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67-601: Variants of the dialect include Western and Eastern South Jutlandic (including Alsisk). The former variant in Angeln (Danish: Angel ) and Schwansen ( Svansø ) was known as Angel Danish . The other dialects classified as belonging to the Jutlandic or Jutish ( Jysk ) group of dialects are West , East , and North Jutlandic . Many older people will still speak a distinct South Jutlandic dialect, both in towns and rural areas. Younger people and children are more likely to use

134-682: A band of Suebic peoples. This is unexpected. Owing to the uncertainty of this passage, much speculation exists regarding the original home of the Anglii. However, as pointed out by Gudmund Schütte , the neighbouring Langobards appear in two places, and the ones near the Rhine appears to be there by mistake. Schütte, in his analysis, believes that the Angles are placed correctly relative to the Langobardi to their west, but that these have been positioned in

201-480: A dialect-tinted version of Standard Danish, but everything ranging from relatively pure dialect to Standard Danish can be found. Many are able to switch between both varieties. A renewed popular interest in preserving the South Jutlandic dialect has been seen in recent years. This revival has been fuelled by the works of several local artists and authors as well as Æ Synnejysk Forening, a society working for

268-718: A marriage agreement with the Warini who he lived north of the Franks at that time. Bede (died 735) stated that the Anglii, before coming to Great Britain, dwelt in a land called Angulus, "which lies between the province of the Jutes and the Saxons, and remains unpopulated to this day." Similar evidence is given by the 9th-century Historia Brittonum . King Alfred the Great and the chronicler Æthelweard identified this place with Angeln, in

335-495: Is afforded by English and Danish traditions relating to two kings named Wermund and Offa of Angel , from whom the Mercian royal family claimed descent and whose exploits are connected with Angeln, Schleswig, and Rendsburg . Danish tradition has preserved record of two governors of Schleswig, father and son, in their service, Frowinus ( Freawine ) and Wigo (Wig), from whom the royal family of Wessex claimed descent. During

402-456: Is an independent town, the Angeln peninsula belongs to the district of Schleswig-Flensburg , Germany's northeasternmost district. This comparatively rural district had approximately 200,025 inhabitants in 2018. The largest North Angeln lakes are: The largest South Angeln lakes are: The chain of hills running across Angeln between Husby and Kappeln constitutes the drainage divide between

469-733: Is hilly, dotted with numerous lakes. The largest towns are Flensburg , Schleswig and Kappeln . Angeln is notable for being the original homeland of the Angles , a Germanic tribe that migrated from its original homeland in what is now Northern Germany to Great Britain during the Age of Migrations and founded the kingdoms of Mercia , Northumbria and East Anglia . The Angles would ultimately give their name to England . Glücksburg Castle in Glücksburg and Gottorf Castle in Schleswig were

536-527: Is mastered as well and is taught in schools, along with Standard German. South Jutlandic is still spoken to some degree in villages up to about 15 km south of the Danish-German border, but hardly in the major city of Flensburg, where the Danish speakers speak Standard Danish. Most people will be able to speak or understand Low German and sometimes North Frisian. All will know High German, often being

603-599: Is now southeast Scotland , including Edinburgh , and as far south as the Humber estuary and even the river Witham. The rest of that people stayed at the centre of the Angle homeland in the northeastern portion of the modern German Bundesland of Schleswig-Holstein, on the Jutland Peninsula. There, a small peninsular area is still called Angeln today and is formed as a triangle drawn roughly from modern Flensburg on

670-513: Is possible that the early-medieval Danish settlers did worship Thor, the name is more likely to be traced back to a hill with a Viking-Age burial ground and finds, the Thorsberg. The settlement density in Angeln apparently decreased dramatically in the 5th and 6th centuries and many villages fell into disrepair. A sharp decline in grain pollen suggests that fields were deserted. Locations with heavy clay soils were abandoned first. Since more pollen

737-617: The Germania of Tacitus. It is thought to derive from the name of the area they originally inhabited, the Angeln peninsula, which is on the Baltic Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein . Two related theories have been advanced, which attempt to give the name a Germanic etymology: According to Gesta Danorum , Dan and Angul were made rulers by the consent of their people because of their bravery. The Danes and Angles are respectively named from them. The earliest surviving mention of

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804-608: The Angeln peninsula, is the root of the name England ("Engla land" or "Ængla land" ), as well as ultimately the word English for its people and language. According to Tacitus , writing around 100 AD, a people known as Angles (Anglii) lived beyond (apparently northeast of) the Lombards and Semnones , who lived near the River Elbe . The name of the Angles may have been first recorded in Latinised form, as Anglii , in

871-853: The Danevirke and around the Viking settlement of Hedeby , which constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Angeln is served by the Neumünster–Flensburg Railway , part of the Jutland Line, and the Kiel–Flensburg Railway . There is also a heritage railway , the Angeln Steam Railway  [ de ] , which runs between Süderbrarup and Kappeln. The Bundesautobahn 7 runs along the western edge of Angeln, connecting Schleswig and Flensburg, before merging into

938-475: The Flensborg Fjord . The Low German dialect of Angel still has a great deal of Danish words and grammatical influence, which makes it difficult to understand for other Low German speakers. During the 19th century the South Jutlandic dialect had a status inferior to Low German, and parents started to encourage their children to speak Low German, so they would be better prepared for school, where education

1005-592: The Flensburg Firth . The western part of the peninsula is known as Luusangeln  [ de ; da ] ("light Angeln") because of its relatively light and sandy soil. This region represents a transition zone between the Angeln Uplands to the east and the Schleswig Geest to the west. The Schleswig Geest in turn merges into the tidal marshes of North Frisia . Apart from Flensburg, which

1072-700: The Germanic presence in the British Isles in the 7th century, but was eclipsed by the rise of Mercia in the 8th century. Both kingdoms fell in the great assaults of the Danish Viking armies in the 9th century. Their royal houses were effectively destroyed in the fighting, and their Angle populations came under the Danelaw . Further south, the Saxon kings of Wessex withstood the Danish assaults. Then in

1139-609: The Lex Anglorum et Werinorum hoc est Thuringorum is believed by many to have come. The ethnic names of Frisians and Warines are also attested in these Saxon districts. An especially early reference to the Angli in Britain is the 6th-century Byzantine historian Procopius who however expressed doubts about the stories he had heard about events in the west, which he apparently heard through Frankish diplomats. He never mentions

1206-729: The Oxbek  [ de ; da ] (which is also called Mühlenau, and whose longest tributary is the Flaruper Au). The Füsinger Au flows into the Schlei at Winningmay (municipality of Schaalby ), east of Schleswig. There are 10 officially designated nature reserves ( Naturschutzgebiete ) in Angeln: There is also one nature park, Naturpark Schlei  [ de ; da ] . The Haithabu-Dannewerk  [ de ] nature reserve lies just southwest of Angeln. It stretches along

1273-827: The Angles is in chapter 40 of Tacitus's Germania written around AD 98. Tacitus describes the "Anglii" as one of the more remote Suebic tribes compared to the Semnones and Langobardi, who lived near the Elbe and were better known to the Romans. He grouped the Angles with several other tribes in that region, the Reudigni , Aviones , Varini , Eudoses , Suarines , and Nuithones . According to Tacitus, they were all living behind ramparts of rivers and woods, and therefore inaccessible to attack. He gives no precise indication of their geographical situation but states that, together with

1340-560: The Angles split up and founded the kingdoms of Northumbria , East Anglia , and Mercia . H. R. Loyn has observed in this context that "a sea voyage is perilous to tribal institutions", and the apparently tribe-based kingdoms were formed in England. Early times had two northern kingdoms (Bernicia and Deira) and two midland ones (Middle Anglia and Mercia), which had by the seventh century resolved themselves into two Angle kingdoms, viz., Northumbria and Mercia. Northumbria held suzerainty amidst

1407-789: The Angles: From the Angles, that is, the country which is called Angulus, and which is said, from that time, to remain desert to this day, between the provinces of the Jutes and the Saxons, are descended the East Angles, the Midland Angles, Mercians, all the race of the Northumbrians, that is, of those nations that dwell on the north side of the River Humber, and the other nations of the English. The phrase "north of

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1474-621: The Baltic and North Seas. East of it, small streams mostly called Auen flow towards the Baltic. West of it, most streams flow towards the Treene and later the Eider and hence into the North Sea. The Treene is the longest tributary of the Eider, and its two headstreams, Bondenau  [ de ; da ] and Kielstau  [ de ; da ] , rise in and flow through Angeln. The sources of

1541-750: The Bondenau are in Mohrkirch and in Sörup -Sörupholz. At Mittelangeln -Bondebrück the Südensee Au  [ de ] joins the Bondenau. The Kielstau rises in Sörup -Schwensby, passes through the Winderatter See and flows into the Bondenau at Großsolt , just before the Bondenau enters the Treßsee. Upon leaving the lake the river takes on the name Treene and leaves Angeln to the west. It enters

1608-648: The Danish Sønderjyske Motorvej  [ da ] . The language most spoken in Angeln is German. However the peninsula is also part of the language area of Danish and Low German . The latter is more closely related to English than German is, since it was not affected by the High German consonant shift . Before the 9th century Angeln was inhabited by the Angles, who spoke a West Germanic dialect that would later evolve into English. A language shift to North Germanic occurred following

1675-405: The Danish ending -næs (peninsula) being replaced by -nitz , an unrelated Slavic ending which is common in eastern Germany. Such arbitrary translations were often made by the central Prussian government after the whole of Slesvig was ceded to Prussia after the war of 1864 . The South Jutlandic name of the town of Schleswig (Slesvig), from which the region derives its name, was Sljasvig with

1742-544: The Danish language had a much larger extension in South Slesvig than today. South Jutlandic was spoken down to the Danevirke wall south of Schleswig town, close to the Viking town of Hedeby , and to Eckernförde on the east coast. South of this was a sparsely inhabited area which after the Viking Age became populated with Saxon settlers whose language is now better known as Low German . The western islands and

1809-621: The Eider at Friedrichstadt , which in turn enters its extensive estuary, the Purrenstrom  [ de ] , at Tönning . The largest river system that flows entirely in Angeln from its sources to its mouth is the system of the Füsinger Au . This river is called Loiter Au in its upper course and is formed by the confluence of the Boholzer Au (which is called Wellspanger Au  [ de ; da ] in its upper course) and

1876-533: The Humber" refers to the northern kingdom of Northumbria, which included most of northern England and part of southern Scotland. Mercia was located in central England and broadly corresponds to the English Midlands . This account can be related to the evidence of archaeology, notably the distribution of types of fibulae , or brooches, worn by both men and women in antiquity. Eastern and northern Britain were settled by groups wearing cruciform brooches, of

1943-676: The North Angeln Lake Group (Ger. Nordangeliter Seengruppe ) and the South Angeln Lake Group ( Südangeliter Seengruppe ). The River Treene , with its main headstreams, Bondenau and Kielstau, rises in Angeln before flowing westwards to join the Eider , the historic border between the Danish and German realms. The northernmost part of Angeln is the Holnis  [ de ; da ] peninsula, which projects into

2010-492: The Saxons, but he states that an island called Brittia (which he believed to be distinct from Britain itself), was settled by three nations: the Angili, Frissones, and Brittones, each ruled by its own king. Each nation was so prolific that it sent large numbers of individuals every year to the Franks, who "allow them to settle in the part of their land which appears to be more deserted, and by this means they say they are winning over

2077-622: The West Germanic tribe of the Angles. Numerous important and rich cultural and historical finds were made in the bog in the 19th century. The current name does not allow the assumption that the sanctuary was already consecrated to the god Thor at the time of the Angles. Rather, the naming is based on early medieval Danish influence, especially in the Viking Age. With the migration of most Angles to Britain came widespread discontinuity in settlement and cultural structure in Angeln. Whilst it

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2144-417: The adverse effect, reinforcing anti-Danish sentiment. A pattern emerged, with the poorest in rural areas sticking to South Jutlandic, the wealthier peasants speaking Low German as the lingua franca and the educated townsmen speaking High German. A variety of South Jutlandic was spoken until the 1940s in an area west of the town of Schleswig, 40 km south of the present border. Called Fjoldedansk after

2211-489: The angels in heaven). Supposedly, this encounter inspired the pope to launch a mission to bring Christianity to their countrymen. The province of Schleswig has proved rich in prehistoric antiquities that date apparently from the fourth and fifth centuries. A large cremation cemetery has been found at Borgstedt , between Rendsburg and Eckernförde , and it has yielded many urns and brooches closely resembling those found in pagan graves in England. Of still greater importance are

2278-422: The chapter of Haderslev and Danish was spoken in church. The church language border was very similar to the present-day Danish-German border which was created by plebiscite in 1920. During the 17th and the 18th centuries, the population in the area south of the Schlei (Sli) inlet switched to Low German, few details being known about their former South Jutlandic dialect. The people of Angeln (Danish Angel ),

2345-399: The chronicler Æthelweard reported that the most important town in Angeln was Hedeby . The unofficial coat of arms of Angeln was designed by Hans Nicolai Andreas Jensen and appeared for the first time in 1847. It consists of nine fields, all but one of which represent the historic Danish hundreds (Danish: herreder , German: Harden ) of Angeln: In the original draft of the coat of arms,

2412-696: The colours of Schleswig-Holstein and the other showing the Nordic cross from the flag of Denmark . 54°40′N 9°40′E  /  54.667°N 9.667°E  / 54.667; 9.667 Angles (tribe) The Angles were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period. They founded several kingdoms of the Heptarchy in Anglo-Saxon England . Their name, which probably derives from

2479-575: The countryside between Flensburg and the Schlei where the Angles who settled England also originally came from, kept to their South Jutlandic dialect for a longer time, but often had some knowledge of Low German as well. The Angel dialect became extinct around 1900. A few records of it exist and show that it was similar to the South Jutlandic of the Sønderborg area in North Slesvig, across

2546-609: The departure of the Angles, when the peninsula was occupied by Danes. Danish became the main language of the region between the 9th and 19th centuries. In the 19th century another language shift occurred and the predominant language changed from the North Germanic Danish to the West Germanic Low German . Low German has since been gradually superseded by a variety of Standard German with Low German traits. The variety of Danish indigenous to Angeln

2613-657: The end of the settlement period of the Angles in Angeln and their arrival in eastern and central England up to 100 years passed. The Angles would have initially moved west, to the Schleswig Geest, before leaving their home completely. For the years 449–455 the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , written around 890, describes how Vortigern , a British king, invited the Angles to come and receive land in return for helping him defend his realm against marauding Picts . Those successful Angles sent word back that good land

2680-511: The fifth century, the Anglii invaded Great Britain, after which time their name does not recur on the continent except in the title of the legal code issued to the Thuringians : Lex Angliorum et Werinorum hoc est Thuringorum . The Angles are the subject of a legend about Pope Gregory I , who happened to see a group of Angle children from Deira for sale as slaves in the Roman market. As

2747-402: The great deposits at Thorsberg moor (in Angeln) and Nydam , which contained large quantities of arms, ornaments, articles of clothing, agricultural implements, etc., and in Nydam, even ships. By the help of these discoveries, Angle culture in the age preceding the invasion of Britannia can be pieced together. According to sources such as the History of Bede, after the invasion of Britannia,

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2814-447: The hundred of Husby was symbolically represented by two crossed arrows with a heart in front of them. From 1906 at the latest, the stylized house corresponding to the old hundred seal appeared instead. The original version of the coat of arms can therefore still be found occasionally. The Uggelharde  [ de ; da ] , which only partially lay in Angeln, is not represented in the arms. Two unofficial flags are in use, one showing

2881-412: The island of Great Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. Thorsberg moor is a peat bog in the municipality of Süderbrarup. This inconspicuous body of water is an important archaeological site and was a Germanic sacrificial bog from the times of the Roman Empire. In the period from the 1st century to the early 5th century objects were sacrificed in several phases in Thorsberg Moor, presumably by members of

2948-402: The island. Thus it actually happened that not long ago the king of the Franks, in sending some of his intimates on an embassy to the Emperor Justinian in Byzantium, sent with them some of the Angili, thus seeking to establish his claim that this island was ruled by him." Procopius claimed that the Angles had recently sent a large army of 400 ships to Europe, from Brittia to the Rhine, to enforce

3015-403: The largest Danish-speaking minorities are Flensburg, Schleswig and Glücksburg. Many Angeln place-names are of Danish origin, including those ending in - by (town), such as Brodersby , Nieby and Husby , and -rup (hamlet), such as Sörup , Sterup and Tastrup . The region was home to the Germanic Angles, some of whom, together with Saxons and Jutes , left their homeland to migrate to

3082-479: The late 9th and early 10th centuries, the kings of Wessex defeated the Danes and liberated the Angles from the Danelaw. They united their house in marriage with the surviving Angle royalty, and were accepted by the Angles as their kings. This marked the passing of the old Anglo-Saxon world and the dawn of the " English " as a new people. The regions of East Anglia and Northumbria are still known by their original titles. Northumbria once stretched as far north as what

3149-467: The only language of young people and children. Members of the Danish minority are taught Standard Danish as well in schools, but often choose to communicate in German in everyday life. Language, especially spoken language, is not necessarily linked with national identification. Family ties and informal local contact across the border used to be very common, with South Jutlandic being the first language of both Danish-minded and German-minded people. Sometimes,

3216-424: The original seats of two historically important dynasties, the House of Glücksburg and the House of Holstein-Gottorp . The place-name is first attested in Widsith , an Old English poem dating to the 6th or 7th century. It has been linked to the Germanic roots * angulaz ("hook") and * angw - ("narrow"), and may have originated as a name for the Schlei. It is unclear whether the ancient Angeln corresponded to

3283-615: The promotion of the dialect. Several schools now offer the dialect as an optional subject, but Rigsdansk , the official Danish, remains a compulsory subject. Members of the South Jutlandic minority on the German side of the border tend to emphasize their South Jutlandic identity. Many members of this minority are in one way or another connected with agriculture, the dialect being more prevalent in rural communities. The German minority usually speak South Jutlandic with each other and with Danish-minded people alike, but prefer German for writing and official occasions such as meetings. Standard Danish

3350-414: The province of Schleswig (though it may then have been of greater extent), and this identification agrees with the indications given by Bede. In the Norwegian seafarer Ohthere of Hålogaland 's account of a two-day voyage from the Oslo fjord to Schleswig , he reported the lands on his starboard bow, and Alfred appended the note "on these islands dwelt the Engle before they came hither". Confirmation

3417-420: The purest South Jutlandic may be found among older people who identify as German. Since they have not attended Danish schools, their speech is not influenced by Standard Danish. With urbanisation in the recent decades, the crisscross of dialects and national sentiment has faded, with High German becoming the first choice everywhere, but some South Jutlandic words are often retained in the vocabulary. Historically,

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3484-464: The region now denoted by the name or whether it was of greater extent. Angeln is one of four peninsulas lining the Baltic coast of Schleswig-Holstein , along with Schwansen, Danish Wahld and Wagrien . As part of the Schleswig-Holstein Morainic Uplands (Ger. Schleswig-Holsteinisches Moränenhügelland ), formed during the Weichselian glaciation , these peninsulas are hilly and dotted with several glacial lakes . The Angeln lakes are subdivided into

3551-410: The school language to be Danish in areas where the peasantry spoke Danish and even in an area stretching further south, into the Low German speaking area. Church language would alternate between Danish and German. Standard Danish had never been widely used in South Slesvig even where the populace spoke a Danish dialect. The dominant official language was German, and the measures of the government had quite

3618-407: The six other tribes, they worshipped Nerthus , or Mother Earth, whose sanctuary was located on "an island in the Ocean". The Eudoses are generally considered to be the Jutes and these names have been associated with localities in Jutland or on the Baltic coast. The coast contains sufficient estuaries, inlets, rivers, islands, swamps, and marshes to have been inaccessible to those not familiar with

3685-409: The southernmost area. Typical Scandinavian endings include -by, -bøl, -trup, -lund, -ved, -toft (in German form: -by, -büll, -trup, -lund, -witt, -toft ). In some cases the South Jutlandic form has been eradicated from the Standard Danish variety of the name, but is still visible in the Germanised version: In many other cases the Germanised versions are out of etymological context. Examples include

3752-403: The story was told by Bede, Gregory was struck by the unusual appearance of the slaves and asked about their background. When told they were called Anglii (Angles), he replied with a Latin pun that translates well into English: "Bene, nam et angelicam habent faciem, et tales angelorum in caelis decet esse coheredes" (It is well, for they have an angelic face, and such people ought to be co-heirs of

3819-461: The stress on the second syllable. Angeln Angeln ( Danish : Angel ) is a peninsula on the Baltic coast of Jutland , in the Bay of Kiel . It forms part of Southern Schleswig , the northernmost region of Germany . The peninsula is bounded on the north by the Flensburg Firth , which separates it from Sundeved and the island of Als in Denmark , and on the south by the Schlei , which separates it from Schwansen . The landscape

3886-399: The style in fashion at the time in coastal Scandinavia , Denmark , and Schleswig-Holstein south to the lower Elbe and east to the Oder , as well as a pocket in coastal Friesland . After the Angles departed from Angeln, by the 8th century the region was occupied by Danes . This is reflected in the large number of place names ending in -by (town) in the region today. In the 10th century

3953-508: The terrain, such as the Romans, who considered it unknown and inaccessible. The majority of scholars believe that the Anglii lived on the coasts of the Baltic Sea , probably in the southern part of the Jutland peninsula. This view is based partly on Old English and Danish traditions regarding persons and events of the fourth century, and partly because striking affinities to the cult of Nerthus as described by Tacitus are to be found in pre-Christian Scandinavian religion. Surviving versions of

4020-435: The village Fjolde (German: Viöl) or sydslesvigsk (southern Schleswigian), the dialect had many archaic features otherwise lost in Danish, such as verbs fully inflected in person and number. The village was isolated between surrounding moorland, creating a language island , similar to the case of the Saterland Frisian language . Place names in South Slesvig are of almost exclusively Danish origin, except in North Frisia and

4087-459: The west coast were settled by Frisians . A little further inland Frisians and Danes were mixed. With the reformation in the 16th century the national language was installed in church instead of Latin. In Slesvig this meant not the language of the peasantry, but that of the dukes and gentry, being first Low German and later High German. German was the language of administration in all of Slesvig. In Northern Slesvig, however, priests were educated at

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4154-427: The work of Ptolemy , who wrote around AD 150, in his Geography (2.10), describes the Angles in a confusing manner. In one passage, the Sueboi Angeilloi (or Suevi Angili ), are described as living inland between the northern Rhine and central Elbe , but apparently not touching either river, with the Suebic Langobardi on the Rhine to their west, and the Suebic Semnones on the Elbe stretching to their east, forming

4221-437: The wrong place. The Langobardi also appear in the expected position on the lower Elbe, and the Angles would be expected to their northwest, based upon Tacitus. Another theory is that all or part of the Angles dwelt or moved among other coastal people, perhaps confederated up to the basin of the Saale (in the neighbourhood of the ancient canton of Engilin ) on the Unstrut valleys below the Kyffhäuserkreis , from which region

4288-432: Was Angel Danish , a dialect of South Jutlandic (the southernmost variety of Danish spoken on the Jutland peninsula, formerly spoken as far south as Eckernförde ). Danish continues to be spoken in Angeln by a minority but the dialects spoken nowadays are Southern Schleswig Danish , which are not dialects of the previously indigenous South Jutlandic but (Low) German-influenced dialects of Standard Danish. The cities with

4355-427: Was available and that the British were "worthless". A wholesale emigration of Angles and kindred Germanic peoples followed. The Chronicle , commissioned by Alfred the Great , drew on earlier oral traditions and on the few written fragments available. The best of these, written around 730, was by the monk Bede , whose history of English Christianity contains the following brief account of the origin and distribution of

4422-405: Was found at some locations of the Schleswig Geest (the region neighbouring Angeln), it is assumed that the climate had changed. Increased rainfall could explain this move to the sandy geest areas. Another reason for leaving settlements near the coast is believed to be attacks from the sea. This initially regional migration would also explain another phenomenon: it is now considered likely that between

4489-404: Was in High German. Some scholars assume that centuries with German spoken in church made people identify with the German nationality, even if they still spoke a Danish vernacular at home. The Danish government, for political reasons, wished to halt this language shift from Danish to German. After the First War of Schleswig , in 1851, the government issued the Slesvig Language Rescripts, ordering

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