The Tennessee Coach Company (TCC) was a regional highway-coach carrier, founded in 1928 and based in Knoxville, Tennessee , USA. It was in operation until 1976, when it became merged into the Continental Tennessee Lines, a subsidiary of the Transcontinental Bus System, called also the Continental Trailways . Continental Trailways was by far the largest member company in the Trailways trade association, which was then named the National Trailways Bus System .
132-791: The TCC began in the Volunteer State in 1928, combining the Southern Motor Coach Company , which had started running in 1924 between Knoxville and Chattanooga , and the Safety Coach Company , which had started running in 1925 between Knoxville and Johnson City . The story of the TCC dates back to 1919 in Ohio with Onnie Bruce "O.B." Baskette. He drove first for the Cleveland - Akron Bus Company, then for
264-452: A humid subtropical climate , Cfa on climate maps. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 37,713 people, 14,169 households, and 8,870 families residing in the city. At the 2000 census, 34,980 people, 13,320 households and 8,431 families were residing in the city. The population density was 1,190.5 inhabitants per square mile (459.7/km ). The 14,508 housing units averaged 493.7 per square mile (190.7/km ). The racial makeup of
396-588: A diversion and occupied it on September 9, 1863. Following the Battle of Chickamauga , the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga. On November 23, 1863, the Battles for Chattanooga began when Union forces led by Major General Ulysses S. Grant reinforced troops at Chattanooga and advanced to Orchard Knob against Confederate troops besieging the city. The next day, the Battle of Lookout Mountain
528-813: A factory to build medium transformers . In the 1960s, Rome contributed to the American effort in the Vietnam War when the Rome Plow Company produced Rome plows , large armored vehicles used by the U.S. military to clear jungles. In the latter part of the 20th century, many carpet mills prospered in the areas surrounding Rome. Rome is also well known in the region for its medical facilities, particularly Floyd Medical Center , Redmond Regional Medical Center , and Harbin Clinic . Partnering with these facilities for physician development and medical education
660-629: A few pieces of the Tennessee Coach Company still exist, but only as unrecognizable parts of the Greyhound Lines. Chattanooga Chattanooga ( / ˌ tʃ æ t ə ˈ n uː ɡ ə / CHAT -ə- NOO -gə ) is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Tennessee , United States. It is located along the Tennessee River , and borders Georgia to the south. With a population of 181,099 in 2020, it
792-409: A fifteen per cent cut in pay, and volunteered a further ten per cent reduction in work time to save the jobs of substitute employees who otherwise would have been thrown out of work." Among fundraising activities for the poor, wealthier residents bought tickets to a show put on by local performers; the fares were paid to grocers, who made boxes of food to sell at a discount price to needy families. In
924-871: A food-manufacturing facility in Rome at a cost of $ 125 million, the company's largest ever capital investment. Sites include: Sites on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Floyd County, Georgia : Since 2003, Rome has been the home of the Rome Emperors , the High-A affiliate of the Atlanta Braves . The Rome Emperors compete in the South Atlantic League . According to numbers released in 2010, sports tourism
1056-457: A growing part of Chattanooga's economy, with 2014 being the first year for Hamilton County to surpass $ 1 billion in revenue. Startups have been an increasing trend, due in part to EPB 's fiber optic grid. Notable venture firms based in the city are Blank Slate Ventures, Chattanooga Renaissance Fund, Lamp Post Group, SwiftWing Ventures, the Jump Fund, Dynamo Ventures, and Brickyard VC. The city
1188-561: A land lottery. The Rome economy continued to grow. In 1849, an 18-mile (29 km) rail spur to the Western and Atlantic Railroad in Kingston was completed, significantly improving transportation to the east. This route was later followed in the 20th-century construction of Georgia Highway 293 . By 1860 the population had reached 4,010 in the city, and 15,195 in the county. Rome's iron works were an important manufacturing center during
1320-625: A major part of the newly founded Carolina Coach Company. In May 1940 the latter firm became a member of the Trailways association and became known also as the Carolina Trailways; in 1997 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Greyhound Lines , Inc. (GLI). One curious result of that last step is that a Greyhound subsidiary, the Carolina Coach Company, the Carolina Trailways, is a member of the Trailways association, now
1452-521: A major waterfront attraction that has helped to spur neighborhood development. Since the opening of the aquarium, downtown Chattanooga has received over $ 5 billion of private investment, including nearly $ 1 billion from 2014 to 2018. The city has won three national awards for outstanding "livability", and nine Gunther Blue Ribbon Awards for excellence in housing and consolidated planning. Public art experts chose Passageways 2.0 City Thread from among 50 outstanding public art projects created in 2018 through
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#17327902368941584-458: A market and trading city due to its advantageous location on the rivers. It shipped the rich regional cotton commodity crop downriver to markets on the Gulf Coast and export overseas. In the late 1920s, a United States company built a rayon plant in a joint project with an Italian company. This project and the American city of Rome were honored by Italy in 1929, when Benito Mussolini sent
1716-531: A municipality has its own typeface in the United States and the first crowd-funded , custom-made typeface in the world. On July 16, 2015, five people — four U.S. Marines and one sailor — were murdered and two more were wounded in shootings at two U.S. military facilities in Chattanooga . The perpetrator was Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez, an Islamic terrorist . On November 21, 2016, a school bus carrying students from Woodmore Elementary School crashed in
1848-502: A private "works project" to provide employment to men out of work, S.H. Smith Sr. decided to replace the Armstrong Hotel. After demolishing it, he employed many people to help build the towering Greystone Hotel at the corner of Broad and East Second streets. The Rome News-Tribune reported on November 30, 1933, an increase in local building permits for a total of $ 95,800; of this amount, $ 85,000 were invested by S.H. Smith Sr. in
1980-614: A prominent presence in Chattanooga, the sole site of production of Altoids breath mint products since 2005. In a seminal event for Chattanooga, Volkswagen announced in July 2008 the construction of its first U.S. auto plant in over three decades, the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant . In May 2011, Volkswagen Group of America inaugurated its plant. The $ 1 billion plant, opened in May 2011, served as
2112-582: A replica of the statue of Romulus and Remus nursing from a mother wolf , a symbol of the founding myth of the original Rome. It is the largest city near the center of the triangular area defined by the Interstate highways between Atlanta , Birmingham , and Chattanooga . It has developed as a regional center for the fields of medical care and education. In addition to its public-school system, it has several private schools. Higher-level institutions include private Berry College and Shorter University , and
2244-463: A similar sit-in protest. Class President Paul Walker, Lehman Pierce and as many as 200 other black students organized peaceful sit-ins at four businesses along one block in downtown Chattanooga. White youth mobs responded with agitation, inflammatory language and violence. By the third day, Mayor Rudy Olgiatti instructed the fire department to utilize water hoses on crowds becoming the first city to utilize this tactic against protesters. Three months later
2376-614: A wide variety of entertainment, dining, cultural and architectural attractions, including the Tennessee Aquarium , opened in 1992; the Creative Discovery Museum , opened in 1995; and the historic Walnut Street Bridge , reopened in 1993. The downtown footprint is bounded by interstate highway I-24 on the south to Frazier Avenue in the Northshore, as well as US highway 27 in the west to Central Avenue in
2508-545: Is Tennessee's fourth-most populous city and one of the two principal cities of East Tennessee , along with Knoxville . It anchors the Chattanooga metropolitan area , Tennessee's fourth-largest metropolitan statistical area , as well as a larger three-state area that includes Southeast Tennessee, Northwest Georgia, and Northeast Alabama. Chattanooga was a crucial city during the American Civil War due to
2640-582: Is expected to create one thousand new jobs and $ 800 million in investments. In addition to corporate business interests, there are many retail shops in Chattanooga, including two shopping malls: Hamilton Place Mall in East Brainerd and Northgate Mall in Hixson . Eastgate Mall in Brainerd used to be a shopping mall, but has changed into a multi-use office building. Tourism and Hospitality has been
2772-589: Is impounded by the Chickamauga Dam north of the downtown area. The city is nestled between the southwestern Ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the foot of Walden's Ridge ; the river separates the ridge from the western side of downtown. Several miles east, the city is bisected by Missionary Ridge . The downtown area sits at an elevation of approximately 676 feet (206 m), one of the lowest elevations in East Tennessee . Downtown Chattanooga has
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#17327902368942904-495: Is served by several incubators, notably Co.Lab, the Business Development Center, and Lamp Post Group. The Business Development Center is among the nation's largest incubators, both in square footage and in the number of startups that it supports. Co-working spaces have picked up downtown, including Society of Work and Chattanooga Workspace. Unique in the city is the startup accelerator Gigtank, which utilizes
3036-742: Is the Northwest Georgia Clinical Campus of the Medical College of Georgia, which is part of Georgia Health Sciences University . National companies that are part of Rome's technology industry include Brugg Cable and Telecom, Suzuki Manufacturing of America, automobile parts makers Neaton Rome and F&P Georgia, Peach State Labs, and the North American headquarters of Pirelli Tire. Other major companies in Rome include State Mutual Insurance Company. In March 2020, Kerry Group announced plans to build
3168-627: The American Civil War , Chattanooga was a center of battle. Chattanooga served as a hub connecting fifty percent of the Confederacy's arsenals, those being located in Atlanta , Augusta , Columbus , and Macon . Chattanooga's railroads were vital to the Confederacy's transportation of raw material to processing plants for producing small arms munitions. During the Chickamauga Campaign , Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as
3300-520: The Archaic , Woodland , Mississippian / Muskogean / Yuchi (900– 1714 CE), and Cherokee (1776–1838) periods. The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the Chickamauga Creek is the oldest ( c. 750 CE ) remaining visible art in Chattanooga. The Citico town and mound site was the most significant Mississippian / Muscogee landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915. The first part of
3432-544: The Central Time Zone . As of the 2020 United States census , there were 181,099 people, 79,565 households, and 41,059 families residing in the city. As of the census of 2010 , there were 167,674 people, 70,749 households, and 40,384 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,222.5 inhabitants per square mile (472.0/km ). There were 79,607 housing units at an average density of 588.8 units per square mile (227.3 units/km ). The racial makeup of
3564-673: The Civil War , supplying many cannons and other armaments to the Confederate effort. In April 1863, the city was defended by Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest against Union Colonel Abel Streight 's "lightning mule" raid from the area east of modern-day Cedar Bluff, Alabama . General Forrest tricked Colonel Streight into surrendering just a few miles shy of Rome. Realizing their vulnerability, Rome's city council had allocated $ 3,000 to build three fortifications. Although these became operational by October 1863, efforts to strengthen
3696-587: The Gulf Coast , the major port for export of cotton. By 1838, the Cherokee had run out of legal options in resisting removal. They were the last of the major Southeast tribes to be forcibly moved to the Indian Territory (in modern-day Oklahoma ) on the Trail of Tears . After the removal of the Cherokee, their homes and businesses were taken over by Whites , with much of the property distributed through
3828-812: The Indian Removal Act , and the federal government committed to removing the Cherokee and other Native Americans from the Southeast . It developed on former indigenous territory at the confluence of the Etowah and the Oostanaula rivers, which together form the Coosa River . Because of its strategic advantages, this area was long occupied by the historic Creek . Later the Cherokee people expanded into this area from their traditional homelands to
3960-836: The Southeastern United States ), the Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel (a converted railroad terminal), the Maclellan Building, the Dome Building (once the home to the Chattanooga Times), and the Tivoli Theatre . The BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee headquarters, atop Cameron Hill, is the second-largest LEED Gold-certified corporate campus in the nation. Downtown Chattanooga has four main bridges over
4092-501: The Tennessee River , Chattanooga is at the transition between the ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the Cumberland Plateau , both of which are part of the larger Appalachian Mountains . Its official nickname is the "Scenic City", alluding to the surrounding mountains, ridges, and valleys. Unofficial nicknames include "River City", "Chatt", "Nooga", "Chattown", and "Gig City", the latter a reference to its claims that it has
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4224-492: The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) system was created in 1933 by Congress . The flood crested at 58 feet (18 m) and completely inundated the city. Since the completion of the reservoir system, the highest Chattanooga flood stage has been nearly 37 feet (11 m), which occurred in 1973. Without regulation, the flood would have crested at 52.4 feet (16.0 m). Chattanooga was a major priority in
4356-619: The Trailways Transportation System ]. While Baskette was in North Carolina, he met two brothers, Al and M.H. Kraemer, who became connected (although not as principals) with the Carolina Coach Company in its beginning. Baskette, seeking an opportunity to start a firm of his own, moved to East Tennessee . In March 1925 he began running between Knoxville and Johnson City along US highway 11E (US-11E) via Jefferson City , Morristown , and Greeneville . In
4488-550: The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 's campus and features the largest mural in Chattanooga. The 40,000-square-foot mural was created by Philadelphia-based muralist Meg Saligman and seven other local artists. In late 20th and early 21st centuries, substantial private and governmental resources have been invested in transforming the city's tarnished image. In 1993, restoration of the Walnut Street Bridge
4620-624: The county seat of Floyd County, Georgia , United States. Located in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains , it is the principal city of the Rome, Georgia, metropolitan statistical area , which encompasses all of Floyd County. At the 2020 census , the city had a population of 37,713. It is the largest city in Northwest Georgia and the 26th-largest city in the state. Rome was founded in 1834, after Congress passed
4752-588: The 1813 Creek Civil War , most Cherokee took the side of the Lower Creek Indians, who were more assimilated and willing to deal with European Americans, against the Red Sticks or Upper Creek. As they had lived more isolated from the Whites, they had maintained strong, conservative cultural traditions. Before the Cherokee moved to Head of Coosa, Chief Ridge commanded a company of warriors as a unit of
4884-585: The 2010 census, an 11% increase during the 2000s. The single largest religious group in Chattanooga is Christianity . According to 2010 statistics, the Southern Baptist Convention was the largest denomination with 225 congregations and 122,300 members; followed by the United Methodist Church with 31,500 members and 83 churches. The third-largest group of Christians identified as non-denominational congregations; and
5016-458: The Brainerd neighborhood , killing 6 and injuring 23. In March 2018, the driver, an employee of Durham School Services , was convicted of six counts of criminally negligent homicide, 11 counts of reckless aggravated assault, seven counts of assault, reckless endangerment, reckless driving and illegally using his phone while driving. The crash reignited the debate about whether seat belts should be required in school buses. On June 5, 2022, there
5148-519: The Capitoline Wolf, as a forecast of prosperity and glory, has been sent from Ancient Rome to New Rome during the consulship of Benito Mussolini in the year 1929. In 1940, anti-Italian sentiment due to World War II became so strong that the Rome city commission moved the statue into storage to prevent vandalism . They replaced it with an American flag. In 1952, the city restored the statue to its former location in front of City Hall. In Rome,
5280-628: The Cleveland- Elyria - Toledo Bus Company (which, despite its name, ran only between Cleveland and Norwalk, Ohio , beyond Elyria but short of Toledo). He then returned to the former firm in a management job. Baskette moved to North Carolina during the winter of 1924-25 and started working (albeit for a short time) for the Carolina Motor Coaches (running between Raleigh and Greensboro , which in November 1925 became
5412-595: The Confederacy itself in half, while Chattanooga served as the doorway to the Deep South . These battles were followed the next spring by the Atlanta Campaign , beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a major railroad hub and industrial and manufacturing center. The largest flood in Chattanooga's history occurred in 1867, before
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5544-981: The Consolidated Coach Corporation (Consolidated, CCC, or the CCC Lines), based in Lexington, Kentucky , bought the UTC; in 1931 Consolidated adopted the brand name, trade name, or service name of the Southeastern Greyhound Lines (Southeastern, SEG, SEGL, or the SEG Lines); in 1936 the Consolidated firm became renamed as the Southeastern Greyhound Lines (GL).] The Tennessee Coach Company in 1929 extended its Johnson City line to Bristol (on
5676-402: The Consolidated Coach Corporation, of Lexington, Kentucky , which in 1936 became renamed as the Southeastern Greyhound Lines). They owned the new firm in three equal shares. The purpose of the new firm was to run between Knoxville and Washington, DC , via Bristol, Wytheville , Roanoke, Lexington , Staunton , and Winchester (all the last six in Virginia), along a route which divided between
5808-402: The Continental Crescent Lines, another neighboring firm, into the Continental Tennessee Lines. Thus finally ended the separate existence or identity of the Tennessee Coach Company. In 1968 the Holiday Inns of America, based in Memphis, Tennessee, bought the Transcontinental Bus System (the Continental Trailways), then later renamed it as the Trailways, Inc., TWI. In 1979 the Holiday Inns sold
5940-418: The Continental Tennessee Lines, already a subsidiary of the Continental Southern Lines, which in turn was a division of the Transcontinental Bus System (the Continental Trailways). Eventually in 1976 the Continental Trailways merged the Tennessee Trailways (which had continued to use the brand name of the Tennessee Coach Company) into the Continental Tennessee Lines – at the same time when it merged also
6072-434: The Continental Trailways), based in Dallas, Texas , bought most of the large Trailways member companies along the Atlantic Seaboard . Those included were the Safeway Trails (the Safeway Trailways), the Virginia Stage Lines (the Virginia Trailways), the Queen City Coach Company (the Queen City Trailways), and the Smoky Mountain Stages (the Smoky Mountain Trailways), but not the Carolina Coach Company (the Carolina Trailways) or
6204-467: The Georgia State Legislature amended Rome's charter to create a commission to oversee the construction of river levees to protect the town against future floods. In the late 1890s, additional flood control measures were instituted, including raising the height of Broad Street by about 15 feet (4.6 m). As a result, the original entrances and ground-level floors of many of Rome's historic buildings became covered over and had to serve as basements. In
6336-511: The Hamilton County jail and lynch Johnson on the Walnut Street Bridge . Chattanooga grew with the entry of the United States in the First World War in 1917; the nearest training camp was in Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia . The Influenza pandemic of 1918 closed local movie theaters and pool halls. By the 1930s, Chattanooga was known as the "Dynamo of Dixie", inspiring the 1941 Glenn Miller big-band swing song " Chattanooga Choo Choo ". Through Mayor P.R. Olgiati's efforts, Chattanooga became
6468-406: The Head of Coosa Cherokee. These were later joined by missionaries , and more settlers. After the American War of Independence , most new settlers came from the area of Georgia east of the Proclamation Line of 1763 . In 1793, in response to a Cherokee raid into Tennessee, John Sevier , the Governor of Tennessee , led a retaliatory raid against the Cherokee in the vicinity of Myrtle Hill, in what
6600-426: The Klan across the country in the following years. In 1987, the city's at-large voting process was challenged on the basis that it marginalized the voting power of Black voters. The issue was initially presented by Lorenzo Ervin , Annie Thomas and Maxine Cousin to the ACLU in Atlanta . Following the case of Brown v. Board of Commissioners of Chattanooga , the city terminated the at-large voting system. Since
6732-435: The Public Art Network Year in Review program, a national program that recognizes compelling public art. In addition to winning various national and regional awards, Chattanooga has been in the national limelight numerous times. Chattanooga was the profile city of the August 2007 edition of US Airways Magazine . Chattanooga-based businesses have been recognized for their investment in solar energy. In December 2009, Chattanooga
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#17327902368946864-457: The Secret City). [Oak Ridge was the site of the headquarters of the top-secret Manhattan Project , which in 1945 produced the world's first nuclear weapons .] The Tennessee Coach Company and the other carrier – first the UTC, later the CCC, even later the Southeastern GL – shared their joint certificate (for the route between Nashville and Knoxville) in an unusual way: One carrier ran in one direction on any given scheduled trip, then
6996-684: The South. This reached Rome in the mid-1920s, and caused many farmers to move away, sell their land, or convert to other agricultural crops, such as corn. Farm workers were displaced, and many African Americans left the area in the Great Migration , seeking work in cities, including those in the North and Midwest. Cotton crops were being destroyed by the boll weevil , a tiny insect that reached Georgia in 1915 (invading from Louisiana ). The boll weevil destroyed many fields of cotton and suppressed Rome's economy. Many families struggled through hard financial times. Jobs were scarce, and prices of food and basic commodities went up. The federal "postal employees took
7128-419: The Southeastern GL took over the other five trips each way. The TCC also started one daily trip each way between Nashville and Knoxville along US-70N via Lebanon , Carthage , Cookeville , and Crossville, joining the Continental Tennessee Lines, based in Nashville, another Trailways member company, on that parallel alternate route. For a short time during the 1930s, while the TCC operated in cooperation with
7260-510: The Southeastern GL, several of the coaches of the TCC ( Yellow Coach long-nose streamliners) appeared (with the consent of Greyhound) in the Greyhound livery, complete with lettering for the Tennessee Greyhound Lines (which never existed at all as a separate distinct entity). In 1929 – the same year in which the TCC and the UTC obtained their joint certificate for service between Nashville and Knoxville – another significant neighboring carrier came into existence. Three major players in
7392-412: The TCC returned its leased right to that segment to the Atlantic GL (as the successor in interest of the OD Stages) – as a part of the deal related to the dissociation of the TCC from Greyhound. Afterward the TCC continued running between Knoxville and Bristol, but only along its own original route on US-11E. In 1960 the Tennessee Coach Company became sold to a new firm (created specifically to buy
7524-436: The TCC), named as the Tennessee Trailways, Inc., owned in three equal shares by three other Trailways member companies. The investors were the Virginia Stage Lines (the Virginia Trailways), the Smoky Mountain Lines (the Smoky Mountain Trailways), and the Continental Tennessee Lines (a Trailways concern which ran in part between Nashville and Knoxville along US-70N via Lebanon, Carthage, Cookeville, and Crossville. [That last firm
7656-443: The TWI to a private investor, Henry Lea Hillman Sr. , of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . In 1987 The Greyhound Corporation , the original umbrella Greyhound firm, which had become widely diversified far beyond transportation, sold its entire highway-coach operating business (its core bus business) to a new company named as the Greyhound Lines, Inc., GLI, based in Dallas, Texas. The buyer was a separate, independent, unrelated firm, which
7788-769: The TWI, its largest competitor, and merged it into the GLI. The lenders and the other investors of the GLI ousted Fred Currey as the chief executive officer (CEO) after the firm went into bankruptcy in 1990. The GLI has continued to experience difficulties and lackluster performance under a succession of new owners and new executives, while continuing to reduce its level of service. The reductions consist of hauling fewer passengers aboard fewer coaches on fewer trips along fewer routes with fewer stops in fewer communities in fewer states, doing so on fewer days (that is, increasingly operating some trips fewer than seven days per week), and using fewer through-coaches, thus requiring passengers to make more transfers (from one coach to another). Now
7920-409: The Tamiami Trail Tours (the Tamiami Trailways). Thus the Transcontinental Bus System (the Continental Trailways) acquired the other two-thirds of the ownership of the Tennessee Trailways (which had bought the Tennessee Coach Company in 1960) – through its purchase of the Virginia Trailways and the Smoky Mountain Trailways – in addition to the one-third share which already was the property of
8052-615: The Tennessee Coach Company, bought the Southern Motor Coach Company (running between Knoxville and Chattanooga), then merged that firm and Baskett's own Safety Coach Company (running between Knoxville and Johnson City) into the new TCC. The State of Tennessee in 1929 issued a joint certificate (of public convenience and necessity) to the TCC and the Union Transfer Company (UTC), based in Nashville , for service between Nashville and Knoxville along US-70 , later redesignated in part as US-70S , via Murfreesboro , Woodbury , McMinnville , Sparta , Crossville , Rockwood , and Kingston . [In 1930
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#17327902368948184-435: The Tennessee River: the Walnut Street Bridge, the Market Street Bridge , the Olgiati Bridge , and the Veterans Memorial Bridge . These bridges allow pedestrians to connect the Riverfront and Northshore to the Tennessee Riverwalk and Bluff View Art District. Downtown Chattanooga parks include Coolidge Park , Renaissance Park, Miller Park, Miller Plaza and Main Terrain Art Park. The Martin Luther King District runs parallel to
8316-459: The Tennessee militia, with Chief Ross as adjutant . This Cherokee unit was under the overall command of United States Major Andrew Jackson , and supported the Upper Creek. They were the part of the Creek who had adopted more European-American customs and were more aligned with American settlers. The Creek War played out within the US-British conflict of the War of 1812 . In 1829, European Americans discovered gold near Dahlonega, Georgia , starting
8448-432: The War of 1812. They held a drawing at Alhambra to determine the name of the new city, with Col. Mitchell submitting the name of Rome because of the area's hills and rivers. Mitchell's submission was drawn, and the Georgia Legislature chartered Rome as an official city in 1835. The county seat was subsequently moved east from the village of Livingston to Rome. With the entire area still occupied primarily by Cherokee,
8580-413: The age of 18 living with them, 36% were married couples living together, 17.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.94. In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.3% under
8712-424: The age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 27% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.1 years. 46.1% of the population was male and 53.9% of the population was female. The median income for a household in the city was $ 35,817, and the median income for a family was $ 43,314. Males had a median income of $ 36,109 versus $ 31,077 for females. The per capita income for
8844-438: The ancient Roman Forum , inscribed "From Old Rome to New Rome", to be used as the cornerstone of the new rayon plant. After the rayon plant was completed in 1929, Mussolini honored the American Rome with a bronze replica of the sculpture of Romulus and Remus nursing from the Capitoline Wolf . The statue was placed in front of City Hall on a base of white marble from Tate, Georgia , with a brass plaque inscribed: This statue of
8976-486: The annual peak in nor'easter activity. Summers are hot and humid, with a July daily mean of 80.0 °F (26.7 °C) and 52 days annually with 90 °F (32 °C) or greater temperatures. Chattanooga is the sixth fastest warming city in the United States due to climate change . Average annual precipitation is over 52 inches (1,300 mm). On average, November through March represents an extended relatively wet period, because of Chattanooga's frequent placement (in
9108-431: The area designated as Indian Territory , in what is now the state of Oklahoma . Their journey west became known as the " Trail of Tears " for their exile and fatalities along the way. The U.S. Army used Ross's Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or "emigration depots", where Native Americans were held before the journey on the Trail of Tears. In 1839, the community of Ross's Landing incorporated as
9240-432: The area, Rome was an increasingly important market town, shipping the commodity downriver to other markets. It was designated as the county seat of Floyd County. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 31.6 square miles (81.9 km ), of which 30.9 square miles (80.1 km ) are land and 0.73 square miles (1.9 km ), or 2.29%, are covered by water. The seven hills that inspired
9372-401: The beginning of the 21st century, the city of Chattanooga has grown, attracting people from out of state and even out of the country. Chattanooga launched the first one-gigabit-per-second Internet service in the United States in September 2010, provided through the city-owned utility EPB . In August 2012, Chattanooga developed its own typeface , called Chatype , which marks the first time
9504-684: The city and nearby locations, including Apison and Cherokee Valley in Catoosa County, Georgia , where fifteen people died, eight in Apison and seven in Cherokee Valley. An EF3 tornado struck southeastern portions of Chattanooga on the night of April 12, 2020, and caused significant damage and three fatalities. Chattanooga uses the Eastern Time Zone . Counties directly to its west (in both Tennessee and Alabama) use
9636-592: The city developed to serve the agrarian needs of the new cotton-based economy. Invention of the cotton gin in the late 18th century made processing of short-staple cotton profitable. This was the type of cotton that best thrived in the upland areas, in contrast to that grown on the Sea Islands and in the Low Country . Much of upland Georgia was developed as what became known as the Black Belt , named for
9768-412: The city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce. With the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. The city was known as the site "where cotton meets corn," referring to its location along the cultural boundary between the mountain communities of southern Appalachia and the cotton-growing states to the south. During
9900-482: The city was $ 23,756. About 14% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over. Chattanooga's Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Hamilton, Marion , and Sequatchie counties in Tennessee and Catoosa , Dade , and Walker counties in Georgia, grew from 476,531 people, as of the 2000 census, to 529,222 people, as of
10032-422: The city was 58.0% White , 34.9% Black , 2.0% Asian , 0.4% American Indian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 2.8% from other races , and 1.9% from two or more races. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin (regardless of race) constituted 5.5% of the total population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 55.9% of the population in 2010, down from 67.3% in 1980. There were 70,749 households, out of which 26.7% had children under
10164-543: The city was 63.12% White, 27.66% African American, 1.42% Asian, 0.39% Native American, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 5.61% from other races, and 1.64% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 10.35% of the population. Of the 13,320 households, 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 17.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were not families. About 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who
10296-575: The city would agree to desegregate the downtown businesses. Unlike many southern cities the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. did not lead to riots in Chattanooga. Mayor Kelley and Police Commissioner Turner met with young people to defuse the situation and bought the protesters lunch. The frustrated youths voiced their complaints about racial injustice in Chattanooga, but were convinced to peacefully disperse. In 1971, John Franklin Sr. became
10428-698: The city's gigabit capacities and focuses on 3D printing, healthcare, and smartgrid technologies. Notable startups include Quickcue (acquired by OpenTable in 2013), and Reliance Partners . Chattanooga went from zero investable capital in 2009 to over $ 50 million in 2014. Electric power for most of the city and surrounding area is provided by the city-run Electric Power Board (EPB). EPB also provides high-speed Internet service, TV, and telephone service to business and residential customers throughout Hamilton County, as well as parts of Bledsoe County , Bradley County , Catoosa County , Dade County , Marion County , Rhea County , Sequatchie County , and Walker County , via
10560-414: The city. Chattanooga, like much of Tennessee, has a four-season humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ). Winter days are usually mild, but most years have at least one day (average 3.2) where the high remains at or below freezing. Snowfall is highly variable from year to year. 11 inches (28 cm) were recorded between January 9–10, 2011. The average snowiest month is February which corresponds with
10692-417: The city. In 1969, the federal government declared that Chattanooga had the dirtiest air in the nation. Like other early industrial cities, Chattanooga entered the 1970s with serious socioeconomic challenges, including job layoffs because of de-industrialization, deteriorating city infrastructure, racial tensions, and social division. Chattanooga's population increased by nearly 50,000 in the 1970s. However, this
10824-570: The command of Major General William Tecumseh Sherman , attacked and captured Rome when the outflanked Confederate defenders retreated under command of Major General Samuel Gibbs French . Union General William Vandever was stationed in Rome and is shown with his staff in a photograph taken there. Due to Rome's forts and iron works, which included the manufacture of cannons , Rome was a significant target during Sherman's march through Georgia to take and destroy Confederate resources. Davis' forces occupied Rome for several months, making repairs to use
10956-735: The construction of the Greystone Hotel. He added the Greystone Apartments in 1936. Rome is located at the confluence of the Etowah and the Oostanaula rivers, which form the Coosa River. This gave the city access to the waterways, the major transportation routes of the era. Because of this water feature, Rome developed as a regional trade center, based originally on King Cotton . As cotton plantations were developed in
11088-590: The damaged forts and briefly quartering General Sherman. On November 11, 1864, in accordance with Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 120 , Union forces destroyed Rome's forts, iron works, the rail line to Kingston, and any other materiel that could be useful to the South's war effort as they withdrew from Rome to participate in Sherman's March to the Sea . In 1871, Rome constructed a water tank on Neely Hill, which overlooks
11220-591: The design of the TVA reservoir system and remains a major operating priority in the 21st century. In December 1906, Chattanooga was in the national headlines in United States v. Shipp , as the United States Supreme Court , in the only criminal trial in its history, ruled that Hamilton County Sheriff Joseph H. Shipp had violated Ed Johnson 's civil rights when Shipp allowed a mob to enter
11352-719: The downtown district. This later was adapted as a clock tower visible from many points in the city. It has served as the town's iconic landmark ever since, and is featured in the city's crest and local business logos. As a result, Neely Hill is also referred to as Tower or Clock Tower Hill. During Reconstruction, the state legislature authorized public schools in 1868 for the first time, and designated some funding to support them. The city established its first public schools. Schools were racially segregated and tended to have short sessions, because of limited funding. In addition, many families depended on their children to work in agriculture and other basic survival work. Freedmen had been granted
11484-646: The early 20th century, the Georgia Assembly approved a charter for the city to establish a commission-manager form of government, a reform idea to add a management professional to the team. In 1928, the American Chatillon Company began construction of a rayon plant in Rome; it was a joint business effort with the Italian Chatillon Corporation. Italian premier Benito Mussolini sent a block of marble from
11616-646: The early highway-coach industry organized yet another carrier, based in Roanoke, Virginia , named as the Old Dominion (OD) Stages (using the nickname of the state or Commonwealth of Virginia ). The founders were Arthur Hill (of the Blue and Gray Transit Company, of Charleston, West Virginia ), John Gilmer (of the Camel City Coach Company, of Winston-Salem, North Carolina ), and Guy Huguelet (of
11748-410: The east and northeast. National leaders such as Major Ridge and John Ross resided here before Indian Removal in 1838. The city has developed on seven hills with the rivers running between them, a feature that inspired the early European-American settlers to name it for Rome , the longtime capital of Italy that was also built on seven hills. The American Rome developed in the antebellum period as
11880-689: The east. The modern downtown skyline is dominated by the Aquarium, the Republic Centre (tallest building in Chattanooga ), John C. Portman Jr. 's the Westin (Gold Building), the James Building (Chattanooga's first skyscraper), and The Block, a climbing gym with 5,000 square feet of functional climbing space. Chattanooga has buildings with historical significance, such as The Read House Hotel (the longest continuously operating hotel in
12012-542: The effect of the Great Depression was significantly less severe than in other, larger cities across the United States. Since Rome was an agricultural town, food could be grown in surrounding areas. Rome's textile mill continued operating, providing steady jobs for whites as a buffer against the economic hardships of the Great Depression. The Great Depression was preceded by the "Cotton Bust" across
12144-612: The fastest internet service in the Western Hemisphere. Chattanooga is internationally known from the 1941 hit song " Chattanooga Choo Choo " by Glenn Miller and his orchestra . It is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) and Chattanooga State Community College . The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were Native Americans . Sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period (c. 10,000 BCE ) show continuous human occupation through
12276-446: The fertile soil. Planters brought or purchased many enslaved African Americans as workers for the labor-intensive crop. The leading Cherokee participated in the cultivation of cotton as a commodity crop, which soon replaced deerskin trading as a source of wealth in the region. The first steamboat navigated the Coosa River to Rome in 1836, reducing the time-to-market for the cotton trade and speeding travel between Rome and New Orleans on
12408-618: The first gold rush in the United States. Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which fulfilled the Compact of 1802, was related to that gold discovery and the desire of Whites to settle the land, as well as President Andrew Jackson's commitment to removal of Native Americans to enable development by the whites. Even before removal began, in 1831, Georgia's General Assembly passed legislation that claimed all Cherokee land in Northwest Georgia. This entire territory
12540-632: The first African-American elected official of Chattanooga. However racial tensions related to poverty and education continued to simmer. In the same year, a cancelled concert refusing to give ticket refunds sparked a four-day riot of black youth. An all-night curfew was called and close to 2,000 National Guard troops arrived in the city, setting up a post at City Hall. The unrest led to 1 death and 300 arrests. On April 19, 1980, three Ku Klux Klan members rode down historic 9th street and opened fire on five black women: Viola Ellison, Lela Mae Evans, Katherine O. Johnson, Opal Lee Jackson and Fannie Crumsey. All of
12672-450: The first city in Tennessee to have a completed interstate highway system in the latter 1960s. In February 1958, Chattanooga became one of the smallest cities in the country with three VHF television stations: WROM-TV (now WTVC-TV ) channel 9 ( ABC ), WRGP-TV (now WRCB-TV ) channel 3 ( NBC ), and WDEF-TV channel 12 ( CBS ). The same mountains that provide Chattanooga's scenic backdrop also trap industrial pollutants, which settle over
12804-572: The forts continued as the war progressed. These forts were named after Romans who had been killed in action: Fort Attaway was on the western bank of the Oostanaula River, Fort Norton was on the eastern bank of the Oostanaula, and Fort Stovall was on the southern bank of the Etowah River. The Confederates later built at least one other fort on the northern side of the Coosa River. In May 1864, Union General Jefferson C. Davis , under
12936-735: The fourth-largest organized denomination was the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) with 82 churches and 17,900 members. The 5th largest Christian religious group, according to 2010 statistics , was the Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville , which had 12 congregations and 14,300 members. Islam has 2,200 adherents in Chattanooga. Chattanooga's economy includes a diversified and growing mix of manufacturing and service industries. Notable Chattanooga businesses include Access America Transport , BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee , CBL & Associates , The Chattanooga Bakery , Sanofi ,
13068-586: The franchise and tended to join the Republican Party of President Abraham Lincoln, who had freed them. The abolition of slavery required new labor arrangements to arrange for paid labor. Due to its riverside location, Rome has occasionally suffered serious flooding. The flood of 1886 inundated the city to such depth that a steamboat traveled down Broad Street. In 1891, upon recommendation of the United States Army Corps of Engineers ,
13200-723: The group's North American manufacturing headquarters. The plant, which initially employed 2,700 people, later increasing to 4,700, manufactures the Passat and the Atlas . It also has a full research and development center in downtown Chattanooga, employing some 200 engineers, the first of its kind in the South. The plant was the first new Volkswagen plant in the United States since the 1988 closure of Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly near New Stanton, Pennsylvania . In 2019, Volkswagen Chattanooga announced plans to expand its Chattanooga-based plant to construct electric vehicles . The expansion
13332-500: The leased parallel route, as well as -11E, its own original route. Later in 1932 Hill and Gilmer bought the one-third interest of Huguelet in the OD Stages, then they merged OD into their Atlantic GL. The TCC continued to run the leased Old Dominion segment (between Knoxville and Bristol) along US-11W as well as its own original parallel route along -11E. It took part in through-schedules (interlined pool operations) – that is,
13464-551: The main tribe to establish resistance to European settlement during the Cherokee–American wars . In 1816 John Ross , who later became Principal Chief , established Ross's Landing . Located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama. In 1838, the U.S. government forced the Cherokees, along with other Native Americans, to relocate to
13596-526: The maker of nationally known Little Debbie brand snack cakes, is a privately held, family-run company headquartered in nearby Collegedale, Tennessee . Notable companies that have manufacturing or distribution facilities in the city include Amazon.com , BASF , DuPont , Invista , Komatsu , PepsiCo , Rock-Tenn , Plantronics , Domtar , Norfolk Southern , Ferrara Candy Company (manufacturer of Brach's candies ), Alco Chemical , Colonial Pipeline , and Buzzi Unicem . The William Wrigley Jr. Company has
13728-541: The mid-18th century, the Iroquoian -speaking Cherokee had moved into this area and occupied it. They had moved down from areas of Tennessee, under pressure from settlement by Americans migrating across the Appalachians from eastern territories. A Cherokee village named Etowah ( Cherokee : ᎡᏙᏩ , romanized: Etowa ), which means "Head of Coosa", was settled in this area during the late 18th century, in
13860-492: The multiple railroads that converge there. After the war, the railroads allowed for the city to grow into one of the Southeastern United States' largest heavy industrial hubs. Today, major industry that drives the economy includes automotive, advanced manufacturing, food and beverage production, healthcare, insurance, tourism, and back office and corporate headquarters. Chattanooga remains a transit hub in
13992-579: The name "Chattanooga" derives from the Muskogean word cvto /chắtȯ/ – 'rock'. The latter may be derived from a regional suffix -nuga meaning dwelling or dwelling place. It is also believed to be derived from the Creek Indian word Chat-to-to-noog-gee , meaning ‘rock rising to a point’, which is speculated to be a reference to Lookout Mountain. The earliest Cherokee occupation of the area dates from 1776, when Dragging Canoe separated himself from
14124-494: The name of Rome are known as Blossom , Jackson , Lumpkin , Mount Aventine, Myrtle , Old Shorter , and Neely Hills (the latter is also known as Tower or Clock Tower Hill). Some of the hills have been partially graded since Rome was founded. The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. According to the Köppen climate classification , Rome has
14256-509: The nation's largest municipally owned fiber optic system. TVA operates the nearby Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plant , Chickamauga Dam, and the Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant , all of which provide electricity to the greater Chattanooga area. TVA's corporate power generation and distribution organization is headquartered in downtown Chattanooga. Rome, Georgia Rome is the largest city in and
14388-630: The next year, 1926, he incorporated his operation as the Safety Coach Company. He started with two Fageol Safety Coaches and added seven more by the end of 1926. In naming his firm he took a cue from the brand name of the Fageol Safety Coaches, as did a number of the founders of other early coach concerns. The two Kraemer brothers left the Carolina Coach Company in 1927, then they joined Baskette in his firm in Tennessee. In 1928 O.B. Baskette and Al Kraemer incorporated
14520-471: The other carrier ran in that direction on that same sked the next day, and vice versa. That is, they ran in opposite directions, and they changed directions each day. That plan continued until 1956, when the TCC joined the National Trailways association. With the approval of the federal Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), the TCC took over four of the nine daily trips in each direction, and
14652-561: The period of the Cherokee–American wars (1776–94) during and after the American Revolutionary War. Several Cherokee national leaders settled here and developed their own cotton plantations, including chiefs Major Ridge and John Ross . Some of the Cherokee planters and others among the Southeast tribes bought enslaved African Americans to use as laborers on such plantations. In the 20th century, Ridge's home here
14784-404: The present day, served by multiple Interstate highways and railroad lines. It is 118 miles (190 km) northwest of Atlanta, Georgia , 112 miles (180 km) southwest of Knoxville, Tennessee , 134 miles (216 km) southeast of Nashville, Tennessee , 102 miles (164 km) east-northeast of Huntsville, Alabama , and 147 miles (237 km) northeast of Birmingham, Alabama . Divided by
14916-639: The public Georgia Northwestern Technical College and Georgia Highlands College . The Abihka tribe of Creek in the area of Rome later became part of the Upper Creek people (who occupied the Northern Creek territory, called themselves the Muscogee ). They merged with other Creek tribes to become the Ulibahali , who later migrated westward into Alabama in the general region of Gadsden . By
15048-642: The state line between Tennessee and Virginia ) and in 1930 to Bluefield (on the state line between Virginia and West Virginia ; in 1938 it added service to Atlanta, Georgia , both from Knoxville and from Chattanooga (although along rural backwoodsy routes through lightly populated areas, because Greyhound already ran between Chattanooga and Atlanta through more populous areas in north Georgia via Rome , Dalton , and Calhoun ). The TCC also provided extensive local commuter service from Knoxville to Kingston, Rockwood, Harriman , Oliver Springs , and (especially during World War II ) to Oak Ridge (still sometimes called
15180-596: The territories of the Blue and Gray and the Camel City companies. Service began on the day before Thanksgiving Day in November 1929. The Blue and Gray Transit Company and the Camel City Coach Company in December 1929 together became the National Highway Transport (NHT) Company. NHT soon formed operating ties to Greyhound and began negotiations with Greyhound. In early 1931 NHT began using
15312-666: The trade name of the Atlantic Greyhound Lines , while at first retaining its previous corporate name. In July 1931 NHT became renamed as the Atlantic Greyhound Lines. In May 1932 the Old Dominion Stages leased its route segment between Knoxville and Bristol (on US-11W via Rutledge , Bean Station , Rogersville , and Kingsport ) to the Tennessee Coach Company. Thus the TCC began running between Knoxville and Bristol along -11W,
15444-587: The use of through-coaches on through-routes running through the territories of two or more operating companies – in cooperation with the Atlantic GL, the Dixie GL , and the Southeastern GL – including those between Birmingham, Alabama , and Bristol and between Memphis, Tennessee , and Washington. It did so until 1956, when the TCC joined the National Trailways trade association, and when
15576-477: The winter season) in a zone of conflict between warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from Canada, amplified by jet-stream energy and abundant Gulf moisture. July presents a secondary maximum in precipitation, due to frequent thunderstorm activity. Despite the mountains that surround the city, Chattanooga has been affected by tornadoes. These tornadoes include the 2011 Super Outbreak , which impacted
15708-465: The women survived. When an all-white jury acquitted the three Klan members for their crime, Chattanooga erupted into four nights of rioting. Not deterred by the jury verdict, the five women went on to be plaintiffs in a historic civil lawsuit against the Klan. In 1982, the federal courts ordered the Klan to pay the women $ 535,000 on account of the attack. This case created the legal strategy for dismantling
15840-556: The world's first Coca-Cola bottling plant, Coker Tire , U.S. Xpress Inc., Covenant Logistics , Double Cola , CraftWorks Restaurants & Breweries , Luken Communications , Miller & Martin , the National Model Railroad Association , PepsiCo , Reliance Partners , Republic Parking System , Rock/Creek , Tricycle Inc., and Unum . The city also hosts large branch offices of Cigna , AT&T , T-Mobile USA , and UBS . McKee Foods Corporation ,
15972-533: Was $ 30,930, and the median family income was $ 37,775. Males had a median income of $ 30,179 versus $ 22,421 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,327. About 15.3% of families and 20.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.1% of those under the age of 18 and 16.3% of those 65 and older. Rome has long had the strength of economic diversity, with an economy founded in manufacturing, education , healthcare, technology, tourism, and other industries. In 1954, General Electric established
16104-435: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47, and the average family size was 3.07. The age distribution was 24.2% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males. The median household income
16236-523: Was a mass shooting in Chattanooga that left three dead and injured 11. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 144.6 square miles (374.4 km ), of which 137.1 square miles (355.2 km ) are land and 7.4 square miles (19.2 km ), or 5.12%, are water. The most prominent natural features in and around Chattanooga are the Tennessee River and the surrounding mountains. The Tennessee River
16368-712: Was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Continental Southern Lines, based in Alexandria, Louisiana . The two latter firms were members of the Transcontinental Bus System (using the brand name of the Continental Trailways), which was the largest member company in the National Trailways association.] The TCC retained its old brand name until 1976 despite the sale. In 1966 the Transcontinental Bus System (operating as
16500-463: Was called Cherokee County ; the following year, the Assembly organized the territory as the nine counties that still exist in the 21st century. Rome was founded in 1834 as European Americans increasingly settled in Georgia. Founders were Col. Daniel R. Mitchell, Col. Zacharia Hargrove, Maj. Philip Hemphill, Col. William Smith, and John Lumpkin (nephew of Governor Lumpkin ); most were veterans of
16632-457: Was completed. An excellent specimen of the Camelback truss bridge , it is the oldest surviving bridge of its kind in the Southeastern United States, having been built in 1891. Efforts to improve the city include the "21st Century Waterfront Plan" – a $ 120 million redevelopment of the Chattanooga waterfront area, which was completed in 2005. The Tennessee Aquarium, which opened in 1992, has become
16764-631: Was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grant's army routed the Confederates in the Battle of Missionary Ridge . In regard to victories won by the Union, Chattanooga marks one of three defining moments that turned the Civil War in their favor. The Battle of Gettysburg brought the streak of victories obtained by the Confederacy to an end, while the Siege of Vicksburg split
16896-571: Was known as the Battle of Hightower . In 1802, the United States and Georgia executed the Compact of 1802 , in which Georgia sold its claimed western lands (a claim dating to its colonial charter) to the United States. In return, the federal government agreed to ignore Cherokee land titles and remove all Cherokee from Georgia. The commitment to evict the Cherokee was not immediately enforced, and Chiefs John Ross and Major Ridge led efforts to stop their removal, including several federal lawsuits. During
17028-580: Was mostly because the city annexed nearby residential areas. By the mid-1980s, local leaders launched Vision 2000 , an effort to revitalize and reinvent Chattanooga's culture and economy. Chattanooga's population declined by more than 10% in the 1980s, but regained it over the next two decades, the only major U.S. city to do so in that period. The civil rights movement of Chattanooga began in 1960 when teenage students of Howard High School, inspired by activists in Nashville and Greensboro , began to organize
17160-630: Was preserved as Chieftain's House. It has been adapted by the state for use as the Chieftains Museum . It is used to interpret the history of the Cherokee in this area, especially Major Ridge. In the 18th century, a high demand in Europe for American deerskins had led to a brisk trade between indian hunters and White traders. A few White traders and some settlers (primarily from the British colonies of Georgia and Carolina ) were accepted by
17292-550: Was ranked 8th out of America's 100 largest metro areas for the best "Bang For Your Buck" city, according to Forbes magazine , which measured overall affordability, housing rates, and more. Chattanooga has many buildings and three neighborhoods on the National Register of Historic Places : Ferger Place , Fort Wood , and St. Elmo . Additionally, Chattanooga has several local historic districts: Battery Place, Glenwood, Missionary Ridge, M.L. King, and Stringer's Ridge . Four of these are formally managed as local historic districts by
17424-644: Was the property of a group of private investors under the promotion of Fred Currey, a former executive of the Continental Trailways (later renamed as the Trailways, Inc., TWI, also based in Dallas), which was the largest member company in the National Trailways trade association. Later in that same year, 1987, the Greyhound Lines, Inc., the GLI, the new firm based in Dallas, further bought the Trailways, Inc.,
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