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33-537: The territory that comprises the modern Southern Administrative Okrug attracted settlers from time immemorial, even in spite of the fact that it had historically been an unsafe area. In order to protect the borders, powerful monasteries were built. The first one was the Danilov Monastery , founded in 1271 by Prince Daniel of Moscow . In 1593, the Donskoy Monastery was established to commemorate

66-542: A band from the Moscow cavalry playing Stenka Razin . Then the audience were treated to a short lecture on the benefits of chemical manure and machine ploughs. After a gypsy song the performance was brought to a conclusion with a talk about the wonders of radio. In 1930, monastery bells, including the Tsar-Bell of 65 tons, were destroyed. Pavel Florensky and his followers prevented the authorities from stealing and selling

99-563: A baroque church to the Virgin of Smolensk, the last major shrine to be erected in the Lavra. Another pledge of Elizabeth's affection for the monastery is a white-and-blue baroque belltower, which, at 88 meters, was one of the tallest structures built in Russia up to that date. Its architects were Ivan Michurin and Dmitry Ukhtomsky . Throughout the 19th century, the Lavra maintained its status as

132-523: A royal palace, with its facades painted in checkerboard design. The refectory of St. Sergius, covering 510 square metres (5,500 sq ft) and also painted in dazzling checkerboard design, used to be the largest hall in Russia. The five-domed Church of John the Baptist's Nativity (1693–1699) was commissioned by the Stroganovs and built over one of the gates. Other 17th-century structures include

165-504: A wooden church in honour of the Holy Trinity on Makovets Hill. Early development of the monastic community is well documented in contemporary lives of Sergius and his disciples. In 1355, Sergius introduced a charter which required the construction of auxiliary buildings, such as refectory , kitchen , and bakery . This charter was a model for Sergius' numerous followers who founded more than 400 cloisters all over Russia, including

198-507: Is a lavra and the most important Russian monastery , being the spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church . The monastery is situated in the town of Sergiyev Posad , about 70 kilometres (43 mi) to the northeast from Moscow by the road leading to Yaroslavl , and currently is home to over 300 monks. The monastery was founded in 1337 by one of the most venerated Russian saints, Sergius of Radonezh , who built

231-677: Is the katholikon dedicated to the Holy Fathers of the First seven ecumenical councils (a dedication not found anywhere else in the Christian world). The lower temple was built during the reign of Tsar Alexis as a church dedicated to the feast of the Intercession. Two Baroque upper churches were completed in 1730 and 1752, respectively. The katholikon is the only building in Moscow to feature two distinct churches above another church on

264-512: The Kremlin . All that remained at the original location was a graveyard. In 1560, Ivan the Terrible visited the village of Danilovskoye and noticed the neglected graveyard. Upon learning about the old monastery, he invited monks to settle there again. In 1591, when the armies of a Crimean khan Kaza Giray approached Moscow, the grounds were fortified and used as a mobile camp. In 1606,

297-693: The Novodevichy Cemetery . By 1917, Danilov Monastery had 19 monks and four novices and owned 164 desyatinas of land. After the October Revolution , the monastery housed archimandrites who had been deprived of their pulpits . In 1929, the Soviets issued a special decree on closing the monastery and organizing a detention facility on its premises under the auspices of NKVD (приёмник-распределитель НКВД, or priyomnik-raspredelitel' NKVD ). The last monastery closed in Moscow became

330-551: The Russian Orthodox church and the official residence of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' . Danilov Monastery is claimed to have been founded in the late 13th century by Alexander Nevsky 's son Daniel . Shortly before his death in 1303, Daniel is supposed to have taken monastic vows and been buried there. The Russian Orthodox church venerates him as a saint . Daniel's successors had this monastery relocated to

363-620: The Russian Revolution of 1917 , the Soviet government closed the lavra in 1920. Its buildings were assigned to different civic institutions or declared museums. Part was used for training electrical engineers specialising in radio. In May 1923 Charles Ashleigh reported how the hall was used to demonstrate the new radio technology before a mixed audience primarily composed of peasants and soldiers, but with some townspeople. The broadcast started with an announcement followed by music with

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396-550: The area in 1408. St. Sergius was declared patron saint of the Russian state in 1422. The same year the first stone cathedral was built by a team of Serbian monks who had found refuge in the monastery after the Battle of Kosovo . The relics of St. Sergius still may be seen in this cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Trinity . The greatest icon painters of medieval Russia, Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chyorny , were summoned to decorate

429-479: The cathedral with frescoes . Traditionally, Muscovite royals were baptized in this cathedral and held thanksgiving services here. In 1476, Ivan III invited several Pskovian masters to build the church of the Holy Spirit. This structure is one of the few remaining examples of a Russian church topped with a belltower. The interior contains the earliest specimens of the use of glazed tiles for decoration. In

462-458: The celebrated Solovetsky , Kirillov , and Simonov monasteries. St. Sergius supported Dmitri Donskoi in his struggle against the Tatars and sent two of his monks, Peresvet and Oslyabya , to participate in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). At the outbreak of the battle, Peresvet died in a single combat against a Tatar bogatyr . The monastery was devastated by fire, when a Tatar unit raided

495-609: The early 16th century, Vasily III added the Nikon annex and the Serapion tent, where several of Sergius' disciples were interred. It took 26 years to construct the six-pillared Assumption Cathedral, which was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in 1559. The cathedral is much larger than its model and namesake in the Moscow Kremlin . The magnificent iconostasis of the 16th–18th centuries features Simon Ushakov 's masterpiece,

528-649: The early 17th century, it was surrounded by a brick wall with seven towers. In 1710, there were 30 monks in Danilov Monastery. In 1764, there were only twelve of them on staff. By 1900, however, the number rose to seventeen. Among the monks who lived in Danilov Monastery during its history was the renowned Greek scholar Nikephoros Theotokis , who retired to this monastery in 1792 from his bishop 's position in South Russia, and lived here until his death in 1800. In 1805, an almshouse for elderly women

561-496: The end of the 19th century, the monastery had already possessed 178 desyatinas and a few buildings in Moscow . In the second half of the 19th century, Danilov Monastery's cemetery was a final resting place for many writers, artists and scientists, such as Nikolai Gogol , Nikolai Yazykov , Vasili Perov , Nikolai Rubinstein , Vladimir Solovyov and many others. The remains of most of them, however, were transported in Soviet years to

594-496: The first one to be returned in 1983 to the Moscow Patriarchy and became a spiritual and administrative centre of the Russian Orthodox Church . In 1988, the monastery was restored. A residence was built for the Patriarch and Synod , as well as a funeral chapel and a chapel in commemoration of the 1000 years of Russia's baptism . Apart from the 17th-century defensive towers and walls, the surviving buildings include

627-468: The following sixteen districts: Danilov Monastery Danilov Monastery (also Svyato-Danilov Monastery or Holy Danilov Monastery ; Russian : Данилов монастырь, Свято-Данилов монастырь , romanized :  Danilov monastyr', Svyato-Danilov monastyr' ) is a walled monastery on the right bank of the Moskva River in Moscow . Since 1983, it has functioned as the headquarters of

660-436: The ground floor. When the monastery was closed in 1929 and 1930, its bell set was saved from Communist melting through the purchase by American industrialist Charles R. Crane . The largest of the bells, Bolshoi (or The Big One - called The Mother Earth Bell at Harvard), weighs 13 tons and has a 700-pound clapper. The smallest weighs just 22 pounds. Crane donated the bells to Harvard University and they were installed in

693-428: The icon of Last Supper . The interior walls were painted with violet and blue frescoes by a team of Yaroslavl masters in 1684. The vault contains burials of Boris Godunov , his family and several 20th-century patriarchs. As the monastery grew into one of the wealthiest landowners in Russia, the woods where it had stood were cleared and a village (or posad ) sprang up near the monastery walls. It gradually developed into

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726-952: The katholikon (main church), the Neoclassical cathedral of the Holy Trinity (1833–1838), the Baroque gate church and belltower of St Simeon Stylites (1681, 1732), a group of 19th-century dwellings for monks and the father superior, and the extensive modern residence of the Holy Synod and the Patriarch (1988). Right next door is the large parish church of the Renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem , built in 1832–1837 to Neoclassical designs by Fyodor Shestakov . The oldest building

759-574: The main tower of Harvard's Lowell House and at the Harvard Business School 's Baker Library . Beginning in the 1980s, with openness under Gorbachev, there were calls to return the bells, and after numerous meetings over the years, the bells were returned to the Russian Orthodox Church in the fall of 2008. Russian industrialist Viktor Vekselberg , famous for buying up a number of Faberge Eggs , agreed to pay for

792-498: The modern town of Sergiyev Posad. The cloister itself was a notable centre of chronicle-writing and icon painting. Just opposite the monastery walls St. Paraskeva's Convent was established, among whose buildings St. Paraskeva's Church (1547), Introduction Church (1547), and a 17th-century chapel over St. Paraskeva's well are still visible. In 1550s, a wooden palisade surrounding the cloister was replaced with 1.5 km (0.93 mi) long stone walls, featuring twelve towers, which helped

825-440: The monastery to withstand a celebrated 16-month Polish-Lithuanian siege in 1608–1610. A shell-hole in the cathedral gates is preserved as a reminder of Wladyslaw IV 's abortive siege in 1618. By the end of the 17th century, when young Peter I twice found refuge within the monastery from his enemies, numerous buildings had been added. These include a small baroque palace of the patriarchs, noted for its luxurious interiors, and

858-583: The monks' cells, a hospital topped with a tented church, and a chapel built over a holy well discovered in 1644. In 1744, Empress Elizabeth conferred on the cloister the dignity of a Lavra . The metropolitan of Moscow was henceforth also the Archimandrite of the Lavra. Elizabeth particularly favoured the Trinity and annually proceeded afoot from Moscow to the cloister. Her secret spouse Alexey Razumovsky accompanied her on such journeys and commissioned

891-592: The patriarch was allowed to settle at the Danilov Monastery in Moscow. After that, the monastery continued as a prime centre of religious education. Important restoration works were conducted in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1993, the Trinity Lavra was inscribed on the UN World Heritage List . The Lavra has a number of representative churches ( podvorie or metochia ) in its vicinity and throughout Russia. The Lavra's hieromonks have manned

924-464: The rebels led by Ivan Bolotnikov and Istoma Pashkov collided with the army of Vasili IV not far from the monastery. In 1607, an impostor by the name of Ileyka Muromets , who had pretended to be tsarevich Peter (son of Feodor I of Russia ), was executed next to Danilov Monastery. Being in the center of many military events during the Time of Troubles , the monastery was severely damaged in 1610. In

957-486: The repatriation of the 18 bells and for the cost of casting replacements of them in Russia to be hung at Harvard. The first of the bells, known as the Everyday (or Weekday) Bell, weighing 2.2 tons, arrived at the Danilov Monastery on September 12, 2007; the remaining seventeen were returned on September 12, 2008. Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra The Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius ( Russian : Троице-Сергиева лавра )

990-496: The richest Russian monastery. A seminary founded in 1742 was replaced by an ecclesiastical academy in 1814. The monastery boasted a supreme collection of manuscripts and books. Medieval collections of the Lavra sacristy attracted thousands of visitors. In Sergiyev Posad, the monastery maintained several sketes , one of which is a place of burial for the conservative philosophers Konstantin Leontiev and Vasily Rozanov . After

1023-544: The sacristy collection but overall many valuables were lost or transferred to other collections. In 1945, following Joseph Stalin 's temporary tolerance of the church during World War II , the Lavra was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. On April 16, 1946 divine service was renewed at the Assumption Cathedral. The lavra continued as the seat of the Moscow Patriarchate until 1983, when

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1056-521: The victory over Khan Kazi-Girey . Villages appeared and grew near the monastery. Kolomna was one of the first villages to appear in the area. Urban development of the area began in the 16th–17th centuries, at which time the Kolomenskoye architectural ensemble was also built. The Ascension Church in particular is listed by the UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . The administrative okrug comprises

1089-575: Was established at the monastery; later it was turned into an almshouse for elderly clergymen and their widows. In 1812, the monastery was ransacked by the French army . The monasterial sacristy and treasury , however, had been transported to Vologda and Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra shortly before the French occupied Moscow. First documented information on Danilov Monastery's landownership can be traced back to 1785, when it owned 18 desyatinas of land. By

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