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119-621: Having moved in 2009 to South Hadley from Ireland, Phoebe Prince was taunted and bullied for several weeks by at least two groups of students at South Hadley High School, following disputes with two girls in late December 2009. On January 14, 2010, three students engaged in persistent taunting and harassment of Prince. Prince subsequently died by suicide by hanging herself in the family apartment. After her death, many crude comments about her were posted on her Facebook memorial page, most of which were removed. Other parents subsequently stated that bullying of their children had been completely ignored by

238-587: A US$ 1 billion suit was filed against the company alleging that it permitted Hamas to use it to perform assaults that cost the lives of four people. Facebook released its blueprints of Surround 360 camera on GitHub under an open-source license . In September, it won an Emmy for its animated short "Henry". In October, Facebook announced a fee-based communications tool called Workplace that aims to "connect everyone" at work. Users can create profiles, see updates from co-workers on their news feed, stream live videos and participate in secure group chats. Following

357-589: A 1.6% share of Facebook for $ 240 million ($ 353 million in 2023 dollars ), giving Facebook a total implied value of around $ 15 billion ($ 22 billion in 2023 dollars ). Microsoft's purchase included rights to place international advertisements. In May 2007, at the first f8 developers conference, Facebook announced the launch of the Facebook Developer Platform , providing a framework for software developers to create applications that interact with core Facebook features . By

476-697: A German social network that was alleged to be visually and functionally similar to Facebook. In October 2008, Facebook announced that its international headquarters would locate in Dublin , Ireland. A January 2009 Compete.com study ranked Facebook the most used social networking service by worldwide monthly active users . China blocked Facebook in 2009 following the Ürümqi riots . In 2009, Yuri Milner 's DST (which later split into DST Global and Mail.ru Group ), alongside Uzbek Russian metals magnate Alisher Usmanov , invested $ 200 million in Facebook when it

595-485: A PR firm that had originally been hired to monitor press coverage of the company to address concerns primarily regarding Russian meddling , then mishandling of user data by Cambridge Analytica , hate speech on Facebook, and calls for regulation. Company spokesman Tim Miller stated that a goal for tech firms should be to "have positive content pushed out about your company and negative content that's being pushed out about your competitor". Definers claimed that George Soros

714-606: A Q&A session at Tsinghua University in Beijing , China , on October 23, where he attempted to converse in Mandarin. Zuckerberg hosted visiting Chinese politician Lu Wei , known as the "Internet czar" for his influence in China's online policy, on December 8. As of 2015 , Facebook's algorithm was revised in an attempt to filter out false or misleading content, such as fake news stories and hoaxes. It relied on users who flag

833-408: A U-shaped, curvilinear relationship between the amount of time spent on digital media and with risk of depression developing, at both the low and high ends of Internet use. According to research by Flinders University, social media use correlates with eating disorders. The study found eating disorders in 52% of girls and 45% of boys, from a group of 1,000 participants who used social media. Through

952-556: A currency to fit in at school and make their life presentable enough to be assumed as attractive, interesting, or likable just off their feed. Jonathan Haidt , a social psychologist and author, has done extensive research on the true hold social media not only has on people, but especially teens and young adults. Over 80% of high school students use social media "constantly" or on a daily basis. Girls are heavier users on visually oriented platforms which invites comparison with other girls. This competitiveness can cause anxiety and depression and

1071-484: A dating platform, end-to-end encryption on its platforms, and allowing users on Messenger to communicate directly with WhatsApp and Instagram users. On July 31, 2019, Facebook announced a partnership with University of California, San Francisco to build a non-invasive, wearable device that lets people type by simply imagining themselves talking. On August 13, 2019, it was revealed that Facebook had enlisted hundreds of contractors to create and obtain transcripts of

1190-459: A disorder. From an anthropological lens, addiction to social media is a socially constructed concept that has been medicalized because this behavior does not align with behavior accepted by certain hegemonic social groups. It is important to consider that disapproval of using social media for too long could also be related to capitalism, reduction in productivity of employees when people constantly scroll, and difficulty governing populations because of

1309-486: A double tick highlights the reception of the message therefore the sender is consciously aware that the receiver has likely seen the message. The receiver would equally feel pressure to respond fast for fear of violating the sender's expectation. Since both sides know the working mechanics of the Last Seen and Read Receipt features, social pressure in the speed of response is created. The effect of this has been linked to

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1428-535: A lack in perseverance. Students are having a harder time controlling their attention because of how fast their phone can change from topic to topic. They are being exposed to addictive stimuli which allows the brain to be better at skimming through information rather than understanding it Having social media as a tool to assist education also creates platforms for wider communication and information sharing, for example teachers, which encourages interaction and socialisation. Social media's influence and impact on education

1547-541: A more fulfilling and physically healthy lifestyle, due to the ability to communicate and stay in touch with people they would have physically not been able to see. Social media has been shown to impact many elements of society and our day to day lives, however a more recent development has been one relating to education. When it comes to schools with limited resources, social media has been able to enrich learning environments by creating an easily accessible pool of information for learning and education. An example of this being

1666-463: A much higher impact with social media restriction if they began with higher levels of depression. In many ways, older generations are affected by social media in different areas to teens and young adults. Social media plays an integral role in the daily lives of middle aged adults, especially in regards to their career and communication. Studies have suggested that many individuals feel that smartphones are vital for their career planning and success, but

1785-614: A non-substance-related disorder, resulting in preoccupation and compulsion to engage excessively in social media platforms despite negative consequences. Problematic social media use is associated with various psychological and physiological effects, such as anxiety and depression in children and young people. A 2022 meta-analysis showed moderate and significant associations between problematic social media use in youth and increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Another meta-analysis in 2019, investigating Facebook use and symptoms of depression, also showed an association, with

1904-634: A person's dependence to social media: In addition to Andreassen's factors, Griffiths further explains that someone is addicted to social media if their behaviour fulfills any of these six criteria: He continues to add that excessive use of an activity, like social media, does not directly equate with addiction because there are other factors that could lead to someone's social media addiction including personality traits and pre-existing tendencies. Turel and Serenko summarize three types of general models people might have that can lead to addictive social media use: Based on those models, Xu and Tan suggest that

2023-450: A pressure to connect with family and friends via social media becomes an issue. This is reinforced by further studies suggesting that middle aged people feel more isolated and lonely due to the use of social media, to the extent of diagnosis of anxiety and depression with excessive use. Similarly to teens and young adults, comparisons to others is often the reason for negative mental impacts amongst middle aged individuals. Surveys suggest that

2142-409: A pressure to perform and feelings of inferiority due to observing others lives through social media has caused depression and anxiety amongst middle class individuals specifically.   However, older generations do reap the benefits of the rise of social media. The feelings of loneliness and isolation have decreased in elderly individuals who use social media to connect to others, ultimately leading to

2261-646: A psychology professor at Florida State University, 1 in 3 women responded that they edit their pictures to change their weight and shape before posting a picture to Instagram. A similar study in Australia and New Zealand found 52% of girls ages 13 to 14 with a social media account were very likely to have eating disorders like skipping a meal or over-exercising. These various studies found that teenage girls who viewed their retouched photo and compared that to their untouched photo directly harmed their body image. Although this happens amongst various age groups and genders it

2380-408: A radical Islamist imam believed to be the mastermind behind the 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings , preached on a pro- ISIL Facebook account, known as "Al-Ghuraba" media. On May 2, 2019, at F8, the company announced its new vision with the tagline "the future is private". A redesign of the website and mobile app was introduced, dubbed as "FB5". The event also featured plans for improving groups,

2499-403: A satisfying closure. The endless nature of social media platforms affects this effect as they prevent the user from "finishing" the scrolling thereby developing a subconscious desire to continue and "finish" the task. The Ovsiankina effect is similar as it suggests there is a tendency to pick up an unfinished or interrupted action. The "brief, fast-paced give and take" of social media subverts

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2618-436: A share price of US$ 38 ($ 50.00 in 2023 dollars ). The company was valued at $ 104 billion ($ 138 billion in 2023 dollars ), the largest valuation to that date. The IPO raised $ 16 billion ($ 21.2 billion in 2023 dollars ), the third-largest in U.S. history, after Visa Inc. in 2008 and AT&T Wireless in 2000. Based on its 2012 income of $ 5 billion ($ 6.64 billion in 2023 dollars ), Facebook joined

2737-405: A six-month cycle, Facebook committed to work with ten to 15 data-driven startups there. On April 18, Facebook announced the beta launch of Facebook Spaces at its annual F8 developer conference. Facebook Spaces is a virtual reality version of Facebook for Oculus VR goggles. In a virtual and shared space, users can access a curated selection of 360-degree photos and videos using their avatar, with

2856-479: A small effect size. In a 2018 systematic review and meta-analysis, problematic Facebook use was shown to have negative effects on well-being in adolescents and young adults, and psychological distress was also found with problematic use. Frequent social media use was shown in a cohort study of 15- and 16-year-olds to have an association with self-reported symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder followed up over two years. A 2016 technological report by

2975-449: A social comparison orientation between the tested contribution; however, their self-esteem and length of time on Facebook were found to have a negative link. For females, social comparison was the primary factor in the relationship between self-esteem and Facebook use: "females with low self-esteem seem to spend more time on Facebook in order to compare themselves to others and possibly increase their self-esteem since social comparison serves

3094-427: A social or performance situation. Many people with social anxiety go to the internet as an escape from reality, so they often withdraw from in-person communication and feel most comfortable with online communication. People usually act differently on social media than they do in person, resulting in many activities and social groups being different when using social media. Thus, social media can worsen anxiety through

3213-521: A story accordingly. Facebook maintained that satirical content should not be intercepted. The algorithm was accused of maintaining a " filter bubble ", where material the user disagrees with and posts with few likes would be deprioritized. In November, Facebook extended paternity leave from 4 weeks to 4 months. On April 12, 2016, Zuckerberg outlined his 10-year vision, which rested on three main pillars: artificial intelligence , increased global connectivity, and virtual and augmented reality . In July,

3332-407: A study done on 1,464 random users on Twitter, 64% of those people were depressed, while the majority of depressed users were between 11 and 20. The study was associated with a lack of confidence due to stigma for those who were depressed. Out of the 64% that were depressed, over 90% of them were extremely low in profile images and shared media. Moreover, the study also found a strong correlation between

3451-849: A subsidiary named Lianshu Science & Technology in Hangzhou City , China, with $ 30 million ($ 36.4 million in 2023 dollars ) of capital. All its shares are held by Facebook Hong. Approval of the registration of the subsidiary was then withdrawn, due to a disagreement between officials in Zhejiang province and the Cyberspace Administration of China . On July 26, Facebook became the first company to lose over $ 100 billion ($ 121 billion in 2023 dollars ) worth of market capitalization in one day, dropping from nearly $ 630 billion to $ 510 billion after disappointing sales reports. On July 31, Facebook said that

3570-417: A testing app that controlled the number of likes the photo would initially receive prior to testing. The result found adolescents were more likely to endorse both risky and neutral photos if they had more likes. Furthermore, the study suggested that adolescents were more inclined to perceive a qualitative effect of the photos depending on the strength of peer endorsement. Whilst "quantifiable social endorsement

3689-463: A vicious cycle in trying to obtain an unachievable standard Social media addiction from an anthropological lens Studies done to explore the negative effects of social media have not produced any definitive findings. Addiction to social media remains a controversial topic despite these mixed results and is not recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as

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3808-597: A website he shared with his classmates. A " face book " is a student directory featuring photos and personal information. In 2003, Harvard had only a paper version along with private online directories. Zuckerberg told The Harvard Crimson , "Everyone's been talking a lot about a universal face book within Harvard. ... I think it's kind of silly that it would take the University a couple of years to get around to it. I can do it better than they can, and I can do it in

3927-511: A week." In January 2004, Zuckerberg coded a new website, known as "TheFacebook", inspired by a Crimson editorial about Facemash, stating, "It is clear that the technology needed to create a centralized Website is readily available ... the benefits are many." Zuckerberg met with Harvard student Eduardo Saverin , and each of them agreed to invest $ 1,000 ($ 1,613 in 2023 dollars ) in the site. On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched "TheFacebook", originally located at thefacebook.com. Six days after

4046-420: Is a relatively new phenomenon," this study is suggestive of the effects the "Like" option as a social cue has on adolescents. Another study looking at different types, three modalities (social interaction, simulation, and search for relations), and two genders (male and female) assessed whether self-esteem contributed to Facebook use in the context of a social comparison variable. Males were found to have less of

4165-401: Is another example of social media's problematic features. It is a social cue that visually represents the social validation the user either gives or receives. One study explored the quantifiable and qualitative effects the "Like" button had on social endorsement. The study asked 39 adolescents to submit their own Instagram photos alongside neutral and risky photos which were then reproduced into

4284-478: Is associated with social media might be what psychologists call displacement – which means what teenagers are not doing during time that's displaced by social media. This includes mental health-boosting activities such as exercise, sleep and developing talents. Although many studies have found a relationship between loneliness and problematic social media use among young adults, a recent systematic review has observed that this relationship collapses when loneliness

4403-490: Is further compounded by the mere exposure the user has to the respective platforms. This exposure effect suggests that repeated exposure to a distinct stimulus by the user will condition the user into an enhanced or improved attitude toward it. With social media, repetitive exposure to the platforms improves the user's attitude towards them. The advertising industry has recognised this potential but rarely used it due to their belief in an inherent conflict between overexposure and

4522-808: Is needed to clarify the relationship between these variables. A 2017 review article noted the "cultural norm" among adolescents of being always on or connected to social media, remarking that this reflects young people's "need to belong" and stay up-to-date and that this perpetuates a " fear of missing out ". Other motivations include information seeking and identity formation , as well as voyeurism and cyber-stalking. For some individuals, social media can become "the single most important activity that they engage in". This can be related to Maslow's hierarchy of needs , with basic human needs often met by social media. Positive-outcome expectations and limited self-control of social media use can develop into "addictive" social media use. Further problematic use may occur when social media

4641-453: Is observed longitudinally, or when considered contextually (i.e., across the individual's life contexts) or when other psychological factors are included in the mediation model. Furthermore, Pezzi and colleagues pointed out that beyond loneliness (which has been summatively considered by the literature to date), no other solitary experience has been investigated in relation to problematic social media use in young adults. In fact, further research

4760-631: Is problematic, they still struggle to develop evidence-based recommendations on how they would go about offering potential solutions to this issue. Because social media is constantly evolving, researchers also struggle with whether the disorder of problematic social media use would be considered a separate clinical entity or a manifestation of underlying psychiatric disorders. These disorders can be diagnosed when an individual engages in online content/conversations rather than pursuing other interests. While there exists no official diagnostic term or measurement, problematic social media use can be conceptualized as

4879-401: Is referred to as the endowment effect. The more time a person spends curating their social media presence, the more difficult it is for them to give up social media as they have placed an emotional value on this virtual existence higher than its actual value. The user is more prone to loss aversion from this endowment. As a result, they are less willing to stop their use of social media. This

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4998-520: Is something that will continue to become more evident as not only technology and social media advances, but how accessible that technology becomes. Currently, no diagnosis exists for problematic social media use in either the ICD-11 or DSM-5 . There are many ways that an addiction to social media can be expressed in individuals. According to clinical psychologist Cecilie Schou Andreassen and her colleagues, there are five potential factors that indicate

5117-456: Is still being actively studied and researched, but there is some evidence that suggests a possible link between problematic social media use and neurobiological aspects. There are six key mechanisms attributed to the addictive nature of social media and messaging platforms. To attract maximum user attention, app developers distort time by affecting the ' flow ' of content when scrolling. This distortion makes it difficult for users to recognise

5236-417: Is used to cope with psychological stress , or a perceived inability to cope with life demands. Cultural anthropologist Natasha Dow Schüll noted parallels to the gambling industry inherent to the design of various social media sites, with "'ludic loops' or repeated cycles of uncertainty, anticipation and feedback" potentially contributing to problematic social media use. Another factor directly facilitating

5355-461: The 2016 U.S. presidential election , Facebook announced that it would combat fake news by using fact checkers from sites like FactCheck.org and Associated Press (AP), making reporting hoaxes easier through crowdsourcing, and disrupting financial incentives for abusers. On January 17, 2017, Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg planned to open Station F, a startup incubator campus in Paris , France . On

5474-926: The Fortune 500 list for the first time in May 2013, ranked 462. The shares set a first-day record for trading volume of an IPO (460 million shares). The IPO was controversial given the immediate price declines that followed, and was the subject of lawsuits, while SEC and FINRA both launched investigations. Zuckerberg announced at the start of October 2012 that Facebook had one billion monthly active users, including 600 million mobile users, 219 billion photo uploads and 140 billion friend connections. On October 1, 2012, Zuckerberg visited Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev in Moscow to stimulate social media innovation in Russia and to boost Facebook's position in

5593-603: The Huffington Post reported that Facebook's PR agency had paid someone to tweak Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg 's Misplaced Pages page, as well as adding a page for the global head of PR, Caryn Marooney. In March 2019, the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand used Facebook to stream live footage of the attack as it unfolded. Facebook took 29 minutes to detect the livestreamed video, which

5712-1058: The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale to rate their self-esteem based on their social media usage found that participants that used Facebook tended to rate themselves more poorly on their general self-esteem. Social media sites such as Instagram may exacerbate feelings of insufficiency and isolation as users engage in social comparison. This lowered self-esteem is due to a variety of factors including but not limited to objectification, body image stereotypes, and more that has been projected from current culture into social media. Studies have shown that ideal body stereotypes start as early as 3 years old. Objectification theory has suggested that continual objectification of women's bodies has led to self-objectification. This leads to viewing themselves from an observer perspective - leading to more body surveillance, body image disturbance, and eventually further issues such as eating disorders, anxiety, and depression. Another reason why depression

5831-479: The United States . This new application allows users to integrate their Instagram posts in their dating profile. Problematic social media use Experts from many different fields have conducted research and held debates about how using social media affects mental health . Research suggests that mental health issues arising from social media use affect women more than men and vary according to

5950-458: The face book directories often given to American university students. Membership was initially limited to Harvard students, gradually expanding to other North American universities. Since 2006, Facebook allows everyone to register from 13 years old, except in the case of a handful of nations, where the age limit is 14 years. As of December 2022 , Facebook claimed almost 3 billion monthly active users. As of October 2023, Facebook ranked as

6069-486: The second annual f8 developers conference on July 23, 2008, the number of applications on the platform had grown to 33,000, and the number of registered developers had exceeded 400,000. The website won awards such as placement into the "Top 100 Classic Websites" by PC Magazine in 2007, and winning the "People's Voice Award" from the Webby Awards in 2008. In early 2008, Facebook became EBITDA profitable, but

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6188-744: The third-most-visited website in the world , with 22.56% of its traffic coming from the United States. It was the most downloaded mobile app of the 2010s. Facebook can be accessed from devices with Internet connectivity, such as personal computers , tablets and smartphones . After registering, users can create a profile revealing personal information about themselves. They can post text, photos and multimedia which are shared with any other users who have agreed to be their friend or, with different privacy settings , publicly. Users can also communicate directly with each other with Messenger , join common-interest groups, and receive notifications on

6307-436: The "Last Seen" feature contributed to the expectation of a fast response. This feature serves as an "automatic approximation of availability" thereby denoting a time frame by which the sender is aware the receiver will reply in and similarly a time frame the receiver must reply in without causing tensions to their relationship. This was further seen in the "Read Receipt" (in the form of ticks) feature on WhatsApp. The nudge of

6426-428: The "Like" and react options. Facebook's personalization mechanics are so precise they are capable of tracking the mood of their users. The overall effect of this is that it creates "highly interesting, personalized websites" tailored to each user which in turn leads to more time online and further increases the chances of the user developing an addictive or problematic behaviour with social media. The "Like" mechanism

6545-520: The American Academy of Pediatrics, benefits and concerns where identified in relation to adolescent mental health and social media use. It showed that the amount of time spent on social media is not the key factor but rather how time is spent. Declines in well-being and life satisfaction were found in older adolescents who passively consumed social media; however, these were not shown in those who were more actively engaged. The report also found

6664-730: The Digital Forensic Research Lab Facebook partners with the Atlantic Council , a NATO -affiliated think tank. In November, Facebook launched smart displays branded Portal and Portal Plus (Portal+). They support Amazon 's Alexa (intelligent personal assistant service). The devices include video chat function with Facebook Messenger. In August 2018, a lawsuit was filed in Oakland, California claiming that Facebook created fake accounts in order to inflate its user data and appeal to advertisers in

6783-522: The Russian market. On January 15, 2013, Facebook announced Facebook Graph Search , which provides users with a "precise answer", rather than a link to an answer by leveraging data present on its site. Facebook emphasized that the feature would be "privacy-aware", returning results only from content already shared with the user. On April 3, 2013, Facebook unveiled Facebook Home , a user-interface layer for Android devices offering greater integration with

6902-472: The United Kingdom, a study of 1,479 people between 14 and 24 years old compared the psychological benefits and deficits of the five largest social media platforms: Facebook , Instagram , Snapchat , Twitter , and YouTube . Negative effects of smartphone use include "phubbing," which is snubbing someone by checking one's smartphone in the middle of a real-life conversation. The study was used to check

7021-460: The United States and Canada . In mid-2004, Napster co-founder and entrepreneur Sean Parker —an informal advisor to Zuckerberg—became company president. In June 2004, the company moved to Palo Alto, California . Sean Parker called Reid Hoffman to fund Facebook. However, Reid Hoffman was too busy launching LinkedIn so he set Facebook up with PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel , who gave Facebook its first investment later that month. In 2005,

7140-543: The acquisition of FB.com one of the ten highest domain sales in history. In February 2011, Facebook announced plans to move its headquarters to the former Sun Microsystems campus in Menlo Park, California. In March 2011, it was reported that Facebook was removing about 20,000 profiles daily for violations such as spam , graphic content and underage use, as part of its efforts to boost cyber security . Statistics showed that Facebook reached one trillion page views in

7259-687: The activities of their Facebook friends and the pages they follow. The subject of numerous controversies , Facebook has often been criticized over issues such as user privacy (as with the Cambridge Analytica data scandal ), political manipulation (as with the 2016 U.S. elections ) and mass surveillance. Facebook has also been subject to criticism over psychological effects such as addiction and low self-esteem , and various controversies over content such as fake news , conspiracy theories , copyright infringement , and hate speech . Commentators have accused Facebook of willingly facilitating

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7378-591: The addictive nature of the features as it offers a possible explanation for frequent checking for notifications. Furthermore, it has also been suggested to undermine well-being . Google is the first tech firm to adopt the personalization of user content. The company does this by tracking: "search history, click history, location on Google and on other websites, language search query, choice of web browser and operating system, social connections, and time taken to make search decisions." Facebook similarly adopted this method in their recording of user endorsement through

7497-414: The audio messages of users. This was especially common of Facebook Messenger, where the contractors frequently listened to and transcribed voice messages of users. After this was first reported on by Bloomberg News , Facebook released a statement confirming the report to be true, but also stated that the monitoring program was now suspended. On September 5, 2019, Facebook launched Facebook Dating in

7616-416: The company dropped "the" from its name after purchasing the domain name Facebook.com for US$ 200,000 ($ 312,012 in 2023 dollars ). The domain had belonged to AboutFace Corporation. In May 2005, Accel Partners invested $ 12.7 million ($ 19.8 million in 2023 dollars ) in Facebook, and Jim Breyer added $ 1 million ($ 1.56 million in 2023 dollars ) of his own money. A high-school version of

7735-545: The company had deleted 17 accounts related to the 2018 U.S. midterm elections . On September 19, Facebook announced that, for news distribution outside the United States, it would work with U.S. funded democracy promotion organizations, International Republican Institute and the National Democratic Institute , which are loosely affiliated with the Republican and Democratic parties. Through

7854-639: The constant social comparison and fear of missing out (FOMO). However, social media can also be a safe space wherein you can connect with others and build connections and support from online communities. Even though social media can satisfy personal communication needs, those who use it at higher rates are shown to have higher levels of psychological distress. Low self-esteem has generally had some sort of connection to serious mental health illnesses such as depression. some studies have been done to find if social media platforms have any sort of correlation to low self-esteem. One such study in which participants were given

7973-594: The content they consume. Harm caused to individuals through social media addiction is a social fact. Whether researchers can find evidence to support these claims is irrelevant if most people believe it is harmful, as this shared belief affects people in a material way. As much as excessive use of social media can take attention away from the person in front of you at dinner, it also connects people to loved ones, and maintains connections that would otherwise be severed due to distant Social media allows users to openly share their feelings, values, relationships, and thoughts. With

8092-507: The criteria for social media addiction today. Addictive social media use will look much like that of any other substance use disorder, including mood modification, salience, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, conflict, and relapse. In the digital age, it is common for adolescents to use their smartphones for entertainment purposes, education, news, and managing their daily life. Therefore, adolescents are further at risk for developing addictive behaviors and habits. Many medical experts have looked at

8211-430: The developing world. The company celebrated its 10th anniversary during the week of February 3, 2014. In January 2014, over one billion users connected via a mobile device. As of June, mobile accounted for 62% of advertising revenue, an increase of 21% from the previous year. By September Facebook's market capitalization had exceeded $ 200 billion ($ 257 billion in 2023 dollars ). Zuckerberg participated in

8330-554: The development of addiction to social media is the implicit attitude toward the IT artifact. Mark D. Griffiths , a chartered psychologist focusing on the field of behavioural addictions, also postulated in 2014 that social networking online may fulfill basic evolutionary drives in the wake of mass urbanization worldwide. The basic psychological needs of "secure, predictable community life that evolved over millions of years" remain unchanged, leading some to find online communities to cope with

8449-516: The direct and indirect associations of neuroticism, trait anxiety, and trait fear of missing out with phubbing via state fear of missing out and problematic Instagram use. A total number of 423 adolescents and emerging adults between the ages of 14 and 21 years old (53% female) participated in the study. The findings indicated that females had significantly higher scores of phubbing, fear of missing out, problematic Instagram use, trait anxiety, and neuroticism. Problematic social media use (PSMU) presented in

8568-517: The edge of the box. Following a campaign by 100 advocacy groups, Facebook agreed to update its policy on hate speech. The campaign highlighted content promoting domestic violence and sexual violence against women and led 15 advertisers to withdraw, including Nissan UK, House of Burlesque, and Nationwide UK. The company initially stated, "while it may be vulgar and offensive, distasteful content on its own does not violate our policies". It took action on May 29. On June 12, Facebook announced that it

8687-433: The extensive use of social media, adolescents are exposed to images of bodies that are unattainable, especially with the growing presence of photo-editing apps that allow you to alter the way that your body appears in a photo. Along with that is the normalization of cosmetic surgery which sets unrealistic beauty standards as well.This can, in turn, influence both the diet and exercise practices of adolescents as they try to fit

8806-462: The female gender and expression of depression, concluding that the female-to-male ratio is 2:1 for major depressive disorder. In 2018, Harvard University neurobiology research technician Trevor Haynes postulated that social media may stimulate the reward pathway in the brain. An ex- Facebook executive, Sean Parker , has also espoused this theory. Social media addiction may also have other neurobiological risk factors; understanding this addiction

8925-448: The function of self-enhancement and self-improvement.". As a result, females tend to be at a higher risk of developing problematic use of social media than males. In accordance with the individual traits being tested, the study highlights the tendency to socially compare and its relationship with self-esteem and the length of Facebook use. The Zeigarnik effect suggests the human brain will continue to pursue an unfinished task until

9044-472: The harassment Phoebe had reported to her ... the actions or inactions of some adults at the school are troublesome. In May 2011, the case was resolved, after agreements to plead guilty to lesser charges. Five of the defendants were placed on probation, with several also sentenced to community service. The charges against a male student were dropped at the request of the Prince family. Prince's mother settled with

9163-445: The law of familiarity. The more mere exposure a user has to a social media platform, the more they like to use it. This makes the act of removing social media problematic thereby highlighting the effect's contribution to social media's addictive nature. Social media has developed expectations of immediacy which then create social pressures. One study into the social pressures created by the instant messaging platform, WhatsApp , showed

9282-400: The length of time they spend on social media. Principles similar to Skinner's variable-ratio conditioning can be found with the intermittent release of rewarding reinforcement in an unpredictable stream of 'bad' content. This makes extinguishing behavioural conditioning difficult. Behavioural conditioning is also achieved via the 'auto-play' default of streaming platforms. The more absorbed

9401-438: The main cause to media addiction, but also the type of platform this media is being consumed on. Yes, the algorithm plays a significant role in what appears on your main screen for any platform, however. growing boys and girls do not fully understand the concept and circumstances they live in. They live in a world that can be broadcast at any point and follow them into school. They are at a disadvantage to almost need social media as

9520-471: The month of June 2011, making it the most visited website tracked by DoubleClick . According to a Nielsen study, Facebook had in 2011 become the second-most accessed website in the U.S. behind Google . In March 2012, Facebook announced App Center, a store selling applications that operate via the website. The store was to be available on iPhones , Android devices, and for mobile web users. Facebook's initial public offering came on May 17, 2012, at

9639-436: The most widely shared political content on Facebook. In May 2018 at F8 , the company announced it would offer its own dating service. Shares in competitor Match Group fell by 22%. Facebook Dating includes privacy features and friends are unable to view their friends' dating profile. In July, Facebook was charged £500,000 by UK watchdogs for failing to respond to data erasure requests. On July 18, Facebook established

9758-854: The new individualized way of life in some modern societies. According to Andreassen, empirical research indicates that addiction to social media is triggered by dispositional factors (such as personality, desires, and self-esteem), but specific socio-cultural and behavioural reinforcement factors remain to be investigated empirically. A secondary analysis of a large English cross-sectional survey of 12,866 13 to 16-year-olds published in Lancet found that mental health outcomes problematic use of social media platforms may be in part due to exposure to cyberbullying, as well as displacement in sleep architecture and physical exercise, especially in girls. Through cyberbullying and discrimination researchers have found that depression rates among teens have drastically increased. In

9877-532: The next-highest county, New York County (better known as Manhattan ), at roughly $ 110,000 a year ($ 145,986 in 2023 dollars ). Facebook joined Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) in October, as it launched. The A4AI is a coalition of public and private organizations that includes Google , Intel and Microsoft. Led by Sir Tim Berners-Lee , the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable to ease access in

9996-462: The particular social media platform used, although it does affect every age and gender demographic in different ways. Psychological or behavioural dependence on social media platforms can result in significant negative functions in individuals' daily lives. Studies show there are several negative effects that social media can have on individuals' mental health and overall well-being. While researchers have attempted to examine why and how social media

10115-442: The platform social media provides, users can freely express their emotions. However, social media may also be a platform for discrimination and cyberbullying . There is also a strong positive correlation between social anxiety and social media usage, and in particular between cyberostracism and social media disorder. Social anxiety is defined as having intense anxiety or fear of being judged, negatively evaluated, or rejected in

10234-466: The process. In January 2019, the 10-year challenge was started asking users to post a photograph of themselves from 10 years ago (2009) and a more recent photo. Criticized for its role in vaccine hesitancy , Facebook announced in March 2019 that it would provide users with "authoritative information" on the topic of vaccines. A study published in the journal Vaccine of advertisements posted in

10353-484: The satisfying closure which in turn creates a need to continue with the intent of producing a satisfying closure. Platforms consist of unfinished and interruptible mechanisms which affect both of these Effects. Whilst a mechanism of social media platforms, it is more clearly seen with Freemium games like Candy Crush Saga . Studies have shown differences in motivations and behavioural patterns among social media platforms, especially regarding their problematic use. In

10472-441: The scale of: "social support," "fear of missing out," "loneliness," "anxiety," "depression," "self-esteem," and "autonomy and self-acceptance." The conclusion of the study revealed that limiting social media usage on a mobile phone to 10 minutes per platform per day had a significant impact on well-being. Loneliness and depressive symptoms declined in the group that had limited social media usage. Students with depressive symptoms had

10591-450: The school administration. Massachusetts state lawmakers sped up efforts to pass anti-bullying legislation as a result. On March 29, 2010, two male and four female teenagers from South Hadley High School were indicted as adults on felony charges stemming from the incident, ranging from statutory rape, criminal harassment, stalking, juvenile delinquency, to assault with a deadly weapon. The district attorney directly contradicted claims by

10710-552: The school superintendent that school officials had been unaware of the bullying: Contrary to previously published reports, Phoebe's harassment was common knowledge to most of the South Hadley High School student body. The investigation has revealed that certain faculty, staff and administrators of the high school also were alerted to the harassment of Phoebe Prince before her death. Prior to Phoebe's death, her mother spoke with at least two school staff members about

10829-622: The site launched in September 2005. Eligibility expanded to include employees of several companies, including Apple Inc. and Microsoft . In May 2006, Facebook hired its first intern, Julie Zhuo . After a month, Zhuo was hired as a full-time engineer. On September 26, 2006, Facebook opened to everyone at least 13 years old with a valid email address . By late 2007, Facebook had 100,000 pages on which companies promoted themselves. Organization pages began rolling out in May 2009. On October 24, 2007, Microsoft announced that it had purchased

10948-635: The site launched, Harvard seniors Cameron Winklevoss , Tyler Winklevoss , and Divya Narendra accused Zuckerberg of intentionally misleading them into believing that he would help them build a social network called HarvardConnection.com . They claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to the Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation. They later sued Zuckerberg, settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares (worth $ 300 million at Facebook's IPO , or $ 398 million in 2023 dollars ). Membership

11067-489: The site. HTC announced HTC First , a phone with Home pre-loaded. On April 15, 2013, Facebook announced an alliance across 19 states with the National Association of Attorneys General, to provide teenagers and parents with information on tools to manage social networking profiles. On April 19 Facebook modified its logo to remove the faint blue line at the bottom of the "F" icon. The letter F moved closer to

11186-1018: The social media presence now evident from National Geographic and the BBC. A current theory being that this access creates a more equitable learning environment However, the ease at which we are able to access this information also poses problems relating to its validity, as well as the way in which it can be interpreted. Not all published media has transferable cultural relevance or meaning. However, to have access to publications, data and visuals allows for an element of contextualising to occur and this can be relevant pertaining to history and cross-culture based teaching. An example of media in this case being YouTube. Digital media has created an instant reward system for people to immediately get dopamine just by using their phone. In school, many teachers report that their students are unfocused and unmotivated. They spend their free time on social media and because of this are experiencing weaker critical thinking skills, impatience, and

11305-486: The spread of such content, as well as exaggerating its number of users to appeal to advertisers. Zuckerberg built a website called "Facemash" in 2003 while attending Harvard University . The site was comparable to Hot or Not and used "photos compiled from the online face books of nine Houses, placing two next to each other at a time and asking users to choose the 'hotter' person". Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours. The site

11424-457: The standard that their social media consumption has set for them. Instagram users who partake in looking for social media status and compare themselves to others tend to have an increase in negative various psychological effects including body image issues and eating disorders. According to a study that included 2,475 students by Madeline Dougherty (née Wick), PhD, a professor at Florida State University, and her doctoral advisor, Pamela Keel, PhD,

11543-536: The standard they are presenting One can evaluate their social media habits and behavior toward it to help determine if an addiction is present. Addictions are a certain type of impulse control disorder, which may lead one to lose track of time while using social media. For instance, one's psychological clock may run slower than usual, and the user's self-consciousness is compromised. Therefore, individuals may passively consume media for longer amounts of time. Psychologists estimate that as many as 5 to 10% of Americans meet

11662-533: The study that was invested also in the influences of demographics and Big Five personality dimensions on social media use motives; demographics and use motives on social media site preferences; and demographics, personality, popular social media sites, and social media use motives on PSMU. The study consisted of 1008 undergraduate students, between the age of 17 and 32 years old. Participants who preferred Instagram, Snapchat, and Facebook reported higher scores of problematic social media use. The study concluded that YouTube

11781-444: The support of the controller. Users can access their own photos and videos, along with media shared on their newsfeed. In September, Facebook announced it would spend up to US$ 1 billion on original shows for its Facebook Watch platform. On October 16, it acquired the anonymous compliment app tbh , announcing its intention to leave the app independent. In October 2017, Facebook expanded its work with Definers Public Affairs ,

11900-446: The survey and come up with a clear conclusion, saying that teenagers' excessive smartphone use has an impact on their behavior and even their mental health. If the excessive use of social media and the platforms encompassed therein have proven to cause mental health issues, eating disorders, and lowered self-esteem, and the use of such media has been shown to be addictive in some form or another, medically there should be an avenue to treat

12019-513: The third year in a row. The company announced 500 million users in July 2010. Half of the site's membership used Facebook daily, for an average of 34 minutes, while 150 million users accessed the site from mobile devices. A company representative called the milestone a "quiet revolution". In October 2010 groups were introduced. In November 2010, based on SecondMarket Inc. (an exchange for privately held companies' shares), Facebook's value

12138-466: The three months prior to that found that 54% of the anti-vaccine advertisements on Facebook were placed by just two organisations funded by well-known anti-vaccination activists. The Children's Health Defense / World Mercury Project chaired by Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Stop Mandatory Vaccination , run by campaigner Larry Cook, posted 54% of the advertisements. The ads often linked to commercial products, such as natural remedies and books. On March 14,

12257-501: The town of South Hadley in October 2010, in which she agreed not to sue or reveal details of the settlement. Facebook Facebook is a social media and social networking service owned by American technology conglomerate Meta . Created in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with four other Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz , and Chris Hughes , its name derives from

12376-439: The use of social media platforms, the addictive nature of these platforms should be addressed in a way to reduce or eradicate the health-related or mental related effects resulting. More studies need to be done, more funding has to be provided, and the addiction to such platforms should be seen as a true addiction and treated as such, and not simply discarded as a millennial issue. Not only is the amount of time spent on social media

12495-432: The use or excessive use of the media platforms. For example, a study involving 157 online learners showed that, on average, learners on massive open online courses spend half of their online time on YouTube and social media, and less than 2% of visited websites accounted for nearly 80% of their online time. The excessive use is causing underlying health conditions that in themselves are treatable, but if these issues stem from

12614-408: The viewer becomes, the more time distortion occurs, making it more difficult to stop watching. This is further coupled with minimal time to cancel the next stream thereby creating a false sense of urgency followed by an absorbing relief. Investing time in social media platforms generates an emotional attachment to the virtual setting the user creates. The user values this above its actual value, which

12733-619: Was $ 41 billion ($ 57.3 billion in 2023 dollars ). The company had slightly surpassed eBay to become the third largest American web company after Google and Amazon.com . On November 15, 2010, Facebook announced it had acquired the domain name fb.com from the American Farm Bureau Federation for an undisclosed amount. On January 11, 2011, the Farm Bureau disclosed $ 8.5 million ($ 11.5 million in 2023 dollars ) in "domain sales income", making

12852-480: Was conducted on 108 female and 35 male undergraduate students at the University of Pennsylvania . Prior to the study, participants were required to have Facebook , Instagram , and Snapchat accounts on an iPhone device. This study observed the student's well-being by sending a questionnaire at the start of the experiment, as well as at the end of every week. Students were asked questions about their well-being on

12971-457: Was eight minutes longer than it took police to arrest the gunman. About 1.3m copies of the video were blocked from Facebook but 300,000 copies were published and shared. Facebook has promised changes to its platform; spokesman Simon Dilner told Radio New Zealand that it could have done a better job. Several companies, including the ANZ and ASB banks, have stopped advertising on Facebook after the company

13090-449: Was found that this tends to have a greater effect on the younger age group of women. This relationship with social media and body image is fixable by consuming less "fitspiration" and understanding that the images that they see of are altered. Many social media influencers also have body dissatisfaction and pose as lifestyle content creators and influence you woman into believing they can look like them, when they themselves do not even meet

13209-444: Was initially restricted to students of Harvard College . Within a month, more than half the undergraduates had registered. Dustin Moskovitz , Andrew McCollum , and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help manage the growth of the website. In March 2004, Facebook expanded to Columbia , Stanford and Yale . It then became available to all Ivy League colleges, Boston University , NYU , MIT , and successively most universities in

13328-446: Was introducing clickable hashtags to help users follow trending discussions, or search what others are talking about on a topic. San Mateo County , California, became the top wage-earning county in the country after the fourth quarter of 2012 because of Facebook. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the average salary was 107% higher than the previous year, at $ 168,000 a year ($ 222,961 in 2023 dollars ), more than 50% higher than

13447-407: Was not cash flow positive yet. On July 20, 2008, Facebook introduced "Facebook Beta", a significant redesign of its user interface on selected networks. The Mini-Feed and Wall were consolidated, profiles were separated into tabbed sections, and an effort was made to create a cleaner look. Facebook began migrating users to the new version in September 2008. In July 2008, Facebook sued StudiVZ ,

13566-495: Was reportedly unaware at the time. In May 2009, Zuckerberg said of the $ 200 million Russian investment, "This investment is purely buffer for us. It is not something we needed to get to cash flow positive." In September 2009, Facebook became cash flow positive ahead of schedule after closing a roughly $ 200 million gap in operating profitability. In 2010, Facebook won the Crunchie "Best Overall Startup Or Product" award for

13685-421: Was sent to several campus group listservs , but was shut down a few days later by Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged with breaching security, violating copyrights and violating individual privacy. Ultimately, the charges were dropped. Zuckerberg expanded on this project that semester by creating a social study tool. He uploaded art images, each accompanied by a comments section, to

13804-453: Was the force behind what appeared to be a broad anti-Facebook movement, and created other negative media, along with America Rising , that was picked up by larger media organisations like Breitbart News . Facebook cut ties with the agency in late 2018, following public outcry over their association. Posts originating from the Facebook page of Breitbart News , a media organization previously affiliated with Cambridge Analytica, were among

13923-465: Was the only platform with a net positive rating based on 14 questions related to health and well-being, followed by Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat, and finally Instagram. Instagram had the lowest rating: it was identified as having some positive effects such as self-expression, self-identity, and community, but ultimately was outweighed by its negative effects on sleep, body image, and " fear of missing out ". A three-week study for limiting social media usage

14042-646: Was valued at $ 10 billion. A separate stake was also acquired by Usmanov's USM Holdings on another occasion. According to the New York Times in 2013, "Mr. Usmanov and other Russian investors at one point owned nearly 10 percent of Facebook, though precise details of their ownership stakes are difficult to assess." It was later revealed in 2017 by the Paradise Papers that lending by Russian state-backed VTB Bank and Gazprom 's investment vehicle partially financed these 2009 investments, although Milner

14161-618: Was widely condemned by the public. Following the attack, Facebook began blocking white nationalist , white supremacist , and white separatist content, saying that they could not be meaningfully separated. Previously, Facebook had only blocked overtly supremacist content. The older policy had been condemned by civil rights groups, who described these movements as functionally indistinct. Further bans were made in mid-April 2019, banning several British far-right organizations and associated individuals from Facebook, and also banning praise or support for them. NTJ 's member Moulavi Zahran Hashim,

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