29-610: Other parties (17) South Holland is a local government district of Lincolnshire , England. The council is based in Spalding . Other notable towns and villages include Crowland , Sutton Bridge , Donington , Holbeach and Long Sutton . The district is named after the historical division of Lincolnshire known as the Parts of Holland . The neighbouring districts are Boston , North Kesteven , South Kesteven , Peterborough , Fenland and King's Lynn and West Norfolk . The district
58-581: A directional antenna system at nighttime to help reduce co-channel interference to each other's signals. In the United States , there are six "Local Channel" frequencies, also known as "graveyarders" where nearly every station on those frequencies has the same power and antenna pattern both day and night and, as a result of skywave propagation, there is normally massive co-channel interference in rural areas on these frequencies, often making it difficult, if not impossible, to understand what's being said on
87-566: A small number of households in the southern tip of the district are able to receive BBC East and ITV Anglia . Radio stations for the area are: 52°45′N 0°09′W / 52.75°N 0.15°W / 52.75; -0.15 Non-metropolitan district Non-metropolitan districts , or colloquially " shire districts ", are a type of local government district in England. As created, they are sub-divisions of non-metropolitan counties (colloquially shire counties ) in
116-576: A two-tier arrangement. Non-metropolitan districts with borough status are known as boroughs , able to appoint a mayor and refer to itself as a borough council. Some shire counties now have no sub divisions so are a single Non-metropolitan district such as Cornwall. Typically a district will consist of a market town and its more rural hinterland. However districts are diverse with some being mostly urban such as Dartford, and others more polycentric such as Thurrock. Non-metropolitan districts are subdivisions of English non-metropolitan counties which have
145-461: A two-tier structure of local government. Two-tier non-metropolitan counties have a county council and several districts, each with a borough or district council. In these cases local government functions are divided between county and district councils, to the level where they can be practised most efficiently: Many districts have borough status , which means the local council is called a borough council instead of district council and gives them
174-658: A unitary authority or those that transferred from one county to another, including those that changed name. Nor does it include unitary authorities that have been abolished ( Bournemouth and Poole ). Co-channel interference Co-channel interference or CCI is crosstalk from two different radio transmitters using the same channel . Co-channel interference can be caused by many factors from weather conditions to administrative and design issues. Co-channel interference may be controlled by various radio resource management schemes. In cellular mobile communication ( GSM & LTE Systems, for instance), frequency spectrum
203-408: Is a precious resource which is divided into non-overlapping spectrum bands which are assigned to different cells (In cellular communications, a cell refers to the hexagonal/circular area around the base station antenna). However, after certain geographical distance, these frequency bands are re-used, i.e. the same spectrum bands are reassigned to other distant cells. The co-channel interference arises in
232-856: Is allocated, signals propagate full-time via groundwave and, at nighttime, via skywave as well. This means that during the nighttime hours, co-channel interference exists on many AM radio frequencies due to the medium waves reflecting off the ionosphere and being bounced back down to earth. In the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Bahamas , there are international agreements on certain frequencies which allocate " clear-channel " broadcasting for certain stations to either have their respective frequencies to themselves at night, or to share their respective frequencies with other stations located over hundreds or even thousands of miles away. On other frequencies, there are "Regional Channels" where most stations on these frequencies either reduce power or change to
261-547: Is most commonly observed over high pressure regions and may affect radio signals for several hours to several days. The phenomenon is commonly referred to as anomalous propagation and is more likely in hot, dry weather in late summer. Poor planning of frequencies by broadcasters can cause CCI, although this is rare. A very localised example is Listowel in the south-west of Ireland . The 2RN UHF television transmitter systems in Listowel and Knockmoyle (near Tralee ) are on
290-627: Is the principal cause of overcrowding on the AM band at night. A new source of interference on the AM broadcast band is the new digital broadcast system called HD, any AM station that broadcasts HD superimposes digital "hash" on its adjacent channels. This is especially apparent at night as some stations, for example WBZ transmits its 30 kHz wide signal for hundreds of miles at night causing documented interference and covering another station on an adjoining frequency (WYSL 1040) as far as 400 miles away. In addition, many AM stations, including but not limited to
319-729: Is the responsibility of the South Holland Internal Drainage Board and the Environment Agency . In terms of television, the area is served by BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and ITV Yorkshire broadcast from the Belmont transmitter. BBC East Midlands and ITV Central can also be received from the Waltham TV transmitter. With the co-channel interference from the Waltham transmitter,
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#1732776286457348-604: The District Councils' Network , special interest group which sits within the Local Government Association . The network's purpose is to "act as an informed and representative advocate for districts to government and other national bodies, based on their unique position to deliver for local people." This is a list of two-tier non-metropolitan counties and their districts. All unitary authorities are also non-metropolitan districts, which, with
377-513: The Ontario shore of Lake Erie, as well as Woodstock 's CIHR-FM (on rare occasions), which is also on 104.7 FM, due to the signals traveling very far across Lake Erie . The interference to WIOT from the operation of W284BQ, translator, has been resolved by the FCC. Effective October 18, 2011, it must cease operation. In the medium frequency portion of the radio spectrum where most AM broadcasting
406-914: The VHF band within mountainous regions and urban areas due to signals bouncing off of mountains, buildings, and other structures, except that the groundwave-skywave cancellation occurs almost exclusively at nighttime when skywave propagation is present. Even with frequency planning, bleeding of signals from adjacent bands can lead to interference . This can impair passive remote sensing used for environmental monitoring , such as by weather satellites . The advent of 5G may significantly increase deleterious effects on satellites which would impair numerical weather prediction performance, resulting in substantially adverse economic and public safety impacts. Due to such concerns, US Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross and NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine in February 2019 urged
435-821: The "Independent Group". The next election is due in 2027. The council is based at the Council Offices on Priory Road in Spalding. The original building had been completed in 1954 for the Spalding Rural District Council, one of the modern council's predecessors. A large extension was added in front of the original building in 1991. Since the last boundary changes in 2007 the council has comprised 37 councillors representing 18 wards , with each ward electing one, two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years. Landmarks from top left to bottom right: There were 76,512 residents in
464-481: The "South and East Lincolnshire Councils Partnership" which shares management and other staff. South Holland District Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Lincolnshire County Council . Much of the district is also covered by civil parishes , which form a third tier of local government. The town of Spalding is an unparished area . The council has been under Conservative majority control since 2003. The first election to
493-454: The areas for Wales and England had been enacted separately and there were no Welsh metropolitan areas, the term 'non-metropolitan district' does not apply to Wales. A similar system existed in Scotland , which in 1975 was divided into regions and districts, this was also abolished in 1996 and replaced with a fully unitary system . In England most of the district councils are represented by
522-558: The cellular mobile networks owing to this phenomenon of frequency reuse . Thus, besides the intended signal from within the cell, signals at the same frequencies (co-channel signals) arrive at the receiver from the undesired transmitters located (far away) in some other cells and lead to deterioration in receiver performance. For FM, vertical layering of moisture content and temperature in the atmosphere ( inversion layers ) can occasionally cause signals to travel hundreds or thousands of kilometres further than usual. An inversion layer (or duct)
551-417: The clear channel-stations, often experience cancellation of their own signals within the inner and outer fringes of their normal groundwave coverage areas at nighttime due to the stations' individual skywave signals reaching the listeners' receivers at or near equal strength to the stations' individual groundwave signals; this phenomenon is very similar to the multipath interference experienced on FM Radio in
580-524: The council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows: The leaders of the council since 2003 have been: Following the 2023 election and a by-election in November 2023, the composition of the council was: The South Holland Independents and independent councillors sit together as
609-473: The district at the 2001 census. The median age was nearly 43. 82.6% of people in the district claimed to adhere to a Christian religion – the highest proportion of any district in the East Midlands . The 2011 census reports 88,270 people at 1.2 per hectare in 37,264 households. Much of the district is low-lying and highly fertile agricultural land which is protected from flooding by land drainage. This
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#1732776286457638-487: The exception of those of Berkshire , are coterminous with non-metropolitan counties. For a full list of districts of all types including unitary authorities, metropolitan districts and London boroughs , see Districts of England . This is a list of former two-tier districts in England which have been abolished, by local government reorganisations such as the 2009 structural changes to local government in England . It does not include districts that still exist after becoming
667-407: The nearest local station on the respective channel, or the other distant stations which are bouncing on the same channel, during the nighttime hours. Skywave has been used for long distance AM radio reception since radio's inception and should not be construed as a negative aspect of AM radio. FCC deregulation allowed many new AM radio stations on the former clear and regional channel designations; this
696-565: The right to appoint a mayor . Borough status is granted by royal charter and, in many cases, continues a style enjoyed by a predecessor authority, which can date back centuries. Some districts such as Oxford or Exeter have city status , granted by letters patent , but this does not give the local council any extra powers other than the right to call itself a city council . By 1899, England had been divided at district level into rural districts , urban districts , municipal boroughs , county boroughs and metropolitan boroughs . This system
725-453: The same frequencies but with opposite polarisation. However, in some outskirts of Listowel town, both transmitters can be picked up causing heavy CCI. This problem forces residents in these areas to use alternative transmitters to receive RTÉ programming. In many populated areas, there just isn't much room in the radio spectrum. Stations will be jam-packed in, sometimes to the point that one can hear loud and clear two, three, or more stations on
754-715: The same frequency, at once. In the USA, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) propagation models used to space stations on the same frequency are not always accurate in prediction of signals and interference. An example of this situation is in some parts of Fayetteville, Arkansas the local 99.5 FM KAKS is displaced by KXBL 99.5 FM in Tulsa, Oklahoma particularly on the west side of significant hills. Another example would be of Ashtabula 's WKKY 104.7 having interference from Toledo 's WIOT 104.7 FM on
783-526: The two-tier structure, but reforms in the 1990s and 2009 reduced their number to 192. A further 55 non-metropolitan districts are now unitary authorities, which combine the functions of county and borough/district councils. In Wales , an almost identical two-tier system of local government existed between 1974 and 1996 (see Districts of Wales ). In 1996, this was abolished and replaced with an entirely unitary system of local government, with one level of local government responsible for all local services. Since
812-691: Was abolished by the London Government Act 1963 and the Local Government Act 1972 . Non-metropolitan districts were created by this act in 1974 when England outside Greater London was divided into metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties. Metropolitan counties were sub-divided into metropolitan districts and the non-metropolitan counties were sub-divided into non-metropolitan districts. The metropolitan districts had more powers than their non-metropolitan counterparts. Initially, there were 296 non-metropolitan districts in
841-493: Was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 . It covered the area of three former districts from the administrative county of Holland , which were all abolished at the same time: The new district was named South Holland referencing its position within Holland, one of the three historic parts of Lincolnshire . In 2021 the district council joined East Lindsey District Council and Boston Borough Council in
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