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187-658: SARS was established in 1997 by a merger of the customs and inland revenue departments, at the recommendation of the Katz Commission , which had been instituted to review the South African tax system for the post- apartheid era. In subsequent years, under the leadership of Pravin Gordhan , SARS gained a reputation for effectiveness. However, between 2014 and 2018, the agency's tax collection and investigative capacities were severely undermined, or even "decimated," as

374-721: A domino effect on the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions, which have floundered and fractured in the face of damaging charges against a man they ardently backed as the country's next president. The trial has been fought against the backdrop of a bitter succession war between Mbeki and Zuma. Both have been fatally wounded. Mbeki's support in the ANC has crumbled... But even Zuma's most diehard supporters privately acknowledge that he cannot now be president... By early 2006 during

561-533: A 1969 law abolished those seats and stripped Coloureds of their right to vote. Since Indians had never been allowed to vote, this resulted in whites being the sole enfranchised group. Separate representatives for coloured voters were first elected in the general election of 1958 . Even this limited representation did not last, being ended from 1970 by the Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968 . Instead, all coloured adults were given

748-587: A Communist. Since the law specifically stated that Communism aimed to disrupt racial harmony, it was frequently used to gag opposition to apartheid. Disorderly gatherings were banned, as were certain organisations that were deemed threatening to the government. It also empowered the Ministry of Justice to impose banning orders . After the Defiance Campaign , the government used the act for the mass arrests and banning of leaders of dissent groups such as

935-537: A South African High Court, and just after Judge President Dunstan Mlambo ordered al-Bashir's arrest, the state's lawyer told the court that he had left the country. His plane left from Waterkloof Air Force Base , presumably with the government's knowledge and reportedly with Zuma's explicit approval. When it was criticised for this breach, the South African government argued that the ICC was used unfairly against African heads of state while failing to hold Western leaders to

1122-460: A bid for the contract – and even prior to Moyane's appointment as Commissioner. The head of the local Bain office later testified that Bain had provided "executive coaching" to Moyane a year before his appointment. The commission also found that the restructuring plan ultimately recommended by Bain was highly damaging to SARS, and suggested that Bain and Moyane had pursued the plan "in deep collusion" and for purely self-interested reasons. It called this

1309-633: A century. The National Party's election platform stressed that apartheid would preserve a market for white employment in which non-whites could not compete. On the issues of black urbanisation, the regulation of non-white labour, influx control, social security, farm tariffs and non-white taxation, the United Party's policy remained contradictory and confused. Its traditional bases of support not only took mutually exclusive positions, but found themselves increasingly at odds with each other. Smuts' reluctance to consider South African foreign policy against

1496-499: A conclusion on those people whose race was unclear. This caused difficulty, especially for Coloured people , separating their families when members were allocated different races. The second pillar of grand apartheid was the Group Areas Act of 1950. Until then, most settlements had people of different races living side by side. This Act put an end to diverse areas and determined where one lived according to race. Each race

1683-758: A controversial nuclear power deal with the Russian government, which was blocked by the Western Cape High Court in 2017. As a former member of the South African Communist Party , he increasingly relied on left-wing populist rhetoric, and in his 2017 State of the Nation address he announced a new policy of "radical economic transformation". Among the few policies implemented before the end of his presidency were land expropriation without compensation , free higher education ,

1870-534: A different and independent legislative path from the rest of the British Empire. The United Kingdom's Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. To comply with the act, the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835, which effectively changed the status of slaves to indentured labourers . This

2057-484: A draft of the Public Protector's provisional report had been leaked the previous week, or to dissatisfaction with Zuma's administration more generally. Others suggested that the booing reflected frustration with the lack of socioeconomic change under the ANC government since Mandela's presidency, or that it reflected enduring divisions within the ANC; the crowd also chanted Mbeki's name. In a public statement,

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2244-622: A formal member of BRIC, which was then renamed BRICS , and Zuma attended the group's third summit meeting in Sanya , China, in 2011. South Africa's admission followed a concerted campaign for membership and has been described as "a huge diplomatic coup" and "the most important foreign policy achievement of the Zuma administration". During South Africa's tenure on the United Nations Security Council , Zuma's administration

2431-543: A former member of the SACP, Zuma has described himself as a socialist and became president with the support of a left-wing coalition. Analysts have claimed that he has bolstered populism in South Africa. From 2017, at the tail-end of his presidency, his rhetoric and policy priorities became more leftist under what is known as the "radical economic transformation" (RET) programme of the ANC of this period. Zuma announced

2618-416: A fourteen-month period in which Magashula's former deputy, Ivan Pillay , acted as Commissioner, President Jacob Zuma appointed the controversial Tom Moyane to replace Magashula. Years later, Moyane admitted that Zuma had informed him that he intended to appoint him long before the appointment was publicly or formally made. He has been described by journalist Adriaan Basson as having been "willing to choose

2805-562: A large margin. He held both positions until 1997, having been re-elected provincial chairperson in 1996. Zuma was elected deputy president of the ANC at the party's 50th National Conference in Mafikeng in December 1997, and was subsequently appointed deputy president of South Africa in June 1999, pursuant to the 1999 general election . Zuma served under newly elected President Mbeki and

2992-468: A lesser extent, to those of Indian and Coloured people. Further laws had the aim of suppressing resistance, especially armed resistance, to apartheid. The Suppression of Communism Act of 1950 banned the Communist Party of South Africa and any party subscribing to Communism . The act defined Communism and its aims so sweepingly that anyone who opposed government policy risked being labelled as

3179-635: A letter to Moyane that Developments at the SARS under your leadership have resulted in a deterioration in public confidence in the institution and in public finances being compromised. For the sake of the country and the economy, this situation cannot be allowed to continue, or to worsen. Moyane's suspension followed a meeting during which Ramaphosa told Moyane that "he had lost confidence in his ability to lead SARS," and "offered him an opportunity to resign," which Moyane declined. The Commission of Inquiry Into Tax Administration and Governance by SARS, commonly known as

3366-647: A majority "no" vote in Natal . Later, some of them recognised the perceived need for white unity, convinced by the growing trend of decolonisation elsewhere in Africa, which concerned them. British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's " Wind of Change " speech left the British faction feeling that the United Kingdom had abandoned them. The more conservative English speakers supported Verwoerd; others were troubled by

3553-644: A new and flatter organisational structure, based around four "clusters": The chief executive officer and accounting authority at SARS is the Commissioner, who, under Section 6 of the SARS Act, is appointed by the President for a pre-determined (but renewable) term not exceeding five years. Prior to an amendment to the act in 2002, the Commissioner was appointed by the Minister of Finance in consultation with

3740-489: A nuclear deal with Russian nuclear agency Rosatom which concluded in September 2014 but was ruled unlawful by the Western Cape High Court in 2017. Zuma's administration pursued a number of structural economic policy reforms, but critics characterised them as "investor-unfriendly", and most were met significant opposition. His reforms included the increased regulation of private security companies . He also increased

3927-536: A pass from their master or a local official. Ordinance No. 49 of 1828 decreed that prospective Black immigrants were to be granted passes for the sole purpose of seeking work. These passes were to be issued for Coloureds and Khoikhoi but not for other Africans, who were still forced to carry passes. During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , the British Empire captured and annexed

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4114-743: A permit. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 prohibited marriage between persons of different races, and the Immorality Act of 1950 made sexual relations between whites and other races a criminal offence . Under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953, municipal grounds could be reserved for a particular race, creating, among other things, separate beaches, buses, hospitals, schools and universities. Signboards such as "whites only" applied to public areas, even including park benches. Black South Africans were provided with services greatly inferior to those of whites, and, to

4301-419: A premeditated offensive against SARS, strategized by the local [ Gauteng ] office of Bain & Company... for Mr Moyane to seize SARS, each in pursuit of their own interests that were symbiotic, but not altogether the same. Mr Moyane’s interest was to take control of SARS. Bain’s interest was to make money. Whistleblower Athol Williams , a former Bain partner, agreed with this assessment, testifying at length at

4488-489: A presidential pardon in April 2008 when Mbeki was president, and he continued to lobby for a pardon during Zuma's presidency, saying it was unfair that he had been convicted while neither Zuma nor the implicated arms company had been taken to trial. The ANC won the national election on 22 April 2009 by a slightly diminished majority of 65.90%, with Zuma having campaigned under the theme "Continuity and Change". His appointment

4675-517: A protracted dispute, did so, and was replaced by newly elected ANC Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe , who led an interim administration while Zuma campaigned for the 2009 election. In January 2009, the Supreme Court of Appeal found that the charges against Zuma were not unlawful, contrary to the ruling of the lower court. However, the NPA formally withdrew the charges in the same week that Zuma

4862-603: A result of a restructuring which has been called a "premeditated offensive," allegedly calculated to enable the capture of SARS. Such allegations were investigated by the 2018 Nugent Commission. In terms of the SARS Act, the main functions of SARS are to: Among others, SARS administers the personal income tax, corporate income tax, capital gains tax, value-added tax, customs and excise duties, skills development levies, environmental levies, unemployment insurance fund contributions, and employment tax incentives. The Union of South Africa came into existence on 31 May 1910, uniting

5049-482: A series of attempted structural reforms in key sectors involving restrictions on foreign ownership, and more stringent black economic empowerment requirements. In the international arena, Zuma emphasised South-South cooperation and economic diplomacy . The admission of South Africa to the BRICS grouping has been described as a major triumph for Zuma, and he has been praised for his HIV/AIDS policy. Zuma's presidency

5236-562: A showerhead in Zapiro cartoons. Although Zuma had been fired as national deputy president, he retained the ANC deputy presidency, and internal factions began to coalesce around him and Mbeki. Between 2005 and 2007, their rivalry deepened into what Susan Booysen called "a brutal and all-consuming disagreement between two major ANC groupings". Although the corruption and rape allegations were considered politically damaging, Zuma continued to enjoy considerable support from left-wing elements of

5423-540: A single nation, but was made up of four distinct racial groups: white, black, Coloured and Indian. Such groups were split into 13 nations or racial federations. White people encompassed the English and Afrikaans language groups; the black populace was divided into ten such groups. The state passed laws that paved the way for "grand apartheid", which was centred on separating races on a large scale, by compelling people to live in separate places defined by race. This strategy

5610-635: A two-thirds majority in a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament was needed to change the entrenched clauses of the Constitution . The government then introduced the High Court of Parliament Bill (1952), which gave Parliament the power to overrule decisions of the court. The Cape Supreme Court and the Appeal Court declared this invalid too. In 1955 the Strijdom government increased

5797-508: A veneer of intellectual respectability to the controversial policy of so-called baasskap . In total, 20 homelands were allocated to ethnic groups, ten in South Africa proper and ten in South West Africa. Of these 20 homelands, 19 were classified as black, while one, Basterland , was set aside for a sub-group of Coloureds known as Basters , who are closely related to Afrikaners. Four of the homelands were declared independent by

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5984-531: A week after the Polokwane conference, the NPA reinstated charges against Zuma and served him an indictment to stand trial on 12 fraud charges, two corruption charges, and one charge each of racketeering and money laundering . According to the Constitution, he would have been rendered ineligible for the national presidency had he been convicted and sentenced to imprisonment. However, on 12 September 2008,

6171-423: A woman that they mistook for her. By October 2008, Zuma had been acquitted of rape and was no longer subject to corruption charges. However, this did little to lighten the rivalry between Mbeki and Zuma. A Mail & Guardian analysis stated: The political damage [of events of recent months] is incalculable, with the ruling African National Congress now an openly divided and faltering movement. This has had

6358-490: Is a South African politician who served as the fourth president of South Africa from 2009 to 2018. He is also referred to by his initials JZ and clan names Nxamalala and Msholozi . Zuma was a former anti- apartheid activist, member of uMkhonto weSizwe , and president of the African National Congress (ANC) from 2007 to 2017. Zuma was born in the rural region of Nkandla , which is now part of

6545-601: The Landdrost and Heemraden , local officials, of Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet extended pass laws beyond slaves and ordained that all Khoikhoi (designated as Hottentots ) moving about the country for any purpose should carry passes. This was confirmed by the British Colonial government in 1809 by the Hottentot Proclamation , which decreed that if a Khoikhoi were to move they would need

6732-914: The Sunday Times (R6 million), the Citizen (R5 million), the Sunday Sun (R5 million), the Sunday Independent (R5 million), and the Sunday World (R5 million). Zuma said in 2005: For a period of five years my person has been subjected to all types of allegations and innuendo, paraded through the media and other corridors of influence without these allegations having being [ sic ] tested. I have thereby been denied my constitutional right to reply and defend myself. In December 2008, Zuma sued Zapiro for R7 million over his controversial rape of Lady Justice cartoon, bringing

6919-752: The African National Congress (ANC), the South African Indian Congress (SAIC), and the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU). After the release of the Freedom Charter, 156 leaders of these groups were charged in the 1956 Treason Trial . It established censorship of film, literature, and the media under the Customs and Excise Act 1955 and the Official Secrets Act 1956. The same year,

7106-618: The African National Congress , and the Council of Non-European Trade Unions began demanding political rights, land reform, and the right to unionise. Whites reacted negatively to the changes, allowing the Herenigde Nasionale Party (or simply the National Party) to convince a large segment of the voting bloc that the impotence of the United Party in curtailing the evolving position of nonwhites indicated that

7293-730: The Asiatic Registration Act of the Transvaal Colony required all Indians to register and carry passes. Beginning in 1906 the South African Native Affairs Commission under Godfrey Lagden began implementing a more openly segregationist policy towards non-Whites. The latter was repealed by the British government but re-enacted in 1908. In 1910, the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion , which continued

7480-586: The Cape Colony , Transvaal Colony , Colony of Natal , and Orange River Colony . Three months later, on 9 August, the Governor-General , Herbert Gladstone , retroactively appointed Joseph Clerc Sheridan, Esq., as the acting Commissioner for Inland Revenue with effect from 1 July 1910. Two days later, on 11 August, the Department of Inland Revenue was established under the control and direction

7667-614: The Cape Colony , which previously had a liberal and multi-racial constitution and a system of Cape Qualified Franchise open to men of all races, the Franchise and Ballot Act of 1892 raised the property franchise qualification and added an educational element, disenfranchising a disproportionate number of the Cape's non-White voters, and the Glen Grey Act of 1894 instigated by the government of Prime Minister Cecil Rhodes limited

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7854-603: The Constitutional Court convicted Zuma of contempt of court for his failure to comply with a court order compelling his testimony before the Zondo Commission. He was sentenced to 15 months' imprisonment and was arrested on 7 July 2021 in Estcourt, KwaZulu-Natal . However, he was released on medical parole two months later on 5 September. The high court rescinded his parole on 15 December. The parole

8041-772: The Dutch East India Company 's establishment of a trading post in the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, which eventually expanded into the Dutch Cape Colony . The company began the Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars in which it displaced the local Khoikhoi people , replaced them with farms worked by White settlers , and imported Black slaves from across the Dutch Empire . In the days of slavery , slaves required passes to travel away from their masters. In 1797,

8228-615: The KwaZulu-Natal province and the centre of Zuma's support base. He joined the ANC at the age of 17 in 1959 and spent ten years in Robben Island Prison as a political prisoner . He went into exile in 1975 and was ultimately appointed head of the ANC's intelligence department. After the ANC was unbanned in 1990, he quickly rose through the party's national leadership and became deputy secretary general in 1991, national chairperson in 1994, and deputy president in 1997. He

8415-556: The South African Development Community (SADC) should "force" Zimbabwean leaders to reach an agreement, if necessary. In 2010, Zuma called for international sanctions against Mugabe and his allies to be lifted. After a March 2013 meeting with Mugabe in Pretoria , he highlighted the commonalities between his and Mugabe's political parties, telling the press, "We share the same values, we went through

8602-670: The Zondo Commission , that the Gupta family had acquired immense corrupt influence over Zuma's administration, amounting to state capture . Several weeks after Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa was elected to succeed Zuma as ANC president in December 2017, the ANC National Executive Committee recalled Zuma. After a fifth vote of no confidence in Parliament , he resigned on 14 February 2018 and

8789-556: The debt-to-GDP ratio increasing from 28% at the start of his presidency to just over 50% in the week of his resignation. Nedbank , one of South Africa's largest banks, estimates that poor policy decisions, maladministration, and corruption during Zuma's second term alone cost the South African economy R470 billion (US$ 33.7 billion). Contracts with the consulting firms McKinsey & Company , KPMG , and Deloitte were linked to alleged corruption in state-owned enterprises . McKinsey & Company eventually reached an agreement with

8976-479: The 'Architect of Apartheid'. In addition, "petty apartheid" laws were passed. The principal apartheid laws were as follows. The first grand apartheid law was the Population Registration Act of 1950, which formalised racial classification and introduced an identity card for all persons over the age of 18, specifying their racial group. Official teams or boards were established to come to

9163-639: The 1976 Soweto uprising . He became a full member of the ANC National Executive Committee in 1977, and a member of the ANC's Politico-Military Council when it was formed in 1983. He was also Deputy Chief Representative of the ANC in Mozambique, a post he occupied until the signing of the Nkomati Accord between the Mozambican and South African governments in 1984. After the Accord was signed, he

9350-635: The 20th century. It was the target of frequent condemnation in the United Nations and brought about extensive international sanctions , including arms embargoes and economic sanctions on South Africa. During the 1970s and 1980s, internal resistance to apartheid became increasingly militant, prompting brutal crackdowns by the National Party ruling government and protracted sectarian violence that left thousands dead or in detention. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission found that there were 21,000 deaths from political violence, with 7,000 deaths between 1948 and 1989, and 14,000 deaths and 22,000 injuries in

9537-489: The ANC leadership condemned. Zuma became known for singing the apartheid-era struggle song " Umshini wami " (English: Bring Me My Machine Gun ) with his supporters during these informal rallies. Likewise, during the rape trial, Zuma supporters gathered outside the courthouse and sometimes clashed with smaller groups of anti-rape protesters. Zuma supporters were seen carrying posters questioning Khwezi's integrity, burning photos of her, and on one occasion throwing stones at

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9724-421: The ANC was banned. That year, he was arrested with a group of 45 recruits near Zeerust in western Transvaal , currently part of the North West Province . Zuma was convicted of conspiring to overthrow the apartheid government and was sentenced to ten years imprisonment, which he served on Robben Island with Nelson Mandela and other notable ANC leaders also imprisoned during that time. While imprisoned, Zuma

9911-539: The ANC's 54th National Conference in December 2017, he unilaterally announced that higher education would be free for students in households whose income was less than R 350,000 per year, meeting a central demand of the #FeesMustFall student protests. South Africa's social grants programme expanded under Zuma, and Zuma was praised for his HIV/AIDS policy which has been credited with increasing life expectancy in South Africa. However, his critics claim that his policies increased South Africa's debt burden with

10098-427: The ANC's Tripartite Alliance partner COSATU urged Zuma to disclose his interests, and the opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) called for an investigation by the Public Protector . ANC spokesperson Brian Sokutu explained that Zuma constituted a "special case" because of his "large family", which complicated the process. The ANC distanced itself from Sokutu's statement and Zuma filed the disclosure later that week. As

10285-484: The ANC's Zulu support base in Natal. At the ANC's July 1991 elective conference , Zuma stood for the post of ANC Secretary-General and lost to Cyril Ramaphosa , but was elected Deputy Secretary-General, comfortably beating Alfred Nzo and Popo Molefe in a vote. In the 1994 general election , South Africa's first democratic election, Zuma stood as the ANC's candidate for the premiership of his newly constituted home province, KwaZulu-Natal . The ANC rose to power in

10472-528: The ANC, especially the ANC Youth League under Fikile Mbalula , and from the ANC's partners in the Tripartite Alliance , the SACP, and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU). Blade Nzimande of the SACP and Zwelinzima Vavi of COSATU were among Zuma's chief organisers and most vocal supporters (though both recanted their support years later). Vavi and Youth League leader Julius Malema later said that they were prepared to "kill for Zuma". Nzimande and his SACP comrade Gwede Mantashe warned that

10659-404: The Afrikaners. He claimed that the only difference was between those in favour of apartheid and those against it. The ethnic division would no longer be between Afrikaans and English speakers, but between blacks and whites. Most Afrikaners supported the notion of unanimity of white people to ensure their safety. White voters of British descent were divided. Many had opposed a republic, leading to

10846-409: The Assad regime after the 2014 Syrian presidential election . The administration also appeared to vacillate in its response to the disputed 2010 presidential election in Côte d'Ivoire. In Zimbabwe, Mbeki had advocated for non-confrontational "quiet diplomacy" as an alternative to the "megaphone diplomacy" used by Western governments that harshly criticised Robert Mugabe 's regime. This approach

11033-434: The British Empire cited racial exploitation of Blacks as a cause for its war against the Boer republics . However, the peace negotiations for the Treaty of Vereeniging demanded "the just predominance of the white race" in South Africa as a precondition for the Boer republics unifying with the British Empire. In 1905 the General Pass Regulations Act denied Black people the vote and limited them to fixed areas, and in 1906

11220-418: The Cape Province. The previous government had introduced the Separate Representation of Voters Bill into Parliament in 1951, turning it to be an Act on 18 June 1951; however, four voters, G Harris, W D Franklin, W D Collins and Edgar Deane, challenged its validity in court with support from the United Party. The Cape Supreme Court upheld the act, but reversed by the Appeal Court, finding the act invalid because

11407-409: The Commissioner. At the same time, other key business units were fragmented, especially the Large Business Centre – which had been responsible for 35% of SARS's revenue and which the Nugent Commission said was "eviscerated" – and also the Litigation Unit and Compliance Unit. The Anti-Corruption and Security Unit, which investigated internal corruption at SARS and which had consistently been rated as among

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11594-425: The Dutch Cape Colony. Under the 1806 Cape Articles of Capitulation the new British colonial rulers were required to respect previous legislation enacted under Roman-Dutch law , and this led to a separation of the law in South Africa from English Common Law and a high degree of legislative autonomy. The governors and assemblies that governed the legal process in the various colonies of South Africa were launched on

11781-503: The Kroon Committee, another inquiry into the allegations, also disowned and retracted his prejudicial findings on the rogue unit, and in 2020 SARS announced that it would not rely on or use the Sikhakhane report for any purpose. The Sunday Times , which broke many of the rogue unit stories, has since faced criticism for having been "drawn into an elaborate cloak-and-dagger campaign to discredit SARS" and for exhibiting "poor journalistic standards" – or, in Jacques Pauw 's words, for "arguably

11968-420: The Minister of Finance. The Department of Inland Revenue was charged with "the duty of properly collecting and duly accounting for all revenues of the Union other than railway and harbour revenues and the revenues which by law or regulation are accounted for by the Commissioner for Customs and Excise or by the Postmaster-General ." At the time that the transition to democracy was completed in 1994, South Africa

12155-450: The Ministry of Native Affairs and defunded most mission schools . The Promotion of Black Self-Government Act of 1959 entrenched the NP policy of nominally independent "homelands" for blacks. So-called "self–governing Bantu units" were proposed, which would have devolved administrative powers, with the promise later of autonomy and self-government. It also abolished the seats of white representatives of black South Africans and removed from

12342-437: The Native Administration Act 1956 allowed the government to banish blacks. The Bantu Authorities Act of 1951 created separate government structures for blacks and whites and was the first piece of legislation to support the government's plan of separate development in the bantustans . The Bantu Education Act, 1953 established a separate education system for blacks emphasizing African culture and vocational training under

12529-410: The Nugent Commission The Nugent Commission found that the restructuring of SARS that occurred after 2014, under the advice of Bain & Company, largely had the effect of undermining SARS's tax collection capacity and quality of governance. Most significantly, oversight of individual tax and corporate tax were amalgamated into a single unit, called Business and Individual Tax, which reported directly to

12716-491: The Nugent Commission, was formally appointed two months later, on 23 May, under the chairmanship of retired judge Robert Nugent . It had a mandate to investigate various operational, administrative, and governance matters at SARS, and focused primarily on the years after mid-2014, at which point Nugent said that SARS's previously good condition had begun to deteriorate. The commission's interim report, released in October 2018, recommended that Moyane should immediately be fired, on

12903-475: The R30-billion Arms Deal , a major defence procurement package which the government had signed months after Zuma's appointment to the deputy presidency. In August 2003, however, National Director of Public Prosecutions (NDPP) Bulelani Ngcuka told the media that the NPA had a "prima facie case of corruption" against Zuma but had decided not to prosecute on the basis that the case was unlikely to be won. A highly public spat ensued between Zuma allies and Ngcuka, who

13090-408: The Republic of Congo and Rwanda. A few whites lost their lives in Zimbabwe, unfortunately, and already the West is bent out of shape. By December 2007, Zuma was more forthcoming in criticising Zimbabwe's leadership, contrasting his own policy to Mbeki's, and observing that it was "tragic that other world leaders who witness repression pretend it is not happening, or is exaggerated". He was critical of

13277-486: The Sikhakhane report, one of whom was former acting Commissioner Pillay. A series of protracted labour disputes followed, in which Pillay and others were suspended and subject to disciplinary charges arising largely from the rogue unit allegations, and Pillay resigned in May 2015. Other senior managers and investigators also departed, under similar circumstances and amid public perception that they had been "driven out" of or "purged" from SARS. The Nugent Commission later said it

13464-437: The South African government and paid back R1 Billion (US$ 67.3 million) for problems relating to work done at Eskom , as well as a company linked to the Gupta family . In January 2022 the South African government published the findings of an inquiry into state capture and the consultancy firm Bain & Company stands accused of helping Zuma to undermine the South African tax authority. Zuma's first state visit as president

13651-526: The South African government, which failed to accommodate the influx with parallel expansion in housing or social services. Overcrowding, increasing crime rates, and disillusionment resulted; urban blacks came to support a new generation of leaders influenced by the principles of self-determination and popular freedoms enshrined in such statements as the Atlantic Charter . Black political organisations and leaders such as Alfred Xuma , James Mpanza ,

13838-695: The South African government: Transkei in 1976, Bophuthatswana in 1977, Venda in 1979, and Ciskei in 1981 (known as the TBVC states). Once a homeland was granted its nominal independence, its designated citizens had their South African citizenship revoked and replaced with citizenship in their homeland. These people were then issued passports instead of passbooks. Citizens of the nominally autonomous homelands also had their South African citizenship circumscribed, meaning they were no longer legally considered South African. The South African government attempted to draw an equivalence between their view of black citizens of

14025-715: The TBVC states) were intended to be fully sovereign. In reality, they had no significant economic infrastructure and with few exceptions encompassed swaths of disconnected territory. This meant all the Bantustans were little more than puppet states controlled by South Africa. Jacob Zuma African National Congress uMkhonto weSizwe President (2009–2018) President of the African National Congress (2007–2017) Deputy President (1999–2005) Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma ( Zulu: [geɮʱejiɬeˈkisa ˈzʱuma] ; born 12 April 1942)

14212-545: The Tax Administration Act. The latter charge led to a protracted dispute between SARS and amaBhungane about the correct interpretation of the law's confidentiality protections. Further journalistic investigations followed, including in Jacques Pauw 's 2017 The President's Keepers ; Pauw was also sued by SARS for contravening the Tax Administration Act. Other details were elicited or demonstrated during

14399-760: The Urban Areas Act (1923) introduced residential segregation and provided cheap labour for industry led by White people; the Colour Bar Act (1926) prevented Black mine workers from practising skilled trades; the Native Administration Act (1927) made the British Crown rather than paramount chiefs the supreme head over all African affairs; the Native Land and Trust Act (1936) complemented the 1913 Native Land Act and, in

14586-633: The Zimbabwean government's behaviour during the disputed March 2008 elections in Zimbabwe and called the delays "suspicious". In a press conference on 24 June he said, "We cannot agree with ZANU-PF. We cannot agree with them on values. We fought for the right of people to vote, we fought for democracy." At an ANC dinner in July, he rebuked Mugabe for refusing to step down, and in November he said that

14773-424: The Zondo Commission about Bain's extensive engagements with Zuma and Moyane about plans to restructure SARS and other public entities. [T]here has been a massive failure of integrity and governance at SARS, and all else follows from that. What SARS was, and what it has become, is sufficient proof in itself that integrity and governance failed on a massive scale... [Moyane] arrived without integrity and then dismantled

14960-597: The Zondo Commission, senior SARS official Vlok Symington testified that he had effectively been "held hostage" in the SARS offices by Moyane's bodyguard and Hawks officers, who wanted Symington to hand over a document which cast doubt on the legitimacy of the charges against Gordhan. The charges were withdrawn shortly afterwards. The Public Protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane also conducted several investigations into Gordhan's conduct at SARS and in 2019 recommended that he should be subject to disciplinary action in relation to Pillay's early retirement. The Pretoria High Court overturned

15147-550: The affluent and capitalist, the party also failed to appeal to its working class constituents. Populist rhetoric allowed the National Party to sweep eight constituencies in the mining and industrial centres of the Witwatersrand and five more in Pretoria . Barring the predominantly English-speaking landowner electorate of the Natal , the United Party was defeated in almost every rural district. Its urban losses in

15334-460: The aim of implementing the apartheid philosophy and silencing liberal opposition. When the National Party came to power in 1948, there were factional differences in the party about the implementation of systemic racial segregation. The " baasskap " (white domination or supremacist) faction, which was the dominant faction in the NP, and state institutions, favoured systematic segregation, but also favoured

15521-686: The amount of land Africans could hold. Similarly, in Natal , the Natal Legislative Assembly Bill of 1894 deprived Indians of the right to vote. In 1896 the South African Republic brought in two pass laws requiring Africans to carry a badge. Only those employed by a master were permitted to remain on the Rand , and those entering a "labour district" needed a special pass. During the Second Boer War ,

15708-404: The basis that there had been "at least reckless mismanagement" under his tenure which "ought not to be permitted to continue." In line with this recommendation, Ramaphosa fired Moyane on 1 November. Moyane later unsuccessfully challenged his dismissal and the commission's report in court. The final report was released in December and concluded that SARS had been subject to extreme mismanagement along

15895-572: The benefit of the illicit tobacco trade in particular. The Tobacco Institute of South Africa told Parliament that South Africa lost R27 billion in customs and excise revenue between 2014 and 2018, and total tax collections fell by about R90 billion between 2015 and 2018. On 12 October 2014, shortly after Moyane's appointment, the Sunday Times reported that one of the SARS investigative units had gone "rogue," and had broken into Zuma's home to plant listening devices. In subsequent articles, it published various other allegations about nefarious activities of

16082-520: The best such units in the South African government, was also restructured such that its independence was undermined. The Executive Committee of SARS had by the end of 2015 "been denuded of virtually all the management and skills that had existed when Mr Moyane arrived." An existing modernisation strategy was also suspended, pending a review which the commission found to have been valueless. Gordhan, then Minister of Finance and reportedly clashing with Moyane on several fronts, attempted unsuccessfully to block

16269-415: The black population to ten designated "tribal homelands", also known as bantustans , four of which became nominally independent states. The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans. Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of

16456-619: The borders of their homelands – hence this policy of separate development". Under the homelands system, blacks would no longer be citizens of South Africa, becoming citizens of the independent homelands who worked in South Africa as foreign migrant labourers on temporary work permits. In 1958 the Promotion of Black Self-Government Act was passed, and border industries and the Bantu Investment Corporation were established to promote economic development and

16643-495: The cabinet and the SARS board. Former Commissioners are: November 2018 (fired) July 2009 (permanent) Apartheid This is an accepted version of this page Apartheid ( / ə ˈ p ɑːr t ( h ) aɪ t / ə- PART -(h)yte , especially South African English :  / ə ˈ p ɑːr t ( h ) eɪ t / ə- PART -(h)ayt , Afrikaans : [aˈpart(ɦ)ɛit] ; transl.  "separateness" , lit.   ' aparthood ' )

16830-501: The capture of the Treasury. In his February 2018 State of the Nation address, newly elected President Cyril Ramaphosa committed to "stabilise and strengthen" SARS, and to restore its credibility. He said that, at the request of the Minister of Finance Malusi Gigaba , he would institute a commission of inquiry into the situation at SARS. A month later, on 19 March 2018, he suspended Moyane pending disciplinary proceedings, writing in

17017-520: The charges were declared unlawful on a technicality. The presiding judge also expressed a belief that the charges had been the result of a political conspiracy against Zuma. Although this judgement was later overturned by the appellate court, the Zuma-aligned ANC National Executive , as elected at the Polokwane conference, immediately "recalled" Mbeki, asking him to resign as national president. Mbeki, seeking to avoid

17204-574: The common voters' roll in the Cape to a new Coloured voters' roll. Immediately after the vote, the Senate was restored to its original size. The Senate Act was contested in the Supreme Court, but the recently enlarged Appeal Court, packed with government-supporting judges, upheld the act, and also the Act to remove Coloured voters. The 1956 law allowed Coloureds to elect four people to Parliament, but

17391-525: The conviction of Zuma's associate, Schabir Shaik , for making underhanded payments to Zuma in relation to the Arms Deal. Mbeki told a joint sitting of Parliament that "in the interest of the honourable Deputy President, the government, our young democratic system and our country, it would be best to release the honourable Jacob Zuma from his responsibilities". Zuma also resigned as a member of Parliament. His successor as deputy president of South Africa

17578-408: The corruption trial would endanger public stability if it went ahead, although there were reports that support for Zuma had caused a rift within the SACP. While Zuma's political strength was at least partly based on his relationships within intra-party politics and Mbeki's lack of popularity with the left wing, he also had a large Zulu support base, and one analyst argued that his supporters' loyalty

17765-603: The course of the Nugent Commission ( see below ), which ran in 2018, and the Zondo Commission , which has been ongoing since 2018. Soon after Moyane was appointed in September 2014, Bain & Company was contracted to review and later to restructure SARS. The Nugent Commission ultimately found that the procurement process had been "manipulated" in Bain's favour. Bain representatives had met several times with Moyane and with President Zuma himself prior to submitting

17952-532: The disenfranchised. Before South Africa became a republic in 1961, politics among white South Africans was typified by the division between the mainly Afrikaner pro-republic conservative and the largely English anti-republican liberal sentiments, with the legacy of the Boer War still a factor for some people. Once South Africa became a republic, Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd called for improved relations and greater accord between people of British descent and

18139-553: The effects of the United Party's policies. The commission concluded that integration would bring about a "loss of personality" for all racial groups. The HNP incorporated the commission's findings into its campaign platform for the 1948 South African general election , which it won. South Africa had allowed social custom and law to govern the consideration of multiracial affairs and of the allocation, in racial terms, of access to economic, social, and political status. Most white South Africans, regardless of their own differences, accepted

18326-527: The elections, with Mandela elected president and Mbeki his deputy, but lost KwaZulu-Natal to the IFP. Zuma became a member of the executive council (MEC) for economic affairs and tourism in KwaZulu-Natal. In December 1994, he was elected ANC provincial chairperson for KwaZulu-Natal, and at the ANC's 1994 elective conference he was elected national chairperson, beating Pallo Jordan and Jeff Radebe by

18513-400: The elements of governance one by one. This was more than mere mismanagement. It was seizing control of SARS as if it was his to have... [T]he organisational structure of SARS, that provided oversight, was pulled apart. Dissent was stamped out by instilling distrust and fear. Accountability to other state authorities was defied. Capacity for investigating corruption was disabled. – Report of

18700-408: The entire tax system. In particular, in 1997, the commission recommended that the two agencies responsible for revenue collection at the time – the Department of Inland Revenue and the Customs and Excise Department – should be amalgamated into a single entity and fundamentally reformed. This led to the passage of the SARS Act and the establishment of SARS on 1 October 1997. Following the retirement of

18887-523: The favourite to win the presidency and became the ANC's presidential candidate in the 2009 elections . While the ANC was extremely likely to win regardless of its candidate, there were reports that Zuma's support base and left-wing alliances unnerved international and domestic investors. On 18 December 2007, at the ANC's 52nd National Conference in Polokwane, Limpopo , Zuma was elected ANC president, beating Mbeki with 2,329 votes to 1,505. Just over

19074-508: The first SARS Commissioner, Trevor van Heerden, in late 1999, van Heerden's deputy Pravin Gordhan was appointed Commissioner. Gordhan is the longest-serving Commissioner to date, having held the role from November 1999 to May 2009, and by the end of his tenure SARS was widely acclaimed as a "success story" or "model public institution." During this period, SARS substantially improved revenue collections and tax compliance, establishing an effective tax bureaucracy. Between 1998 and 2002, for example,

19261-726: The first pieces of segregating legislation enacted by Smuts' government was the Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946) , which banned land sales to Indians and Indian descendent South Africans. The same year, the government established the Fagan Commission . Amid fears integration would eventually lead to racial assimilation, the Opposition Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) established the Sauer Commission to investigate

19448-483: The full report. He also maintained that he had "performed sterlingly" at SARS and that his removal had been "orchestrated" by Gordhan, with whom he had an acrimonious relationship and who he claimed was racist towards him. By contrast, another witness at the Zondo Commission – the former SARS group executive – suggested that Moyane had been appointed precisely in order to undermine SARS's efforts to counteract illicit trade, organised crime, and tax evasion. Others have implied

19635-441: The high rate of turnover since 2014 – in April 2021, he told Parliament that more than 2,000 employees had left SARS since 2014. According to Kieswetter, state capture "traumatised" the organisation and its employees. However, SARS has re-established its Large Business Centre, Compliance Unit, and other key units; and taxpayer compliance improved by 26% in the 2020/21 financial year. On 1 July 2020, SARS completed its transition to

19822-465: The highest status, followed by Indians , Coloureds and black Africans , in that order. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day, particularly inequality . Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into petty apartheid , which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and grand apartheid , which strictly separated housing and employment opportunities by race. The first apartheid law

20009-424: The homeland structure as one of its cornerstones. Verwoerd came to believe in the granting of independence to these homelands. The government justified its plans on the ostensible basis that "(the) government's policy is, therefore, not a policy of discrimination on the grounds of race or colour, but a policy of differentiation on the ground of nationhood, of different nations, granting to each self-determination within

20196-412: The homeland system, the government attempted to divide South Africa and South West Africa into a number of separate states, each of which was supposed to develop into a separate nation-state for a different ethnic group. Territorial separation was hardly a new institution. There were, for example, the "reserves" created under the British government in the nineteenth century. Under apartheid, 13 percent of

20383-508: The homelands and the problems which other countries faced through entry of illegal immigrants. Bantustans within the borders of South Africa and South West Africa were classified by degree of nominal self-rule: 6 were "non-self-governing", 10 were "self-governing", and 4 were "independent". In theory, self-governing Bantustans had control over many aspects of their internal functioning but were not yet sovereign nations. Independent Bantustans (Transkei, Bophutatswana, Venda and Ciskei; also known as

20570-482: The immigration of blacks from other countries. To reside in a city, blacks had to be in employment there. Until 1956 women were for the most part excluded from these pass requirements, as attempts to introduce pass laws for women were met with fierce resistance. In 1950, D. F. Malan announced the NP's intention to create a Coloured Affairs Department. J.G. Strijdom , Malan's successor as prime minister, moved to strip voting rights from black and Coloured residents of

20757-496: The indictment earlier served on Shaik. However, the NPA was unprepared to serve the final indictment and filed an application for postponement. On 20 September 2006, the Pietermaritzburg High Court dismissed the application, and when the NPA indicated that it was not prepared to proceed with the trial, the matter was stricken off. In December 2005, Zuma was charged with raping a 31-year-old woman, known to

20944-455: The inquiry found that Magashula's conduct had endangered SARS's reputation and that Magashula had been dishonest during the course of the proceedings. Magashula resigned, apologising for the "inappropriate conversation," which he said had been "banter" and did not reflect any intention to subvert proper recruitment processes. It was later alleged, in 2016, that the conversation had been illegally recorded by crime intelligence operatives. Following

21131-467: The intelligence department. Zuma was also a member of the South African Communist Party (SACP). He joined in 1963, served briefly on the party's Politburo , and left in 1990. After the ANC was unbanned in February 1990, Zuma returned to South Africa on 21 March to begin the negotiations process. He was one of the first ANC leaders to return to South Africa for negotiations. Later that year, he

21318-417: The interests of Zuma and his cronies over those of the country," and by a subsequent commission of inquiry as having "considered SARS to be his personal fiefdom, whose money he could spend in his own interests." By 2016, SARS was being implicated in developing allegations about state capture under the Zuma presidency. In February of that year, amaBhungane published a story about an initiative to restructure

21505-446: The key Large Business Centre at SARS. It reported that the restructuring was destabilising SARS and might have been "a deliberate attempt by Moyane’s 'new guard' to give themselves undue influence." The journalists were subsequently sued by Moyane and acting chief operations officer Jonas Makwakwa, both in a personal capacity and on behalf of SARS, and both for defamation and for unlawfully disclosing taxpayer information in contravention of

21692-454: The land was reserved for black homelands, a small amount relative to its total population, and generally in economically unproductive areas of the country. The Tomlinson Commission of 1954 justified apartheid and the homeland system, but stated that additional land ought to be given to the homelands, a recommendation that was not carried out. When Verwoerd became prime minister in 1958, the policy of "separate development" came into being, with

21879-404: The last two of which included several sub-classifications. Places of residence were determined by racial classification. Between 1960 and 1983, 3.5 million black Africans were removed from their homes and forced into segregated neighbourhoods as a result of apartheid legislation, in some of the largest mass evictions in modern history. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict

22066-674: The legislative program: the South Africa Act (1910) enfranchised White people, giving them complete political control over all other racial groups while removing the right of Black people to sit in parliament; the Native Land Act (1913) prevented Black people, except those in the Cape, from buying land outside "reserves"; the Natives in Urban Areas Bill (1918) was designed to force Black people into "locations";

22253-405: The lines discussed above, amounting to what it called a "catastrophe." Among the commission's recommendations were that: On the involvement of Bain & Company, Nugent acknowledged that Bain had unconditionally paid back about R217 million to cover the value of the contract with interest, and that there was no evidence that Bain headquarters was complicit in the scheme. However, he also emphasised

22440-2532: The long term. A third faction, which included Hendrik Verwoerd , sympathised with the purists, but allowed for the use of black labour, while implementing the purist goal of vertical separation. Verwoerd would refer to this policy as a policy of "good neighbourliness" as a means of justifying such segregation. Glen Grey Act (1894) Natal Legislative Assembly Bill (1894) Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act (1906) South Africa Act (1909) Mines and Works Act (1911) Natives Land Act (1913) Natives (Urban Areas) Act (1923) Immorality Act (1927) Native Administration Act (1927) Women's Enfranchisement Act (1930) Franchise Laws Amendment Act (1931) Representation of Natives Act (1936) Native Trust and Land Act (1936) Native (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act (1945) Immorality Amendment Act † (1950) Population Registration Act (1950) Group Areas Act (1950) Suppression of Communism Act (1950) Native Building Workers Act (1951) Separate Representation of Voters Act (1951) Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act (1951) Bantu Authorities Act (1951) Native Laws Amendment Act † (1952) Pass Laws Act (1952) Public Safety Act (1953) Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act (1953) Bantu Education Act (1953) Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953) Natives Resettlement Act (1954) Group Areas Development Act (1955) Riotous Assemblies Act (1956) Industrial Conciliation Act (1956) Natives (Prohibition of Interdicts) Act (1956) Immorality Act (1957) Bantu Investment Corporation Act (1959) Extension of University Education Act (1959) Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act (1959) Unlawful Organizations Act (1960) Indemnity Act (1961) Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act (1961) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act (1961) Urban Bantu Councils Act (1961) General Law Amendment Act (1963) Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act (1968) Prohibition of Political Interference Act (1968) Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act (1970) Bantu Homelands Constitution Act (1971) Aliens Control Act (1973) Indemnity Act (1977) National Key Points Act (1980) List of National Key Points Internal Security Act (1982) Black Local Authorities Act (1982) Interim Constitution (1993) Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act (1995) NP leaders argued that South Africa did not comprise

22627-501: The mounting tensions of the Cold War also stirred up discontent, while the nationalists promised to purge the state and public service of communist sympathisers. First to desert the United Party were Afrikaner farmers, who wished to see a change in influx control due to problems with squatters, as well as higher prices for their maize and other produce in the face of the mineowners' demand for cheap food policies. Always identified with

22814-625: The nation's most populous province, the Transvaal , proved equally devastating. As the voting system was disproportionately weighted in favour of rural constituencies and the Transvaal in particular, the 1948 election catapulted the Herenigde Nasionale Party from a small minority party to a commanding position with an eight-vote parliamentary lead. Daniel François Malan became the first nationalist prime minister, with

23001-518: The new focus on RET during his February 2017 State of the Nation address. Later that year, he explained that RET had been adopted as ANC policy and therefore as government policy, and defined it as a "fundamental change in the structures, systems, institutions and patterns of ownership and control of the economy, in favour of all South Africans, especially the poor". The RET policy was controversial, and some critics claimed that it had popular political appeal but lacked substance. Others claimed that it

23188-497: The number of individuals registered for tax purposes increased by 43% and the number of companies registered by 40%, while progressive reforms enabled the tax system to contribute to the government's redistributive programme. A 2014 benchmarking review by the International Monetary Fund found that SARS conformed to good international practice in 15 of 27 indicators and performed only slightly worse than that on

23375-487: The number of judges in the Appeal Court from five to 11, and appointed pro-Nationalist judges to fill the new places. In the same year they introduced the Senate Act, which increased the Senate from 49 seats to 89. Adjustments were made such that the NP controlled 77 of these seats. The parliament met in a joint sitting and passed the Separate Representation of Voters Act in 1956, which transferred Coloured voters from

23562-731: The office of the presidency which was chaired by Minister Trevor Manuel . It was responsible for developing the National Development Plan , which was adopted by Zuma's cabinet in 2012. Other major initiatives included the Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme, which was launched in 2011 amid electricity generation shortfalls at state energy utility Eskom , and a R4-trillion National Infrastructure Plan launched in 2012. Zuma expressed support for expanding South Africa's nuclear power programme , particularly for

23749-568: The organisation had fallen under the influence of Western liberals. Many Afrikaners resented what they perceived as disempowerment by an underpaid black workforce and the superior economic power and prosperity of white English speakers. Smuts, as a strong advocate of the United Nations , lost domestic support when South Africa was criticised for its colour bar and the continued mandate of South West Africa by other UN member states. Afrikaner nationalists proclaimed that they offered

23936-463: The other 12 indicators, overall a "world class" performance. In May 2009, Gordhan was appointed Minister of Finance and replaced at SARS by Oupa Magashula. In March 2013, however, a recording was leaked to the media of part of a phone call in which Magashula improperly offered a top SARS job to a young female chartered accountant. Gordhan appointed a fact-finding inquiry, led by Zak Yacoob and Muzi Sikhakhane, to investigate possible misconduct. In July,

24123-478: The parent corporation's responsibility for the activities of its local offices, and chastised Bain representatives – both from headquarters and from the South African office – for failing to cooperate adequately with the inquiry. Moyane declined to appear before the Nugent Commission but responded to its report in May 2021 at the Zondo Commission. He called the findings "preposterous," though he said that he had never read

24310-483: The participation of black Africans in the economy with black labour controlled to advance the economic gains of Afrikaners. A second faction were the "purists", who believed in "vertical segregation", in which blacks and whites would be entirely separated, with blacks living in native reserves, with separate political and economic structures, which, they believed, would entail severe short-term pain, but would also lead to independence of white South Africa from black labour in

24497-405: The party. However, by April 2007 it was clear that Mbeki intended to run for a third term as ANC president. Even though he was prohibited by the Constitution from standing again for the national presidency, the ANC lacks internal term limits. Zuma gained the support of five of the nine provincial ANC branches when they nominated candidates at their provincial congresses in late 2007. He became

24684-464: The prevailing pattern. Nevertheless, by 1948 it remained apparent that there were gaps in the social structure, whether legislated or otherwise, concerning the rights and opportunities of nonwhites. The rapid economic development of World War II attracted black migrant workers in large numbers to chief industrial centres, where they compensated for the wartime shortage of white labour. However, this escalated rate of black urbanisation went unrecognised by

24871-431: The provision of employment in or near the homelands. Many black South Africans who had never resided in their identified homeland were forcibly removed from the cities to the homelands. The vision of a South Africa divided into multiple ethnostates appealed to the reform-minded Afrikaner intelligentsia, and it provided a more coherent philosophical and moral framework for the National Party's policies, while also providing

25058-506: The public by the pseudonym Khwezi. The incident allegedly occurred on 2 November 2005 at Zuma's home in Forest Town, Johannesburg . When the trial began on 6 March 2006, Zuma pleaded not guilty, claiming that he and Khwezi had consensual sex. He was acquitted on 8 May 2006 following a highly publicised trial. Zuma's admission was controversial, as he stated that he had not used a condom while having sex with Khwezi, despite knowing she

25245-506: The rape trial, Zuma and his supporters complained of a concerted media plot to discredit him and harm his political career. In March, he appointed a legal team, including former Conservative Party politician Jurg Prinsloo and advocate Wycliffe Mothuloe, to fight his "crucifixion by the media". Among his targets was the Sowetan, whom he told that the media, at the instruction of Ngcuka of the NPA and former Justice Minister Penuell Maduna ,

25432-555: The recommendation, finding that the relevant part of Mkhwebane's report was "vague, contradictory and/or nonsensical." The attention of law enforcement to Gordhan is largely believed to have been politically motivated – Zuma fired Gordhan from the Finance Ministry in March 2017 – and Gordhan later told the Zondo Commission that he believed that Moyane had pursued the criminal charges against him as part of an effort to facilitate

25619-430: The regulation of oil, gas, and minerals resources. Furthermore, Zuma announced a proposal to increase black economic empowerment ownership requirements in mines. In 2017, Zuma advanced a proposal for the introduction of a national minimum wage . Zuma was attentive to land reform issues throughout his second term, but from 2017 he emphasised his support for land expropriation without compensation. While opening

25806-663: The restructuring in 2016, raising concerns about its likely effects on the agency's capacity. He has said that, in the same year, he asked Zuma to fire Moyane, on the basis that his and Moyane's working relationship had broken down. Among the detrimental consequences of the restructuring later identified by the Nugent Commission were that non-compliance became easier; that some 200 managers were displaced from their former positions and often relegated to less meaningful roles; that SARS's relationship with other state institutions, and its international reputation, suffered; and that SARS's measures to counter criminality were "rendered ineffective," to

25993-715: The right to vote for the Coloured Persons Representative Council , which had limited legislative powers. The council was in turn dissolved in 1980. In 1984 a new constitution introduced the Tricameral Parliament in which coloured voters elected the House of Representatives . A 2016 study in The Journal of Politics suggests that disenfranchisement in South Africa had a significant negative effect on basic service delivery to

26180-575: The rogue unit allegations, and intensified their investigation shortly before the 2016 Budget Speech, timing which Gordhan suggested was calculated to "intimidate and distract" him and the National Treasury . In October 2016, fraud charges were brought against Gordhan, Pillay, and Magashula, in relation to early retirement benefits paid to Pillay with the authorisation of Gordhan and Magashula in 2010 (before Pillay left retirement to rejoin SARS). At

26367-481: The rolls the few blacks still qualified to vote. The Bantu Investment Corporation Act of 1959 set up a mechanism to transfer capital to the homelands to create employment there. Legislation of 1967 allowed the government to stop industrial development in "white" cities and redirect such development to the "homelands". The Black Homeland Citizenship Act of 1970 marked a new phase in the Bantustan strategy. It changed

26554-588: The same route... We believe that our positions as former liberation movements need to be consolidated." Despite tensions in later months, as Zuma and SADC attempted to nudge Mugabe towards democratic reforms, the Business Day reported that relations between the countries remained "cordial" throughout Zuma's presidency. South Africa hosted the 25th Summit of the AU in Johannesburg from 7 to 15 June 2015. It

26741-475: The same standards. In 2016, it announced in New York that it was withdrawing from the ICC, and Zuma's administration subsequently tabled legislation to effect the withdrawal. In a press conference on 5 December 2013, Zuma announced the death of Nelson Mandela, South Africa's first democratically elected president. The memorial took place on 10 December 2013 at FNB Stadium near Soweto . When Zuma entered

26928-476: The same year, the Representation of Natives Act removed previous Black voters from the Cape voters' roll and allowed them to elect three Whites to Parliament. The United Party government of Jan Smuts began to move away from the rigid enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II, but faced growing opposition from Afrikaner nationalists who wanted stricter segregation. Post-war, one of

27115-456: The same. The day after Moyane's suspension, long-time SARS employee Mark Kingon was appointed acting SARS Commissioner, and he continued to act in that role after Ramaphosa had dismissed Moyane permanently. On 1 May 2019, Edward Kieswetter was appointed SARS Commissioner for a term of five years. Kieswetter is the former SARS Deputy Commissioner and former chief executive officer of financial services provider Alexander Forbes , and his appointment

27302-521: The severing of ties with the UK and remained loyal to the Crown . They were displeased by having to choose between British and South African nationalities. Although Verwoerd tried to bond these different blocs, the subsequent voting illustrated only a minor swell of support, indicating that a great many English speakers remained apathetic and that Verwoerd had not succeeded in uniting the white population. Under

27489-486: The so-called rogue unit. On the basis of the allegations, Moyane disbanded both the unit and the SARS Executive Committee. The unit was also investigated by an independent panel chaired by Muzi Sikhakhane, which found in November 2014 that the unit had been established unlawfully. Moyane appointed KPMG at a cost of R23 million to perform investigations "focused on the conduct of" four employees cited in

27676-452: The stadium parts of the crowd booed him loudly. Ramaphosa and Archbishop Desmond Tutu called for discipline, with Ramaphosa telling the crowd in Zulu that the country could address its internal disagreements when foreign dignitaries were not present. Some South African commentators said that the crowd's actions were unexpected, and they were widely linked to the ongoing Nkandla scandal ,

27863-399: The status of blacks to citizens of one of the ten autonomous territories. The aim was to ensure a demographic majority of white people within South Africa by having all ten Bantustans achieve full independence. Inter-racial contact in sport was frowned upon, but there were no segregatory sports laws. The government tightened pass laws compelling blacks to carry identity documents, to prevent

28050-453: The suburbs of Durban as a child. His father, Nobhekisisa, was a policeman who died when Zuma was five, and his mother, Geinamazwi, was a domestic worker. His middle name, Gedleyihlekisa, means "one who smiles while causing you harm" in Zulu . He did not receive formal schooling. He has at least three brothers—Michael, Joseph, and Khanya —and at least one sister—Velephi. Michael Zuma

28237-523: The support of a left-wing coalition inside the ANC, which allowed him to remove Mbeki as ANC president in December 2007 at the ANC's Polokwane elective conference . Zuma was elected president of South Africa in the 2009 general election and took office on 9 May. The criminal charges against him were formally withdrawn the same week. As president, he launched the R4-trillion National Infrastructure Plan and signed

28424-478: The total value of the defamation lawsuits to at least R70 million, an unprecedented figure in South African law. Many of the suits were withdrawn or settled out of court. Rapport settled for R50,000 over a defamatory reader's letter, and the British Guardian newspaper also paid Zuma substantial damages over defamatory statements. As per party tradition, Zuma was in line to succeed Mbeki as head of

28611-582: The transition period between 1990 and 1994. Some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken, including allowing for Indian and Coloured political representation in parliament , but these measures failed to appease most activist groups. Between 1987 and 1993, the National Party entered into bilateral negotiations with the African National Congress (ANC), the leading anti-apartheid political movement, for ending segregation and introducing majority rule. In 1990, prominent ANC figures, such as Nelson Mandela , were released from prison. Apartheid legislation

28798-451: The unit while SARS Commissioner. The Daily Maverick reported that part of the KPMG report was copied and pasted from recommendations made by SARS's own legal team, and accused SARS and KPMG of conspiring against the unit and its members. Almost two years later in September 2017, KPMG withdrew the 2015 report, despite Moyane's objections, and apologised to Gordhan. Retired judge Frank Kroon of

28985-632: The voters a new policy to ensure continued white domination. This policy was initially expounded from a theory drafted by Hendrik Verwoerd and was presented to the National Party by the Sauer Commission . It called for a systematic effort to organise the relations, rights, and privileges of the races as officially defined through a series of parliamentary acts and administrative decrees. Segregation had thus far been pursued only in major matters, such as separate schools, and local society rather than law had been depended upon to enforce most separation; it should now be extended to everything. The commission's goal

29172-558: The worst journalism that has ever been perpetrated in this country." In December 2015, the Press Ombudsman found that its coverage of the rogue unit allegations had been "inaccurate, misleading and unfair," and the Times published an apology admitting to factual errors and other missteps. The Nugent Commission found that it had done "great damage to SARS and the people of South Africa." The Hawks investigated Gordhan in relation to

29359-489: Was HIV-positive and having been, as deputy president, the head of the National AIDS Council and Moral Regeneration Campaign. He told the court that he had taken a shower after the act, claiming that doing so reduced the risk of HIV transmission . The South African comic strip Madam & Eve , and political cartoonist Zapiro , repeatedly lampooned Zuma for his testimony, and Zuma now always appears under

29546-519: Was Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka , Ngcuka's wife. Mlambo-Ngcuka had been minister of minerals and energy since 1999. Her appointment was booed publicly atANC rallies by Zuma supporters, including at a Women's Day event in Utrecht , KwaZulu-Natal. Soon after Zuma's dismissal, the NPA announced its intention to instate formal corruption charges against him. He was served with a provisional indictment on fraud and corruption charges in November 2005, mirroring

29733-402: Was formalised by Parliament on 6 May, and he was sworn in as president of South Africa on 9 May 2009. As president and therefore a member of cabinet, Zuma was required by the government's ethics code to declare his financial interests within 60 days of taking office. In March 2010, nine months after taking office, South African media reported that he had failed to do so. Opposition parties and

29920-518: Was a referee for prisoners association football games, organised by the prisoners own governing body, Makana F.A. After his release from prison, Zuma re-established ANC underground structures in Natal. He left South Africa in 1975 and was initially based in Swaziland where he met Thabo Mbeki . In Mozambique, he dealt with the arrival of thousands of exiles seeking military training in the wake of

30107-523: Was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia ) from 1948 to the early 1990s. It was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap ( lit. 'boss-ship' or 'boss-hood'), which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation's minority white population . Under this minoritarian system, white citizens held

30294-564: Was accused by Moe Shaik and Mac Maharaj of having been an apartheid spy, an accusation later dismissed by the specially appointed Hefer Commission. Zuma laid a misconduct complaint against Ngcuka with the Public Protector , Lawrence Mushwana , who in May 2004 found that Ngcuka's statement to the media had been "unfair and improper". Mbeki and Zuma were both re-elected in the 2004 general election , but on 14 June 2005, Mbeki removed Zuma from his post as deputy president following

30481-507: Was allotted its own area, which was used in later years as a basis of forced removal. The Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act of 1951 allowed the government to demolish black shanty town slums and forced white employers to pay for the construction of housing for those black workers who were permitted to reside in cities otherwise reserved for whites. The Native Laws Amendment Act, 1952 centralised and tightened pass laws so that blacks could not stay in urban areas longer than 72 hours without

30668-516: Was appointed as ANC Chief Representative in Mozambique. In December 1986, the South African government requested that Mozambican authorities expel six senior members of the ANC, including Zuma. He was forced to leave Mozambique in January 1987, so he moved to the ANC headquarters in Lusaka , Zambia, where he was appointed Head of the ANC's underground structures, and shortly afterward was named chief of

30855-550: Was attended by Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir , then a fugitive from the International Criminal Court (ICC), which sought to prosecute him on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity . South Africa was a signatory to the Rome Statute , which obliged it to arrest al-Bashir, but instead granted him diplomatic immunity while he attended the summit. While the matter was being adjudicated by

31042-607: Was beset by controversy, especially during his second term. In 2014, the Public Protector found that Zuma had improperly benefited from state expenditure on upgrades to his Nkandla homestead , and in 2016, the Constitutional Court ruled that Zuma had failed to uphold the Constitution, leading to calls for his resignation and a failed impeachment attempt in the National Assembly . By early 2016, there were also widespread allegations, later investigated by

31229-543: Was controversial, with elements of the ruling alliance calling for a tougher stance against Mugabe and the ruling ZANU–PF . In a 2006 interview with Der Spiegel , Zuma had supported quiet diplomacy and said of Mugabe: The Europeans often ignore the fact that Mugabe is very popular among Africans... The people love him. So how can we condemn him? Many in Africa believe that there is a racist aspect to European and American criticism of Mugabe. Millions of blacks died in Angola,

31416-635: Was criticised for deviating in its stance on certain foreign regimes, especially in its attitudes towards international intervention in civil conflicts . It voted in favour of Resolution 1970 and Resolution 1973 but condemned their use by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) as the basis for military intervention in Libya . It also voted in favour of a 2012 resolution calling for Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to step down, but established friendly relations with

31603-533: Was declared unlawful by the Supreme Court of Appeal, but it allowed the Department of Correctional Services to consider whether to deduct the time spent under it from his sentence. On 11 August 2023, the Department of Correctional Services granted Zuma remission of his 15-month sentence. Zuma was born in Nkandla , Natal Province (now part of the province of KwaZulu-Natal ), and often moved around Natal and

31790-424: Was elected unopposed as the ANC's Southern Natal Chairperson. Zuma, as a Zulu , became known as a leading peace broker in Natal during the political violence of this period that was concentrated in that province, and arose largely from conflict between nationalist supporters of the then Xhosa -dominated ANC and supporters of the Zulu nationalist Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). He is also credited with having expanded

31977-457: Was employed by Khumbula Property Services, a construction company, and in 2011 admitted to using his elder brother Jacob's political status to secure a government contract for the company in exchange for a homestead in Nkandla. Zuma began engaging in anti- apartheid politics at an early age and joined the ANC in 1959. He became an active member of uMkhonto we Sizwe in 1962, two years after

32164-492: Was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848, which introduced an indenture system for Xhosa that was little different from slavery. The various South African colonies passed legislation throughout the rest of the 19th century to limit the freedom of unskilled workers, to increase the restrictions on indentured workers and to regulate the relations between the races. The discoveries of diamonds and gold in South Africa also raised racial inequality between White people and Black people. In

32351-459: Was highly plausible that Moyane's response to the rogue unit allegations had been "the first step in ‘neutralising’ possible detractors" within SARS, and Nugent said that, regardless of the source of the original allegations, SARS had used them "opportunistically." The report of the KPMG investigation was submitted to Moyane in December 2015, and recommended that Gordhan, then the Minister of Finance, should be investigated for his role in establishing

32538-428: Was in part adopted from "left-over" British rule that separated different racial groups after they took control of the Boer republics in the Anglo-Boer war . This created the black-only " townships " or "locations", where blacks were relocated to their own towns. As the NP government's minister of native affairs from 1950, Hendrik Verwoerd had a significant role in crafting such laws, which led to him being regarded as

32725-447: Was inaugurated as national president, citing apparent evidence of prosecutorial misconduct in the so-called spy tapes . In March 2009, Shaik was controversially released from prison on medical parole , just over two years into his 15-year sentence. Earlier the same week, Zuma had said publicly that as national president he would pardon Shaik on medical grounds, and denied having played any role in Shaik's release. Shaik had applied for

32912-577: Was marked by immense income inequality and by a long history of tax avoidance , which had been used as a means of protest against the colonial and apartheid governments. Moreover, under apartheid, various bantustans were governed by separate tax administrations. In 1994, the first post-apartheid government instituted the Katz Commission to review the tax structure in South Africa, with an eye to modernising it in line with international best practice and improving its equity and efficiency. The commission, which ran between 1994 and 1999, recommended an overhaul of

33099-471: Was partially rooted in a traditionalist Zulu loyalty. Zuma's supporters publicly expressed the view that his dismissal and prosecution were the result of a political conspiracy by Mbeki, who they said had sought to oust Zuma to entrench their dominance in the ANC. Zuma's court appearances on the corruption charges drew large crowds of supporters (on one estimate, up to 10,000 at a time), who, on one occasion, burned T-shirts with Mbeki's picture on them, which

33286-399: Was recommended by an independent selection panel chaired by former Finance Minister Trevor Manuel . Since 2019, Kieswetter has spoken publicly about his efforts to rebuild the agency's capacity and reputation following the "massive failure in governance and integrity" within SARS between 2014 and 2018. He has cited as residual obstacles internal opposition to reform, low employee morale, and

33473-434: Was repealed on 17 June 1991, leading to multiracial elections in April 1994 . Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning "separateness", or "the state of being apart", literally " apart - hood " (from the Afrikaans suffix -heid ). Its first recorded use was in 1929. Racial discrimination and inequality against Black people in South Africa dates to the beginning of large-scale European colonisation of South Africa with

33660-411: Was replaced by Ramaphosa the next day. Shortly after his resignation, on 16 March 2018, the National Prosecuting Authority announced that it would reinstate corruption charges against Zuma in relation to the 1999 Arms Deal. He pleaded not guilty on 26 May 2021, but the trial was not scheduled to take place until early 2023. The trial has since been set for April 2025. In a separate matter, in June 2021,

33847-457: Was the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949 , followed closely by the Immorality Amendment Act of 1950, which made it illegal for most South African citizens to marry or pursue sexual relationships across racial lines . The Population Registration Act, 1950 classified all South Africans into one of four racial groups based on appearance, known ancestry, socioeconomic status, and cultural lifestyle: "Black", "White", "Coloured", and "Indian",

34034-420: Was the chief mediator in the Burundi peace process, in which he worked with Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni , who chaired the Great Lakes Regional Initiative, a grouping of regional presidents overseeing the peace process in Burundi. In late 2002, the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) announced that Zuma was one of several ANC politicians under investigation by the Scorpions for corruption related to

34221-426: Was the deputy president of South Africa from 1999 to 2005 under President Thabo Mbeki , Nelson Mandela 's successor. Mbeki dismissed Zuma on 14 June 2005 after Zuma's financial adviser, Schabir Shaik , was convicted of making corrupt payments to Zuma in connection with the Arms Deal . Zuma was charged with corruption and was also acquitted on rape charges in the highly publicised 2006 trial . He managed to retain

34408-434: Was to Angola , where he sought to improve relations with the government of President José Eduardo dos Santos , who had had a tense relationship with Mbeki. His government's foreign policy emphasised the developmental objectives of African and Global South countries with a focus on economic diplomacy . It was also characterised by a pivot towards the BRIC , especially China. In December 2010, South Africa became

34595-405: Was to completely remove blacks from areas designated for whites, including cities, with the exception of temporary migrant labour. Blacks would then be encouraged to create their own political units in land reserved for them. The party gave this policy a name –  apartheid . Apartheid was to be the basic ideological and practical foundation of Afrikaner politics for the next quarter of

34782-477: Was trying to "crucify" him. The newspaper had printed the interview under the headline "I'm like Christ – Zuma". In June and July 2006, Zuma filed a series of defamation lawsuits against various South African media outlets for publishing content that allegedly besmirched his public profile in the form of cartoons, commentary, photos and parody pieces. The defendants included the Star (sued for R20 million), Rapport (R10 million), Highveld Stereo (R7 million),

34969-436: Was used to defend "rent-seeking practices" and the influence of the Gupta family on Zuma's administration. Zuma claimed that critics of his politics were agents of " white monopoly capital ". Zuma was inaugurated in South Africa at the height of the 2008 global financial crisis and amid South Africa's first recession since the end of apartheid. Upon taking office, he established the National Planning Commission under

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