian: brza cesta ) are non- tolled roads with 2 or more lanes in each direction, but without emergency lanes . The main motorways in Croatia are also dual carriageways, but they have emergency lanes and tolls. Many bypasses and beltways of smaller cities in Croatia have been recently constructed or planned as dual carriageways. All dual carriageways in Croatia house

5586-544: The hard shoulders. A controlled-access highway (motorway) in Spain is referred to as autopista (literally autotrack ). They may be operated by private companies and be tolled. The two major accesses to Spain from France, AP-7 into Catalonia and AP-8 into the Basque Country , are autopistas. In comparison, the prime road between Spain and Portugal is the photographed autovía A-5 . In both autopistas and autovías,

5684-478: The highest speed limit in the United States at 85 miles per hour (137 km/h). Urban divided highways which are at grade and typically have much lower speed limits are sometimes called boulevards . In keeping with the U.S. Department of Transportation 's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), since the early 1970s all divided highways are striped by color to show the direction of traffic flow. Two-way undivided roads have an amber center line, with

5782-680: The introduction the Irish Planning system in 1964. Today Irish planning policy prohibits such development on National Primary or National Secondary roads where the speed limit exceeds 60 km/h (37 mph). This policy results from concerns expressed by the National Roads Authority. A local authority is not obliged to implement this policy and can disregard this policy at its own discretion. This would usually only occur in exceptional circumstances or where planners are overruled by elected councillors using section 140 of

5880-502: The journeys of thousands of passengers every single day". The reconstruction work provided jobs for around 13,000 people, with a peak of 2,000 per day at the busiest times. The Thameslink redevelopment work at Blackfriars has been well received. In January 2014 the Blackfriars Railway Bridge became the world's largest solar-powered bridge having been covered with 4,400 photovoltaic panels providing up to half of

5978-708: The lanes of an existing road (for example US Highway 33 between Elkhart and Goshen in northern Indiana). Like other countries, there are several types of divided highways; fully controlled-access divided routes with interchanges (commonly known as "freeways" in the United States, Australia, and regionally within Canada), expressways that often include a mix of interchanges and traffic signals, and divided arterial roads that are almost entirely stop-controlled. Unlike some other countries, divided dual carriageways in Canada are seldom equipped with traffic circles , roundabouts, or rotaries as alternatives to stoplights. In Canada,

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6076-413: The late 1960s, a relatively wide and clear embankment and would have provided the space for another road junction, connecting either to Grove Lane or possibly across the railway to Peckham Road via Vestry Road and Lucas Gardens. In recent years a number of residential developments have been constructed in this area. For its route through Peckham the SCR would have claimed Blenheim Grove on the south side of

6174-549: The main line station indicating many destinations in the south-east of England and in Europe. Blackfriars station was significantly renovated between 2009 and 2012 in a £500 million redevelopment programme to modernise the station and increase capacity. The terminal platforms at the station were closed on 20 March 2009 in order for work to begin. The original concept for the project was designed by Pascall+Watson architects, with execution by Jacobs and Tony Gee and Partners; it

6272-535: The median-side baseline is solid amber, and the right sideline is solid white. Frequently in the U.S. the two carriageways are separated by some distance (wide medians with small forests or even hills in them), but drivers can always tell whether the roadway is two-way or one-way—and, if one-way, the direction in which the traffic flows—by looking at the striping coloration. For an example, see inset showing U.S. Route 52 near Lafayette, Indiana . Some divided highways have been turned into undivided highways by widening

6370-524: The mountains. The London end of the Great West Road became Britain's first dual carriageway when it was opened in 1925 by King George V . In 1927 the Rome bypass was opened. It ran 92 km (57 mi) bypassing Rome to the east. Almost the entire length featured a dual-carriageway design. In the early 1930s, it was extended southward all the way to Naples and northward to Florence. Most of

6468-678: The need to preserve access to adjoining property or to the absence of a non-motorway alternative route. Also, dual carriageways that are not motorway classified do not need to be equipped with emergency phones. Motorway restrictions only apply to motorway sections, rather than all dual carriageway sections of national roads (these are signposted with the N prefix on the route number, rather than M ). Some national secondary roads , and regional roads in particular often have houses, schools and other developments fronting on to them. Less important national primary roads , and older sections not yet upgraded may also feature such developments built before

6566-522: The number of junctions on the dual carriageway; often other roads will pass over or under the dual carriageway without an intersection. A dual carriageway with grade-separated junctions and which meets other requirements may be upgraded to motorway standard, denoted by an (M) added after the road number (e.g. " A1(M) " or " A38(M) "). Unlike in Ireland, there was no official terminology for 'high-quality dual carriageways' until April 2015, when in England

6664-400: The obsolete terminology suggests that the planning for this road was not a top priority for the road planners. From the SCR the radial motorway would have first followed the railway line south-east past Herne Hill and Brockwell Park to Tulse Hill, West Norwood and Crystal Palace station where it would have turned and headed south along the line towards South Norwood Country Park , which in

6762-425: The original routing was destroyed by the Allies in World War II. By 1930 several US and European cities had built dual-carriageway highways, mostly to control traffic jams and/or to provide bypass routes for traffic. In 1932 the first German autobahn opened between Cologne and Bonn. It ran 21 km (13 mi) and became a precedent for future highways. Although it, like the first autostrada , did not feature

6860-454: The other the line between New Cross Gate and Brockley stations. Again, when the SCR was planned, this section was an uninterrupted alignment for the motorway to follow but it has since been developed with residential infill schemes. East of the New Cross Gate railway tracks the railway land continues to be wide enough for the SCR to have passed with only limited demolition works required as it headed towards Lewisham town centre. At Lewisham

6958-453: The quality of intersecting junctions. The national speed limit applies on dual carriageways (unless it is in a ' built-up area ', or a lower limit is posted), which is as follows: A dual carriageway in a built up area will have a statutory speed limit of 30 mph (48 km/h) unless otherwise sign-posted. It is common for such urban dual carriageways to have an increased speed limit of 40 mph (64 km/h). A road deemed to be in

7056-508: The roads allow higher speed traffic than is common on other roads. This in turn requires them to have dual carriageways in most cases. An exception is the 2+1 road system in some rural areas; these roads are also referred to as expressways. Autobahnähnliche Straßen mostly are colloquially referred to as gelbe Autobahn (yellow motorway) because they have the same technical standard as the Autobahn but have black on yellow signs instead of

7154-403: The same class of road, except in cities and built-up areas where the dual carriageway is more of a safety measure. When first constructed, many dual carriageways—including the first motorways—had no crash- or other barriers in the central reservation. In the event of congestion, or if a driver missed their exit, some drivers made U-turns onto the opposite carriageway; many accidents were caused as

7252-406: The signalbox on the south side of the bridge was destroyed, along with a bridge over Southwark Street. Seven flagmen were caught in the blast, with three being killed outright, another three dying in hospital from burns and just one surviving after a long recovery in hospital. The signals were not fully restored until 11 August 1946, after the war. After the creation of British Railways in 1948,

7350-456: The south bank adjacent to Blackfriars Road. The station was constructed on two levels, with a goods depot at street level and passenger facilities level with the bridge. An underground station at Blackfriars north of the river was opened by the Metropolitan District Railway in 1870, before any mainline stations. The railway bridge across the Thames was delayed because the City's municipal body,

7448-441: The south side of the line, requiring the demolition of most of the east side of Edgeley Road, then past Clapham High Street station to a junction with Clapham High Street ( A3 ). Continuing east, the SCR would have claimed much of the north side of Ferndale Road as well as most, if not all, of Dolman, Glendall and Bythorn Streets, three short cul-de-sacs between Ferndale Road and the railway tracks. The SCR would have next reached

7546-479: The south-west corner of Ringway 1 where it would have had a junction with the West Cross Route coming south-east across the River Thames from Earl's Court . The junction was planned to be located on the triangle of land between the railway lines around Falcon Park and crossing Latchmere Road ( A3220 ). The junction would also have had a connection westwards to a feeder motorway to the planned terminus of

7644-562: The southern section of Ringway 2. East of Brixton Road ( A23 ), the SCR would have followed Coldharbour Lane and passed the north side of the Moorland Estate where the council block on the north side, Southwyck House , is a relic of the GLC redevelopment scheme and was designed to present a barrier to protect the estate beyond from the noise of the elevated motorway. [1] Crossing the southbound railway line from Blackfriars station ,

7742-429: The station and more industrial land to its east before following the railway to Nunhead station on an alignment where the wide area of railway land to the south of the tracks would have provided a route requiring only limited demolition, mainly to the north side of Kimberley Avenue. To the east of Nunhead station, the SCR would have crossed two further sets of railway tracks - one branching south-east to Crofton Park and

7840-535: The station was managed by the Southern Region . Gradually, the structure of the original Blackfriars Railway Bridge deteriorated until it was unsound. In 1961, two tracks were removed from the bridge to ease its load. The station had little investment and still supported some of the original architecture and design up to the 1960s. By this time, services were reduced to a handful of commuter services. The original Blackfriars Bridge station, which had remained as

7938-497: The station. The station was proposed by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR), who had been given parliamentary power to build a line into the City of London. The company wanted to compete with rivals, the South Eastern Railway , and provide the best service into Central London. The line was complete as far as the Thames by 1864; the LC&DR opened Blackfriars Bridge station on 1 June, which sat on

8036-646: The term "divided highway" is used for this type of road, and the segment between the roadways is referred to as a "median". There may be gaps in the median strip of a partially controlled-access road to allow turning and crossing. More informally, a divided highway may be referred to as "twinned". This stems from the practice of "twinning" an existing two-lane highway and converting it into a divided highway. Such highways in southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and parts of Atlantic Canada usually feature full controlled-access with interchanges where robust federal and provincial funding has made such freeways possible. However, due to

8134-429: The town centre including the construction of more than a dozen 50-storey blocks of flats as well as widespread low-rise residential and commercial projects. Just as the road itself attracted objections, the redevelopment of the town centre met with considerable local opposition and virtually none of the proposals were implemented. For a while, the destruction planned for Brixton town centre would have been even greater. It

8232-468: The west end of Granville Park to clear the path but the route was then clear to Blackheath station. East of Blackheath station the SCR looped south-east to follow the railway line through the north side of Blackheath Park , where some demolitions would have been necessary, before skirting the sports ground and Kidbrooke station to meet the junction of the East Cross Route coming south from

8330-439: The west side, avoiding the need for through trains between City Thameslink and London Bridge crossing the paths of terminating ones. The works exploited the disused piers west of the existing railway bridge which once supported the former West Blackfriars and St. Paul's Railway Bridge. The easternmost row of disused piers was strengthened, tied into the existing bridge and clad in stone. The longer platforms allow longer trains on

8428-414: The white on blue signs used on the Autobahn motorway network. These are generally high-speed arterial roads in larger cities or important roads within a federal state that do not connect to major cities, so that they do not fall under the federal budget for the Autobahn network. The federal road Bundesstraße 27 is an example where about half of its length is upgraded to a high speed motorway standard. On

8526-549: The world's first long-distance intercity dual carriageway/freeway was the Queen Elizabeth Way in Southern Ontario in Canada, initially linking the large cities of Toronto and Hamilton together by 1939, with construction on this stretch of the present-day Queen Elizabeth Way beginning in 1936 as "Middle Road". It was gradually upgraded to a freeway from the 1950s to 1970s. Opened to traffic in 1940,

8624-467: The years and over single carriageways and typically have higher speed limits as a result. In some places, express lanes and local or collector lanes are used within a local-express-lane system to provide more capacity and to smooth out traffic flows for longer-distance travel. A very early (perhaps the first) example of a dual carriageway was the Via Portuensis , built in the first century by

8722-474: Was built by Balfour Beatty . The office building above the station was demolished and replaced as part of the Thameslink programme. The new station is the same height and has a combined National Rail and London Underground ticket hall and ventilation shaft together with escalators and lifts between a mezzanine level for main line railway services and the sub-surface level for London Underground services. The Underground station also received major enhancements, with

8820-545: Was completed in 2012. The nearest museum is the Tate Modern which is 550 yards (0.5 km) from the station. Blackfriars station serves Thameslink rail services that connect suburbs with central London. It straddles the River Thames , running across the length of Blackfriars Railway Bridge parallel to the A201 Blackfriars Bridge . For this reason, it is partly in the City of London and partly in

8918-427: Was due to start on the SCR at Brixton and run south-east out of London to Ringway 3 . The route was an early omission from the developing Ringways plans and the alignment in the outer suburbs is uncertain. The cumbersome name reflects the reuse of an earlier route proposal from Sir Patrick Abercrombie's County of London Plan , 1943 . The Ringway plan's Ringway 3 equated to Parkway D from Abercrombie's plan. The use of

9016-462: Was intended to locate a junction here to connect the SCR to a motorway running south-east along the railway line to Herne Hill and then to South Norwood and a probable terminal on Ringway 3 at or near Addington . This motorway, known to the road planners as the " South Cross Route to Parkway D Radial " was still part of the Ringways Plan in 1969 but had been cancelled by 1972 along with

9114-466: Was made between the mainline and underground stations. After the opening of St. Paul's station, the earlier Blackfriars Bridge station was closed to passengers but remained as a goods station until 1965. Most mainline trains called at St Paul's, including those stopping at Holborn Viaduct. Local commuters continued to use Ludgate Hill where possible, as it was closer to where they were going, but it did not have sufficient capacity. St. Paul's station

9212-508: Was omitted from the plans in 1967. Heading east, the SCR would have followed the route of the National Rail main line heading into Waterloo station crossing the tracks south-west of Queenstown Road station. Here the SCR would have had a junction with Queenstown Road ( A3216 ) and passed over the railway and industrial land there to head south-east towards Heathbrook Park and Wandsworth Road station. The SCR would then have followed

9310-512: Was opened by the LC&DR as St. Paul's railway station on 10 May 1886 when the company opened the St. Paul's Railway Bridge across the Thames. The new bridge and station were built as a supplement to, rather than a replacement for, the first bridge because of increasing railway traffic. The joint engineers for the works were William Mills of the London, Chatham, and Dover Company, and Messrs. John Wolfe Barry and Henry Marc Brunel . Edward Cruttwell

9408-480: Was rebuilt in the 1970s, which included the addition of office space above the station and the closure of the original railway bridge, which was demolished in 1985. In 2009, the station underwent major refurbishments to improve capacity, which included the extension of the platforms across the railway bridge and a new station entrance on the South Bank. The underground station was rebuilt at the same time, and work

9506-608: Was renamed by the Southern Railway as Blackfriars on 1 February 1937. This was partly done to avoid confusion after the London Passenger Transport Board renamed Post Office tube station on the Central line to St Paul's , and partly so that the mainline and underground stations would have the same name. It suffered significant bomb damage during World War II. Overnight on 16–17 April 1941,

9604-405: Was the resident engineer in charge of construction. The bridge was constructed parallel to the 1864 Blackfriars Railway Bridge, carrying seven tracks across five arched spans between 175 feet (53 m) and 185 feet (56 m) high. It widened past the bridge to the terminus on the south side of Queen Victoria Street. The original station was a small and cheaply designed pink-red brick building, as

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