Triangular trade or triangle trade is trade between three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. It has been used to offset trade imbalances between different regions.
65-651: South Parish is the historic name of a church at 292 State Street in Portsmouth, New Hampshire , in the United States . The church building, built in 1824–26, is one of the earliest examples of Classical Revival architecture in New England, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Now known as South Church or South Unitarian Universalist Church , the congregation
130-562: A petition to the state legislature and asked that it abolish slavery, in recognition of their war contributions and in keeping with the principles of the Revolution. The legislature tabled their petition. New Hampshire abolished slavery in 1857, by which time the institution was effectively extinct in the state. Thomas Jefferson 's 1807 embargo against American trade with Britain severely disrupted New England's trade with Canada , and several local businessmen went bankrupt. Portsmouth
195-463: A Greater Caribbean plantation complex. Historian Sean Kelley examines nineteenth-century "American slavers" because "the North American transatlantic slave trade before 1776 was, in essence, merely another branch of the carrying trade." During the seventeenth century, colonial charters and royal commissioners precluded earlier attempts to establish a New England carrying trade by, for example,
260-473: A female householder with no husband present, and 52.7% were non-families. 39.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03, and the average family size was 2.75. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.6% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
325-485: A fire hazard. As a result, the Portsmouth Housing Authority proposed the destruction of approximately 200 buildings, a school, and a church and redevelopment for commercial, industrial, and public use, rather than for residences. The project would displace approximately 300 families as a result. In 1968, Portsmouth Preservation Inc., a preservation organization was formed to attempt to save some of
390-657: A long symbiotic relationship with Kittery, Maine , across the Piscataqua River. In 1781–1782, the naval hero John Paul Jones lived in Portsmouth while he supervised construction of his ship Ranger , which was built on nearby Badger's Island in Kittery. During that time, he boarded at the Captain Gregory Purcell house , which now bears Jones' name, as it is the only surviving property in
455-494: A low-pitch hip roof. The front facade is dominated by a four-column pedimented portico, with Tuscan columns for support. There are three entrance bays, articulated by simple pilasters. The side windows are set in round-arch openings. The interior consists of an entrance vestibule, with a single large sanctuary chamber beyond. The roof is supported by scissor trusses composed of massive timbers. The interior decorations are reflective of an 1858 enlargement and redecorating. The church
520-599: A nine-member at-large City Council to serve as the city's primary legislative body. The candidate who receives the most votes is designated the Mayor (currently Deaglan McEachern), while the candidate receiving the second-highest vote total is designated the Assistant Mayor (currently Joanna Kelley). While the mayor and council convene to establish municipal policy, the City Manager (currently Karen Conard) oversees
585-663: A publicly funded bus network in the Seacoast region of New Hampshire and neighboring Maine including service in, to and from Portsmouth. C&J is a private intercity bus carrier connecting Portsmouth with coastal New Hampshire and Boston, as well as direct service to New York City. Wildcat Transit , operated by the University of New Hampshire , provides regular bus service to the UNH campus in Durham and intermediate stops. The service
650-436: A significant development for ships in the trade, the economic ties between Asia, Europe, Africa, and America clearly involved a web of relationships that spanned the globe. A 2017 study provides evidence for the hypothesis that the export of gunpowder to Africa increased the transatlantic slave trade: "A one percent increase in gunpowder set in motion a 5-year gun-slave cycle that increased slave exports by an average of 50%, and
715-744: A system of three-way transatlantic exchanges – known historically as the triangular trade – which operated between Europe, Africa, and the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries. European workers outfitted Slave ships , and they shipped manufactured European goods owned by the trading companies to West Africa to get slaves, which they shipped to the Americas, in particular, to Brazil and the Caribbean Islands. First, in West Africa, merchants sold or bartered European manufactured goods to local slavers in exchange for slaves. Then crews transported
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#1732790917817780-595: Is 110 feet (34 m) above sea level, within Pease International Airport. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Portsmouth has a warm-summer humid continental climate , abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Portsmouth was 104 °F (40.0 °C) on August 2, 1975, while the coldest temperature recorded was −26 °F (−32.2 °C) on January 22, 1984. Portsmouth
845-490: Is a covenanting member of the Unitarian Universalist Association , and is an accredited Green Sanctuary. Unitarian Universalism is a liberal religion with Jewish-Christian roots. It has no creed. It affirms the worth of human beings, advocates freedom of belief and the search for advancing truth, and tries to provide a warm, open, supportive community for people who believe that ethical living
910-399: Is crossed by Interstate 95 , U.S. Route 1 , U.S. Route 4 , New Hampshire Route 1A , New Hampshire Route 16 , and New Hampshire Route 33 . Boston is 55 miles (89 km) to the south, Portland, Maine , is 53 miles (85 km) to the northeast, and Dover, New Hampshire , is 13 miles (21 km) to the northwest. The Cooperative Alliance for Seacoast Transportation (COAST) operates
975-582: Is divided among the 25th through 31st Rockingham districts. Politically, Portsmouth is a center of liberal politics and a stronghold for the Democratic Party. Ronald Reagan was the last Republican presidential nominee to carry the city in his 1984 landslide reelection. In 2016, Portsmouth voted 67.70% for Hillary Clinton in the presidential election , 62.53% for Colin Van Ostern in the gubernatorial election , 64.48% for Maggie Hassan in
1040-478: Is free for students, faculty and staff and $ 1.50 for the general public. Amtrak 's Downeaster train service, is available in Dover and Durham , nearby to the northwest. Allegiant Air offers scheduled airline service from Portsmouth International Airport at Pease (PSM). Portsmouth's sister cities are: Portsmouth also has friendly relations with: Triangle Trade The Atlantic slave trade used
1105-528: Is the sole city in Rockingham County, but the fourth-largest municipality, with fewer people than the towns of Derry , Londonderry , and Salem . As of the census of 2010, there were 21,233 people, 10,014 households, and 4,736 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,361.1 people per square mile (525.5 people/km ). There were 10,625 housing units at an average density of 681.1 per square mile (263.0/km ). The racial makeup of
1170-481: Is the supreme witness of religion. The church is a Welcoming Congregation for bisexual , gay, lesbian, and transgender people. The South Parish church is located in downtown Portsmouth, at the southwest corner of State and Church streets. It is a single-story masonry structure, fashioned out of ashlar granite blocks quarried in Rockport, Massachusetts . Its gabled roof has a single-stage square belfry, topped by
1235-636: The 2020 census it had a population of 21,956. A historic seaport and popular summer tourist destination on the Piscataqua River bordering the state of Maine , Portsmouth was formerly the home of the Strategic Air Command 's Pease Air Force Base , since converted to Portsmouth International Airport at Pease . American Indians of the Abenaki and other Algonquian languages -speaking nations, and their predecessors, inhabited
1300-604: The Atherton Trading Company and John Hull . But proposals by Peleg Sanford provided implementation frameworks for "Farms" and carriers. Linkages within the complex would also ebb and flow with the tides of war and hurricanes . Before 1780 , the Atlantic hurricane season contributed to New England and Greater Caribbean circumvention of mercantile trade restrictions. Newport carriers, for instance, provisioned Dutch, Danish, and especially French plantations in
1365-498: The National Trust for Historic Preservation named Portsmouth one of the "Dozen Distinctive Destinations". The compact and walkable downtown on the waterfront draws tourists and artists, who each summer throng the cafes, restaurants and shops around Market Square. Portsmouth annually celebrates the revitalization of its downtown (in particular Market Square) with Market Square Day, a celebration dating back to 1977, produced by
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#17327909178171430-792: The War of 1812 . Newport and Bristol, Rhode Island , were major ports involved in the colonial triangular slave trade. Many significant Newport merchants and traders participated in the trade, working closely with merchants and traders in the Caribbean and Charleston, South Carolina . According to research provided by Emory University as well as Henry Louis Gates Jr. , an estimated 12.5 million slaves were transported from Africa to colonies in North and South America. The website Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database assembles data regarding past trafficking in slaves from Africa. It shows that
1495-502: The gubernatorial election , and 68.50% for Carol Shea-Porter in the congressional election . In March 2014, Portsmouth became the first municipality in New Hampshire to implement protections for city employees from discrimination on the basis of gender identity, by a 9–0 vote of the city council. Tertiary institutions: Portsmouth School District is the public school district of the community. Private schools: The city
1560-413: The senatorial election , and 62.16% for Carol Shea-Porter in the congressional election . In 2014, Portsmouth voted 70.05% for Maggie Hassan in the gubernatorial election , 67.34% for Jeanne Shaheen in the senatorial election , and 68.34% for Carol Shea-Porter in the congressional election . In 2012, Portsmouth voted 67.56% for Barack Obama in the presidential election , 70.16% for Maggie Hassan in
1625-580: The voyages of Christopher Columbus , the Portuguese had been using a similar triangle to sail to the Canary Islands and the Azores , and it was then expanded outwards.) The countries that controlled the transatlantic slave market until the 18th century in terms of the number of enslaved people shipped were Great Britain, Portugal, and France. The most historically significant triangular trade
1690-726: The 1713 Treaty of Portsmouth , which temporarily ended hostilities between the Abenaki Indians and the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire. In 1774, in the lead-up to the Revolution , Paul Revere rode to Portsmouth warning that the British Royal Navy was coming to capture the port. Although Fort William and Mary protected the harbor, the Patriot government moved the capital inland to Exeter , which ensured that it would be under no threat from
1755-643: The 1905 signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth which ended the Russo-Japanese War . Though US President Theodore Roosevelt orchestrated the peace conference that brought Russian and Japanese diplomats to Portsmouth and the Shipyard, he never came to Portsmouth, relying on the Navy and people of New Hampshire as the hosts. Roosevelt won the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for his diplomacy in bringing about an end to
1820-468: The Americas out-of-season. Slave ships thus often returned to their home port carrying whatever goods were readily available in the Americas but with a large part or all of their capacity with ballast. Cash crops were transported mainly by a separate fleet which only sailed from Europe to the Americas and back. In his books, Herbert S. Klein has argued that in many fields (cost of trade, ways of transport, mortality levels, earnings and benefits of trade for
1885-517: The Caribbean islands, and the American South was used to buy more raw materials, restarting the cycle. The full triangle trip took a calendar year on average, according to historian Clifford Shipton. The first leg of the triangle was from a European port to one in West Africa (then known as the " Slave Coast "), in which ships carried supplies for sale and trade, such as copper , cloth , trinkets, slave beads , guns and ammunition . When
1950-498: The European portion of the voyage. A classic example is the colonial molasses trade . Merchants purchased raw sugar (often in its liquid form, molasses) from plantations in the Caribbean and shipped it to New England and Europe, where it was sold to distillery companies that produced rum. Merchant capitalists used cash from the sale of sugar to purchase rum, furs, and lumber in New England which their crews shipped to Europe. With
2015-530: The Europeans and the "so-called triangular trade"), the non-scientific literature portrays a situation which the contemporary historiography refuted a long time ago. Finally, even if the "triangle trade" idea is essentially incorrect, the Atlantic slave trade was one of the more complex of international trades that existed in the modern period. (…) Thus, while an actual "triangle trade" may not have existed as
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2080-529: The Greater Caribbean, periodically more than lackluster British sites, to recompense for hurricane reductions in exports and imports. Periodic trials and executions of notorious smugglers diminshed royal peacetime embargoes, particularly in response to illegal carrying as well as General Assembly endorsement of Aquidneck as a haven for pirates. These pirates began to disperse from Newport between Queen Anne's War and 1723 mass executions, establishing
2145-566: The New England Triangular trade was first suggested, inconclusively, in an 1866 book by George H. Moore, was picked up in 1872 by historian George C. Mason, and reached full consideration from a lecture in 1887 by American businessman and historian William B. Weeden. In the context of an incohesive operation rather than a sequential circuit, expansive eastern seaboard "Farms" had, in earnest after 1690, sustained southern New England proprietorship, land banks, and currency within
2210-523: The Royal Navy, which bombarded Falmouth (now Portland, Maine ) instead on October 18, 1775. Portsmouth was the destination for several of Beaumarchais's ships containing materiel , such as artillery, tents, and gunpowder, to help the American revolutionary effort. African Americans helped defend Portsmouth and New England during the war. In 1779, 19 enslaved African Americans from Portsmouth wrote
2275-559: The United States associated with him. Built by the master housewright Hopestill Cheswell, an African American, it has been designated as a National Historic Landmark . It now serves as the Portsmouth Historical Society Museum. The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard , established in 1800 as the first federal navy yard, is on Seavey's Island in Kittery, Maine. The base is famous for being the site of
2340-462: The West Indies the main export cargoes were sugar, rum, and molasses; from Virginia , tobacco and hemp . The ship then returned to Europe to complete the triangle. The triangle route was not generally followed by individual ships. Slave ships were built to carry large numbers of people, rather than cargo, and variations in the duration of the Atlantic crossing meant that they often arrived in
2405-568: The carrying trade as income "competency." Bidders included competitive carriers in secondary seaports such as Providence as well. Despite the antebellum rise of "Greater Northeast" industrial agriculture, the southern New England "Farms" and the carrying trade in Caribbean sugar , molasses , rice, coffee, indigo, mahogany, and pre-1740 " seasoned slaves ", began to dissipate by the Election of 1800 and largely collapsed into agrarian ruins by
2470-399: The city was 91.5% White , 1.7% African American , 0.2% Native American , 3.5% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.7% some other race, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population. There were 10,014 households, out of which 20.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.5% were headed by married couples living together, 8.3% had
2535-431: The city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top ten employers in the city are: The Portsmouth Downtown Historic District encompasses the city's historic urban core and Market Square. The city has a vibrant restaurant culture. In 2023, it was reported that the city had 36,000 restaurant seats for a population of 22,000. The Seacoast United Phantoms are a soccer team based in Portsmouth. Founded in 1996,
2600-593: The city's day-to-day operations. Portsmouth is part of New Hampshire's 1st congressional district , currently represented by Democrat Chris Pappas . Portsmouth is part of the Executive Council 's 3rd district, currently represented by Republican Janet Stevens . In the State Senate , Portsmouth is represented by Democrat Rebecca Perkins Kwoka . In the State House of Representatives , Portsmouth
2665-425: The historic building stock in the area slated for redevelopment. After bitter fighting and preservation advocacy, just fourteen houses were saved and mostly moved to an area known today as “The Hill”. This preservation was only the beginning, and eventually efforts conspired to created the afformentioned historic district. Urban renewal was many events that led to its creation. Portsmouth shipbuilding history has had
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2730-510: The impact continued to grow over time." New England also made rum from Caribbean sugar and molasses , which it shipped to Africa as well as within the New World . Yet, the "triangle trade" as considered in relation to New England was a piecemeal operation. No New England traders are known to have completed a sequential circuit of the full triangle, which took a calendar year on average, according to historian Clifford Shipton. The concept of
2795-526: The main trading nations of Western Europe, it was much easier to sail westwards after first going south of 30° N latitude and reaching the so-called " trade winds ", thus arriving in the Caribbean rather than going straight west to the North American mainland . Returning from North America, it was easiest to follow the Gulf Stream in a northeasterly direction using the westerlies . (Even before
2860-413: The mills. It shifted growth to the new mill towns. The port of Portsmouth declined, but the city survived Victorian -era doldrums, a time described in the works of Thomas Bailey Aldrich , particularly in his 1869 novel The Story of a Bad Boy . In the 20th century, the city founded a Historic District Commission, which has worked to protect much of the city's irreplaceable architectural legacy. In 2008,
2925-577: The non-profit Pro Portsmouth, Inc. This emphasis on historic preservation and revitalization was the result of much pain and destruction. Portsmouth is largely walkable due to its network of streets and tight blocks filled with preserved Revolution-era homes. However, like many other cities all over the region (and nation), Portsmouth was hit by Urban Renewal, a planning tool used nationwide to provide Federal funds to address “urban blight” and revitalize downtown cores after decades of suburbanization and loss of tax revenue. An urban renewal district for Portsmouth
2990-448: The population were below the poverty line , including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over. Heinemann USA is based in Portsmouth. Before its dissolution, Boston-Maine Airways (Pan Am Clipper Connection), a regional airline, was also headquartered in Portsmouth. Companies with headquarters in Portsmouth include packaged software producer Bottomline Technologies and frozen yogurt maker Sweet Scoops. According to
3055-481: The profits from the European sales, merchants purchased Europe's manufactured goods, including tools and weapons and on the next leg, shipped those manufactured goods, along with the American sugar and rum, to West Africa where they bartered the goods for slaves seized by local potentates. Crews then transported the slaves to the Caribbean and sold them to sugar plantation owners. The cash from the sale of slaves in Brazil,
3120-665: The seaport as the dominant carrying hub, with Providence coming in a distant second. British carriers continued to provision plantations outside the boundaries of empire. Wartime embargoes that reduced overseas trade would, in turn, spur speculative ventures as well as land and estuary auctions of Narragansett tribal reserves, under legislature (public) jurisdiction, by private trusts, a specific type of fiduciary relationship for subsidizing expense accounts, purveying regular annuities, or both. Bidders at vendue were frequently interior "composite" yeomen and fishermen, who (according to certain historians) misconceived of revenue derived from
3185-553: The second leg, ships made the journey of the Middle Passage from Africa to the New World . Many slaves died of disease in the crowded holds of the slave ships. Once the ship reached the New World, enslaved survivors were sold in the Caribbean or the American colonies. The ships were then prepared to get them thoroughly cleaned, drained, and loaded with export goods for a return voyage, the third leg, to their home port, from
3250-529: The ship arrived, its cargo would be sold or bartered for slaves. Ports that exported these enslaved people from Africa include Ouidah , Lagos , Aného (Little Popo), Grand-Popo , Agoué , Jakin , Porto-Novo , and Badagry . These ports traded slaves who were supplied from African communities, tribes and kingdoms, including the Alladah and Ouidah , which were later taken over by the Dahomey kingdom. On
3315-722: The slaves, and remaining European manufactured goods, to the Americas where ship merchants sold the slaves and European manufactured goods to plantation owners. Merchants then purchased sugar and molasses from the plantation owners and crews shipped them to North American colonies (later the US), where the merchants sold the remaining supplies of European manufactured goods and slaves, as well as sugar and molasses from plantations to local buyers, and then purchased North American commodities to sell in Europe, including tobacco, sugar, cotton, rum, rice, lumber, and animal pelts. This trade, in trade volume,
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#17327909178173380-467: The sugar that was used to brew rum, which in turn was traded for more slaves. In this circuit the sea lane west from Africa to the West Indies (and later, also to Brazil ) was known as the Middle Passage ; its cargo consisted of abducted or recently purchased African people . During the Age of Sail , the particular routes were also shaped by the powerful influence of winds and currents . For example, from
3445-586: The team plays in the Northeast Division of USL League Two (USL2), one of the unofficial fourth-tier leagues of the American Soccer Pyramid . Freedom Rugby Football Club is a men's rugby union team based in Portsmouth, founded in the summer of 2014. The club is an active member of USA Rugby and New England Rugby Football Union (NERFU). The city of Portsmouth operates under a council-manager system of government. Portsmouth elects
3510-489: The territory of coastal New Hampshire for thousands of years before European contact. The first known European to explore and write about the area was Martin Pring in 1603. The Piscataqua River is a tidal estuary with a swift current, but forms a good natural harbor. The west bank of the harbor was settled by European colonists in 1630 and named Strawbery Banke , after the many wild strawberries growing there. The village
3575-482: The war. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 16.8 square miles (43.6 km ), of which 15.7 square miles (40.6 km ) are land and 1.2 square miles (3.0 km ), or 6.92%, are water. Portsmouth is drained by Berrys Brook, Sagamore Creek and the Piscataqua River , which is the boundary between New Hampshire and Maine . The highest point in the city
3640-433: Was 40.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males. For the period 2010–2014, the city's estimated median annual household income was $ 67,679, and the median family income was $ 90,208. Male full-time workers had a median income of $ 58,441 versus $ 45,683 for females. The city's per capita income for the city was $ 42,724. About 4.0% of families and 7.6% of
3705-483: Was built in 1824-26. It is the first substantial stone structure to be built in northern New England, and is an early example of the large-scale use of granite in New England architecture. Its neoclassical Greek Revival elements are a precursor to later Greek Revival structures built in the city. Portsmouth, New Hampshire Portsmouth is a city in Rockingham County, New Hampshire , United States. At
3770-488: Was host to numerous privateers during the War of 1812 . In 1849, Portsmouth was incorporated as a city. Once one of the nation's busiest ports and shipbuilding cities, Portsmouth expressed its wealth in fine architecture. It has significant examples of Colonial , Georgian , and Federal style houses, some of which are now museums. Portsmouth's heart has stately brick Federalist stores and townhouses, built all-of-a-piece after devastating early 19th-century fires. The worst
3835-583: Was in 1813 when 244 buildings burned. A fire district was created that required all new buildings within its boundaries to be built of brick with slate roofs; this created the downtown's distinctive appearance. The city was also noted for the production of boldly wood-veneered federal-style (neoclassical) furniture, particularly by the master cabinet maker Langley Boardman. The Industrial Revolution spurred economic growth in New Hampshire mill towns such as Dover , Keene , Laconia , Manchester , Nashua and Rochester , where rivers provided water power for
3900-495: Was its North End neighborhood, which similar to Boston’s, was home to an Italian-American population. In 1964, federal funds were allocated to the North End project area in Portsmouth, for urban renewal. Prior to redevelopment, the North End was a mix of residential and commercial buildings, with many older houses converted into storefronts with apartments above. In the mid-1960s, the area was considered overcrowded, run down, and
3965-524: Was part of the Triangle Trade , which made significant profits from slavery. At the town's incorporation in 1653, it was named "Portsmouth" in honor of the colony's founder, John Mason . He had been captain of the English port of Portsmouth , Hampshire , after which New Hampshire is named. When Queen Anne's War ended in 1712, Governor Joseph Dudley selected the town to host negotiations for
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#17327909178174030-477: Was primarily with South America, where most slaves were sold, but a classic example taught in 20th century studies is the colonial molasses trade , which involved the circuitous trading of slaves , sugar (often in liquid form, as molasses ), and rum between West Africa , the West Indies and the northern colonies of British North America in the 17th and 18th centuries. In this triangular trade slaves grew
4095-400: Was protected by Fort William and Mary on what is now New Castle Island . Strategically located for trade between upstream industries and mercantile interests abroad, the port prospered. Fishing, lumber and shipbuilding were principal businesses of the region. Enslaved Africans were imported as laborers as early as 1645 and were integral to building the city's prosperity. Portsmouth
4160-420: Was referred to as a "golden triangle", the slave ship would sail back to Europe to begin the cycle again. The enslaved Africans were primarily purchased for the purpose of working on plantations to work producing valuable cash crops (such as sugar , cotton , and tobacco ) which were in high demand in Europe. Slave traders from European colonies would occasionally travel to Africa themselves, eliminating
4225-514: Was the transatlantic slave trade which operated among Europe, Africa, and the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries. Slave ships would leave European ports (such as Bristol and Nantes ) and sail to African ports loaded with goods manufactured in Europe. There, the slave traders would purchase enslaved Africans by exchanging the goods, then sail to the Americas via the Middle Passage to sell their enslaved cargo in European colonies . In what
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