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32-801: The fair was organised by the Industrial Club of Buenos Aires who had organised an industrial exhibition in Buenos Aires in 1877. Julio A Roca (president) inaugurated the exhibition with the honorary chair of the committee Nicolás Avellaneda stating that the exhibition represented industrial progress. Congress gave funds for the exhibition which were used for premises in Plaza Once . Exhibits covered: arts; beer, cigarettes and wine; clothing and footwear; and soap from Argentina and other countries in America and Europe. Nations exhibiting at

64-782: A border dispute with Chile was settled in 1902 by singing the Pacts of May and erecting Christ the Redeemer of the Andes with significant assistance from Ángela de Oliveira Cézar de Costa the sister of his mistress Guillermina Oliveira Cézar . Luis Drago , Roca's foreign minister, articulated the Drago Doctrine of 1902 asserting that foreign powers could not collect public debts from sovereign American states by armed force or occupation of territory. Argentina's foreign debt increased in this period, although economic growth continued. Roca

96-460: A member of the house of representatives in 1859 and Minister of Government of Adolfo Alsina in the Buenos Aires province in 1866. During Domingo Faustino Sarmiento's presidency, he was Minister of Justice and Education. He implemented the educational reform that was defining of his government. Avellaneda attained the presidency in 1874 but had its legitimacy contested by Bartolomé Mitre and supported by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento . Mitre deployed

128-457: A presidential candidate once more. Unopposed, he was able to begin a second regular term in office on 12 October 1898. During his second presidency, the Ley de Residencia law was passed, which made it possible to expel some of Argentina's trade union leaders, who were noncitizen anarchists and socialists deemed dangerous to Argentina. During this presidency military service was introduced in 1901 and

160-672: A senator and Minister of the Interior under Carlos Pellegrini . After President Luis Sáenz Peña resigned in January 1895, José Evaristo Uriburu took over the presidency, when Roca was President of the Senate. Because of this, Roca again assumed the duties of President between 28 October 1895 and 8 February 1896, when Uriburu was ill. In the middle of 1897 the Partido Autonomista Nacional party put forward Roca as

192-516: A sweeping victory for the voters of Roca, except in Buenos Aires and Corrientes. On June 13 the Electoral College met and elected President General Roca and Vice President Francisco Bernabé Madero. But in Buenos Aires it was brewing a revolution against the triumph of Roca. Four days later the fighting began, which ended on June 25 with an agreement between the province and the nation; the revolution of 1880 had cost 3,000 dead. Shortly before

224-558: Is credited with the liberation of several hundred European hostages. In mid-1879, after the death of Alsina, Roca became the most prestigious leader of the National Autonomous Party, and was proposed as a candidate by Cordoba's governor Miguel Celman, and in Buenos Aires by the doctor Eduardo Wilde; quickly gained the support of most of the Argentine state governors. The April 11 elections for president, which came

256-909: The Conquest of the Desert ) that would "extinguish, subdue or expel" the Indians who lived there. "He began the campaign against the Ranqueles", which eventually resulted in the "transfer of 35% of national territory from the Indians to local caudillos . This land conquest would also strengthen Argentina's strategic position against Chile . He devised a "tentacle" move, with waves of 6,000 men cavalry units stemming coordinately from Mendoza , Córdoba , Santa Fé and Buenos Aires in July 1878 and April 1879 respectively, with an official toll of nearly 1,313 Native Americans killed and 15,000 taken as prisoners, and

288-433: The Conquest of the Desert , a series of military campaigns against the indigenous peoples of Patagonia sometimes considered a genocide . During his two terms as president, many important changes occurred, particularly major infrastructure projects of railroads and port facilities; increased foreign investment, along with immigration from Europe and particular large-scale immigration from southern Europe ; expansion of

320-520: The University of Buenos Aires . He wrote " Estudio sobre las leyes de tierras públicas " ( Spanish : Study of the laws about public lands ), proposing to give the lands to producers that make production from them. This system, similar to the one employed at the United States , suggested to reduce bureaucracy and pointed that this would allow stable populations and population growth. He was

352-416: The Argentine development, he promoted the "Avellaneda law" that allowed European farmers ease to get terrains. The immigration numbers were doubled in a few years. Having won the revolution and bringing peace to the country, Avellaneda faced a serious economic crisis, centering his efforts on the control of the land with the Conquest of the Desert and expanding the railroads, the cereal and meat exports, and

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384-552: The Church. This led to a break in relations with the Vatican. Roca presided over an era of rapid economic development fueled by large scale European immigration, railway construction, and booming agricultural exports. In May 1886 Roca was the subject of a failed assassination attempt. Roca himself had put forward Juárez Celman as his successor, who was his brother-in-law. However, Celman distanced himself from Roca. Celman's government

416-543: The European immigration, specially to Patagonia . During his presidency, the economy of Argentina was seriously affected by the European crisis putting the country on the edge of debt default. Deciding to take Argentina from its debts, he said that "[...]there are two million Argentines who would economize even to their hunger and thirst to fulfill the promises of our public commitments in the foreign markets". He reduced

448-780: The National College in Concepción del Uruguay , Entre Ríos . Before he was 15, Roca joined the army of the Argentine Confederation, on 19 March 1858. While still an adolescent, he went to fight as a junior artillery officer in the struggle between Buenos Aires and the interior provinces, first on the side of the provinces and later on behalf of the capital. He also fought in the War of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay between 1865 and 1870. Roca rose to

480-415: The agricultural and pastoral sectors of the economy; and laicizing legislation strengthening state power. Roca's main foreign policy concern was to set border limits with Chile , which had never been determined with precision. In 1881 Argentina gained territory by treaty with Chile. Roca was born in the northwestern city of San Miguel de Tucumán in 1843 into a prominent local family. He graduated from

512-405: The army against Avellaneda but was defeated by Julio Argentino Roca . Mitre was held prisoner and judged by military justice, but Avellaneda indulged him in order to promote pacification. He also included Rufino de Elizalde and José María Gutiérrez, supporters of Mitre, as members of his cabinet. In line with people like Alberdi or Sarmiento, who thought that European immigration was crucial to

544-504: The budget and applied a weak protectionism. The crisis was eventually fixed with the growing exports of refrigerated meat to Europe, a new developing industrial method of the time. A prolific writer, his works have been published in 12 volumes. Aged 37, he was the youngest Argentine president ever elected. He had served in the Argentine Senate for five months in 1874 and returned to the Senate in 1883 until his death. He died at

576-567: The country. Examples include the city of General Roca in the province of Río Negro, the town of Presidencia Roca in the province of Chaco ; the town of Presidente Roca in the province of Santa Fe; the Colonia Roca of the province of Entre Ríos ; the General Roca Department of the province of Córdoba. In Buenos Aires, a major thoroughfare and a railway branch are named after him and an equestrian statue of him

608-507: The exhibition included Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, France, Germany, Great Britain, Mexico, Paraguay, Switzerland, United States of America, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Prize winners included the Brazilian photographers Marc Ferrez , Insley Pacheco  [ pt ] . and the Brazilian 'Esberard Glass and Crystal' company. Pascual Ortega Portales from Chile received the second prize for paintings. A historical show

640-403: The idea of Juan Bautista Alberdi around the idea of a "possible republic ": a republican government, with broad civil and economic freedoms but with an exercise of political life restricted to the ruling elites . The possible republic would give way to the true republic, of a fully democratic character. The ideal of a possible republic, with its politically conservative line, was one of

672-518: The presidential inauguration Roca was passed in Congress federalization of Buenos Aires. Under his mandate the so-called "laicist laws" ( Leyes Laicas ) were passed, which nationalized a series of functions that previously were under the control of the Church. He also created the so-called Registro Civil , an index of all births, deaths and marriages. President Roca also made primary education free of charge by nationalizing education institutions run by

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704-503: The provincial upper class." In 1878, during Nicolás Avellaneda 's presidency, he became Minister of War and it was his task to prepare a campaign that would bring an end to the " frontier problem " after the failure of the plan of Adolfo Alsina (his predecessor). A number of indigenous groups defended their traditional territories and frequently assaulted non-indigenous frontier settlements, taking horses and cattle, and capturing women and children, who were enslaved or offered as brides to

736-467: The rank of colonel serving in the war to suppress the revolt of Ricardo López Jordán in Entre Ríos. President Nicolás Avellaneda later promoted him to General after his victory over rebel general José M. Arredondo in the battle of Santa Rosa, leading the loyalist forces. Roca saw the army "as an agent of national unification," and his experience in the army "broadened his understanding of Argentina and

768-496: The sources of political conflict that led to the emergence of various oppositions, even from the members of the Generation of '80 themselves. During the twentieth century, Roca was recognized as one of the statesmen who forged the foundations of the modern Argentine republic. As such, Roca has been honored by designating cities, departments, lakes, streets, avenues, squares, monuments, parks, schools and railway lines throughout

800-415: The time it closed at the end of July 50,000 people had visited. Aerial view of the exhibition Julio Argentino Roca Alejo Julio Argentino Roca Paz (July 17, 1843 – October 19, 1914) was an army general and statesman who served as President of Argentina from 1880 to 1886 and from 1898 to 1904. Roca is the most important representative of the Generation of '80 and is known for directing

832-631: The warriors. Roca's approach to dealing with the Indian communities of the Pampas , however, was completely different from Alsina's, who had ordered the construction of a ditch and a defensive line of small fortresses across the Province of Buenos Aires . Roca saw no way to end native attacks ( malones ) but by putting under effective government control all land up to the Río Negro in a campaign (known as

864-507: Was an Argentine politician and journalist, and President of Argentina from 1874 to 1880. Avellaneda's main projects while in office were banking and education reform, leading to Argentina's economic growth. The most important events of his government were the Conquest of the Desert and the transformation of the Buenos Aires into a federal district . His grandson was José Domingo Molina Gómez , who took presidency when Juan Perón

896-535: Was announced on the 15 March 1882. This was to cover the history of the River Plate with sections including "Argentinian prehistorical", "Columbian era", numismatics, paintings, prints, manuscripts, maps (including nautical maps) and furniture. The tone of the exhibition was debated with Estanislao Zeballos of the exhibition organising committee arguing that war trophies that could embarrass potentially participating nations (Brazil and Paraguay) be excluded. By

928-650: Was captured. Born in San Miguel de Tucumán , his mother moved with him to Bolivia after the death of his father, Marco Avellaneda , during a revolt against Juan Manuel de Rosas . He studied law at Córdoba , without graduating. Back at Tucumán he founded El Eco del Norte , and moved to Buenos Aires in 1857, becoming director of the El Nacional and editor of El Comercio de la Plata . He finished his studies at Buenos Aires, meeting Domingo Faustino Sarmiento . Sarmiento helped him to become teacher of economy at

960-591: Was erected in 1941. In recent years, there has been an increasing re-evaluation of Roca's place in Argentine history, particularly his involvement in the Conquest of the Desert . Some groups claim that he committed genocide against the Native Argentines. Those who consider Roca as genocidal have proposed removing the name Roca from the places and areas with which he has been honored. Nicol%C3%A1s Avellaneda Nicolás Remigio Aurelio Avellaneda Silva (3 October 1837 – 24 November 1885)

992-466: Was ultimately tarnished by the Baring crisis and corruption allegations. Roca did not participate in the 1890 revolution attempt against Celman, which was instigated by Leandro N. Alem and Bartolomé Mitre ( Unión Cívica , later Unión Cívica Radical ). However, he was pleased in the resulting weakness of Miguel Juárez Celman . After his first presidency Roca remained important politically, becoming

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1024-635: Was unable to continue his political domination, and he was unable to essentially name his successor. Roca's second term ended in 1904, and is considered less successful than his first. In 1912 Roca was appointed as Special Ambassador of Argentina to Brazil by President Roque Sáenz Peña. Roca returned to Argentina in 1914 and died in Buenos Aires on October 19, 1914. He was buried in La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires. His son, Julio Argentino Roca, Jr. , became vice-president of Argentina in 1932 to 1938. Roca's thought has been associated with

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