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32-577: The SSSI consists of three separate areas; Ilkley Moor , between Ilkley and Keighley, West Yorkshire; a large area north of the Calder Valley and east of Burnley , straddling the borders of West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire and Lancashire; an area south of the Calder Valley, between Rochdale and Huddersfield , straddling the border of West Yorkshire and Greater Manchester. The SSSI has a total area of 20,938 hectares (81 sq mi) and

64-469: A long period, the sediments were cemented and compacted into hard rock layers. Geological forces lifted and tilted the strata a little towards the south-east, producing many small fractures, or faults. Since the end of the Carboniferous period more than a thousand metres of coal-bearing rocks have been completely removed from the area by erosion. During the last million years, Ice Age glaciers modified

96-533: A major fire on the moor left between a quarter and half of it destroyed. The BBC Television series Gunpowder (2017) used Ilkley Moor as a location. On the Woodhouse Crag on the northern edge of Ilkley Moor is a swastika -shaped pattern engraved in a stone, known as the Swastika Stone , also referred to as a fylfot . The image at the bottom-right of the picture is a 20th-century replica;

128-628: A number of escarpments , known locally as edges , and a series of high plateaux throughout the region, many of which are of considerable cultural significance. They are the major landscape-forming rocks of the northern part of the Peak District (the Dark Peak ) and of its eastern and western flanks in the counties of Derbyshire , Staffordshire and Cheshire . The great expanses of moorland around Bleaklow and Black Hill and fringed with broken outcrops of gritstone are characteristic of

160-660: A source of millstones for use principally in watermills . Geologists refer to the whole suite of rocks that encompass the individual limestone beds and the intervening mudstones as the Millstone Grit Group . The term Millstone Grit Series was formerly used to refer to the rocks now included within the Millstone Grit Group together with the underlying Edale Shale Group . The term gritstone describes any sandstone composed of coarse angular grains, and specifically refers to such sandstones within

192-627: Is now known as the Wales-Brabant High , though was formerly referred to as St George's Land. Other uplands the erosion of which would provide the source material for the Millstone Grit lay to the north and northeast of the region. The Pennine Basin received input of sand and mud largely from southerly directed rivers from these northern landmasses. Rivers running north off the Wales-Brabant High deposited material in

224-570: Is the largest area of unenclosed moorland in West Yorkshire. There are extensive areas of blanket bog, interspersed by species-rich flushes and mires. Other habitats include wet and dry heaths and acid grasslands. The blanket bogs are dominated by cotton-grass and heather , with varying amounts of crowberry and bilberry . Areas of wet heath have cross-leaved heath and cranberry . The acid grasslands are dominated by mat-grass and wavy hair-grass with purple moor grass dominating on

256-431: Is the site of the famous "Cow and Calf", a large rock formation consisting of an outcrop and boulder, also known as Hangingstone Rocks. The rocks are made of millstone grit , a variety of sandstone , and are so named because one is large, with the smaller one sitting close to it, like a cow and calf . Legend has it that there was once also a " bull ", but that was quarried for stone during the spa town boom that Ilkley

288-575: Is well known as the inspiration for the Yorkshire "county anthem" On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at (dialect for 'on Ilkley Moor without a hat'). During the Carboniferous period (325 million years ago), Ilkley Moor was part of a sea-level swampy area fed by meandering river channels coming from the north. The layers in the eroded bank faces of stream gullies in the area represent sea levels with various tides depositing different sorts of sediment. Over

320-713: The British Geological Survey as the Marros Group . The thickest bed of sandstone within it was known as the Basal Grit and this has now been renamed as the Twrch Sandstone. The Farewell Rock was formerly considered to be the uppermost unit of the Millstone Grit series of South Wales though it is now included within the overlying South Wales Coal Measures . The term has also been adopted at Slieve Anierin in northwest Ireland, describing

352-520: The Pennines and neighbouring areas of Northern England. Rocks assigned to the Millstone Grit Group occur over a wide area of Northern England, where they are a hugely important landscape-forming element of the rock succession. They also occur in parts of northeast Wales and northwest Ireland . The group comprises a succession of sandstones, mudstones and siltstones , the specifics of the sequence varying from one area to another. They give rise both to

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384-710: The South Pennine Moors Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). It also forms part of the South Pennine Moors Special Protection Area (SPA) and Special Area of Conservation (SAC). The Friends of Ilkley Moor group was founded in 2008 and works with partners to preserve the moor. In 2008, Bradford Metropolitan District Council leased the grouse shooting rights for Ilkley Moor. This move led to controversy because of concerns about its impact on wildlife, walking, leisure and local tourism. In January 2018,

416-616: The Badger Stone, Hanging Stones, and the Panorama Rocks, have a complex series of patterns (or motifs) combining many different elements. Rombald's Moor has the second-highest concentration of ancient carved stones in Europe, with carvings as far away as Skipton Moor. There is also a small stone circle known as The Twelve Apostles . On 1 December 1987, Phillip Spencer, a retired policeman, saw and photographed what he believed

448-585: The Eastern Moors. Towards the western margins of the Peak District are a rather more broken series of edges, facing in a variety of directions, from those surrounding the high plateaux of Kinder Scout and Combs Moss to the imposing crags of the Roaches , Hen Cloud and Ramshaw Rocks in the south. A millstone shaped from Millstone Grit quarried in the area has been adopted as the emblem of

480-687: The Namurian, the Yeadonian includes the Lower Haslingden Flags and the last sandstone in the entire Millstone Grit succession known as the Rough Rock . It is a widespread unit which attains a thickness of around 45m though is more generally 15m thick. Various of the sandstone beds of the Millstone Grit have been quarried for building stone, paving flags and roofing material. Its use in the construction of dry stone walls across

512-812: The Peak District National Park. As an image, the millstone is widely visible on literature but use is made of the objects themselves at many of the entrances to the National Park. These rocks extend northwards through the South Pennines of Lancashire and West Yorkshire and westwards into the Forest of Rossendale and West Pennines and the Forest of Bowland , also in Lancashire. At the Yorkshire Dales they cover

544-794: The South Pennine Moors SAC is in the Peak District National Park , which is mainly in the Dark Peak SSSI and not in the South Pennine Moors SSSI. The SAC has a total area of 64,983 hectares (251 sq mi). Ilkley Moor Ilkley Moor is part of Rombalds Moor , the moorland between Ilkley and Keighley in West Yorkshire , England . The moor, which rises to 402 m (1,319 ft) above sea level,

576-490: The area. The ‘eastern edges of the Peak District’ comprise a broadly north-south arranged series of west-facing cliffs from Bamford Edge in the north through Stanage Edge , Burbage Edge , Froggatt Edge , Curbar Edge , Baslow Edge , Gardom's Edge , Birchen Edge , Dobb/Chatsworth Edge , Harland Edge and Fallinge Edge in the south. To the east of these edges is a broad band of relatively flat moorland known as

608-404: The areas where it outcrops is considerable. In neighbouring limestone areas, gritstone has often been preferred in the past for use as gateposts and lintels. The very name of the rock derives from its widespread use within cornmills where it proved suitable for grinding stones. It also found agricultural use as drinking troughs for animals. The majority of the quarrying for such use took place along

640-436: The eastern edges of the Peak District. Millstone Edge was a significant source whilst abandoned millstones can be seen below the edges at Stanage, Froggatt and Baslow. Bramley Fall stone is a notable type of Millstone Grit sourced from around the village of Bramley, near Leeds. Some of the sandstones serve as aquifers into which numerous wells and boreholes have been sunk to provide local water supplies. Crushed gritstone

672-606: The equatorial region. At times of high sea-level, silt and mud accumulated within the Pennine basin whilst at times of low sea-level, major deltas prograded across the region, their legacy being the thick sandstone beds of the Millstone Grit Group. The Millstone Grit Group comprises over thirty individually named sandstones, some of regional extent, others more local in their occurrence. The intervening mudstones and siltstones are not generally named though important marine bands within them are named. The oldest, and hence lowermost in

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704-756: The following Arnsbergian sub-stage. The Kinderscoutian includes the Kinder Grit, Longnor Sandstones, Shale Grit, Todmorden Grit, Parsonage Sandstone, Heysham Harbour Sandstone, Eldroth Grit and Ellel Crag Sandstone. The next sub-stage of the Namurian succession is the Marsdenian and it is to this that the Chatsworth Grit , Huddersfield White Rock, Holcombe Brook Grit, Greta Grits, Roaches Grit , Ashover Grit , Gorpley Grit, Pule Hill Grit, Fletcher Bank Grit, Brooksbottom Grit, Five Clouds Sandstones and Sheen Sandstones are assigned. The closing sub-stage of

736-596: The majority Labour group on the Council resolved not to renew the rights, and the grouse shooting ceased in April 2018. 53°54′54″N 1°48′54″W  /  53.915°N 1.815°W  / 53.915; -1.815 Millstone grit Millstone Grit is any of a number of coarse-grained sandstones of Carboniferous age which occur in the British Isles . The name derives from its use in earlier times as

768-513: The original carving can be seen at the bottom left. This stone is just one of many carved rocks on the moor; well-known others include the 'Badger Stone', ' Nebstone ', and 'St Margaret's Stones'. These are earthfast boulders, large flat slabs, or prominent rocks that have cups, rings, and grooves cut into them and that are thought to date from either the late Neolithic or the Bronze Age. While some carvings consist of simple cups, others, such as

800-600: The series of shales, grits, and coal seams, occurring from the base of the Namurian upwards. The Millstone Grit dates to the Namurian Stage of the Carboniferous Period . At this time a series of isolated uplands existed across the British Isles region. One particular east-west aligned landmass stretched from Wales through the English Midlands and East Anglia to the continent and

832-512: The shape of the Wharfe valley, deepening it, smoothing it, and leaving behind glacial debris. The millstone grit not only gives character to the town of Ilkley but gives the area its acid soils, heather moors, soft water, and rocky scars. To the north, where the moor drops steeply towards the village of Ben Rhydding , a satellite of the town of Ilkley , are two millstone grit rock climbing areas: Rocky Valley and Ilkley Quarry. Ilkley Quarry

864-663: The south-east edge, but north of the Craven Faults , due to weathering , they form only cappings to separate hills. A small area of Millstone Grit Group rocks stretches through Flintshire and Wrexham into the northwest corner of Shropshire near Oswestry . The term "Millstone Grit" was also adopted in South Wales where rocks of similar age and lithology are found though the Millstone Grit Series of this region has recently been formally renamed by

896-702: The southern parts of the Pennine basin from northeast Wales to the Peak District. Southerly flowing rivers from this same landmass were responsible for the Millstone Grit/Marros Group succession in South Wales. During much of the Carboniferous Period, world sea-levels were fluctuating in response to the growth and decline of a series of major ice-caps over the continents then clustered around the South Pole . Britain lay in

928-514: The succession is the thick Pendle Grit of central Lancashire. It is succeeded by the sandstone known variously as the Brennand Grit, Warley Wise Grit and Grassington Grit. These are all of Pendleian (E1) age – the lowermost sub-stage of the Namurian. The Lower Follifoot Grit, Silver Hills Sandstone, Nottage Crag Grit, Marchup Grit, Red Scar Grit, Ward’s Stone Sandstone, Cocklett Scar Sandstones and Dure Clough Sandstones are all assigned to

960-571: The wet slopes, along with the heath rush in the wettest places. Chickweed wintergreen and bog pondweed occur here, plants rare in the region. The most species-rich and biodiverse communities are found at wet flushes. The South Pennine Moors also provides habitat for red grouse , curlew , skylark , meadow pipit , dunlin , golden plover , merlin and twite . There are also lapwing , snipe and redshank , northern wheatear , whinchat , ring ouzel and in some years stonechat , as well as peregrine falcons and buzzards . About two-thirds of

992-465: Was an alien being on the moor . He said he saw the strange creature rush up the hill and give a signal to him with one of its arms as if telling him not to approach. He later saw a dome-topped craft at the top of the hill after following the being which shot into the air at a blinding speed. The Daily Telegraph included this event in a 2011 list of "Top 10 UFO incidents in the UK". The moor forms part of

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1024-585: Was part of in the 19th century. However, none of the local historians have provided any evidence of the Bull's existence. According to legend, the Calf was split from the Cow when the giant Rombald was fleeing an enemy and stamped on the rock as he leapt across the valley. The enemy, it is said, was his angry wife. She dropped the stones held in her skirt to form the local rock formation The Skirtful of Stones. In July 2006

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