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42-502: The Southern Ute Indian Reservation ( Ute dialect : Kapuuta-wa Moghwachi Núuchi-u ) is an Indian reservation in southwestern Colorado , United States, near the northern New Mexico state line. Its territory consists of land from three counties; in descending order of surface area they are La Plata , Archuleta , and Montezuma Counties . The reservation has a land area of 1,058.785 sq mi (2,742.24 km²). Its largest communities are Ignacio and Arboles . The only other community that

84-594: A federally recognized Ute tribe , was established in 1873. The southern Utes are made up of two bands, the Mouache and the Capote. Government is organized under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and is led by a tribal council with a chairman as head of the executive. For decades at the end of the 20th century, Leonard C. Burch had been the tribes' chairman. In 2008 a new chairman, Matthew Box ,

126-558: A voiceless velar fricative [x] when before a de-voiced word ending. Note here that coronals are produced as dental sounds rather than the alveolar sounds used in English. Syllables usually follow the CVCV pattern. All words must begin with a consonant, but other syllables may or may not include an onset. When an onset is present, it is usually composed of only one consonant. Words with suffixes like -'ni, -'na, and 'wa , can have

168-530: A caprock that forms the flat summit of a mesa. The caprock can consist of either sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and limestone ; dissected lava flows ; or a deeply eroded duricrust . Unlike plateau , whose usage does not imply horizontal layers of bedrock , e.g. Tibetan Plateau , the term mesa applies exclusively to the landforms built of flat-lying strata . Instead, flat-topped plateaus are specifically known as tablelands . As noted by geologist Kirk Bryan in 1922, mesas "...stand distinctly above

210-422: A previously-introduced subject when there are multiple previously-introduced parties, to indicate that the subject of the current clause is different from the previously-mentioned subject. For example, in 'áa-gha máy-kya-p u gay-k u , 'ú-vwaa pagha'ni-p u ga 'uwas , "as they were whispering (amongst themselves), he paced around there", when the sentence begins, the subject is "they", and the independent pronoun

252-403: A section can be cut off from the main cliff, forming a mesa. Basal sapping occurs as water flowing around the rock layers of the mesa erodes the underlying soft shale layers, either as surface runoff from the mesa top or from groundwater moving through permeable overlying layers, which leads to slumping and flowage of the shale. As the underlying shale erodes away, it can no longer support

294-748: A steep cliff or slope and representing an erosion remnant also have been called mesas. In the English-language geomorphic and geologic literature, other terms for mesa have also been used. For example, in the Roraima region of Venezuela, the traditional name, tepui , from the local Pomón language, and the term table mountains have been used to describe local flat-topped mountains. Similar landforms in Australia are known as tablehills , table-top hills, tent hills, or jump ups ( jump-ups). The German term Tafelberg has also been used in

336-472: A two-consonant onset, though they were historically - ni-'i, -na-'a, and -wa-'a respectively. These earlier suffix forms did have single-consonant onsets. Most syllables do not have codas, but some codas do appear at word-end, such as in pʉi-n , 'I'm sleeping'. Each Southern Ute word must have one stressed vowel. Either the first or second vowel of a word in Ute may be stressed, with the latter situation being

378-437: Is also used to derive inanimate nouns from verbs, such as piki - p u "rotten thing" from piki- "be rotten". -t u /-r u are used for animate nouns that derive from verbs or possession: thus, kaá-mi-t u "singer" derives from kaá-mi ya "sings" and piwa-gha-t u "married person, spouse" derives from piwa-n "my spouse". There are three ways plurality can be marked, and only animate nouns are marked for plurality. -u

420-564: Is called differential erosion. The most resistant rock types include sandstone , conglomerate , quartzite , basalt , chert , limestone , lava flows and sills . Lava flows and sills, in particular, are very resistant to weathering and erosion, and often form the flat top, or caprock , of a mesa. The less resistant rock layers are mainly made up of shale , a softer rock that weathers and erodes more easily. The differences in strength of various rock layers are what give mesas their distinctive shape. Less resistant rocks are eroded away on

462-568: Is forest with elevations of more than 9,000 feet (2,700 m). The western portion is mostly arid mesa . The land lies in the southwestern corner of the state of Colorado and consists of a strip 15 miles (24 km) north to south and 110 miles (180 km) east to west. Census population in Southern Ute Reservation in 1980 and 20 years later, 2000. The reservation of the Southern Ute Indian Tribe ,

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504-406: Is marked with both the suffix -wa and prefix ka- . Alternatively, instead of the prefix, the full form kách- can appear as a separate word somewhere before the verb being negated. First syllable reduplication in verbs denotes the distributive case . Thus, táa-p u gay-'u "[s/he] kicked him (once)" becomes t a -táa-p u gay-'u "[s/he] kicked him repeatedly". Incorporation can take place at

546-633: Is recognized as a separate place by the Census Bureau is the CDP of Southern Ute , which lies just southeast of Ignacio. The Southern Ute Indian Tribes is made up of the followings bands: the Mouache, Capote, and the Weeminuche , the latter of which are at Ute Mountain . These bands were considered the Southern Utes. The Capote ( Kapuuta Núuchi , Kapota , Kahpota ) band lived east of

588-471: Is the destressing, rather than the vowel change, that produces the change in meaning and thus [ɨ] is excluded from the orthography. Ute has several phonological processes that affect the realization of underlying phonemes. Below is a representative sample. Ute is polysynthetic . Affixes are mostly suffixes , but there are three major types of prefixes for verbs and one for nouns. Most nouns in Ute obligatorily have suffixes. Inanimate nouns usually take

630-488: Is the most common plural suffix, and -mu is usually used for plural nouns that derive from verbs or possession. These suffixes are placed after the obligatory noun suffix. Finally, some nouns show plurality by reduplication of the first syllable in combination with the -u suffix, such as in táa-ta'wa-chi-u "men" from ta'wa-ch i . In this case, -u without reduplication would create the dual form: "two men". Ute verbs can take many suffixes and several prefixes. Negation

672-468: Is used when the subject changes to "he", a previously introduced character. Mesa A mesa is an isolated, flat-topped elevation , ridge or hill , which is bounded from all sides by steep escarpments and stands distinctly above a surrounding plain . Mesas characteristically consist of flat-lying soft sedimentary rocks capped by a more resistant layer or layers of harder rock , e.g. shales overlain by sandstones . The resistant layer acts as

714-1030: The Great Divide south of the Conejos River and east of the Rio Grande towards the west site of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains , they were also living in the San Luis Valley , along the headwaters of the Rio Grande and along the Animas River , centered in the vicinity of today Chama and Tierra Amarilla of Rio Arriba County . Like the Mahgrahch the Kahpota maintained trade relations to Puebloan peoples and came into conflict with southern plains people because of their alliance with

756-577: The IPA representation is included in brackets. Southern Ute consonants are given in the table below. As above, orthographic representations are bold and the IPA representations are in brackets. All stops in Ute are voiceless. Thus, g here does not indicate a voiced velar stop but rather a voiced velar fricative , similar to luego in Spanish. Also similar to Spanish is the voiced bilabial fricative v , as in

798-771: The Llanero band of the Jicarilla Apache , southeastward as far as the Texas Panhandle . Ouray of the Uncompahgre band was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as head of all Ute tribes, which was not agreed upon by the Southern Ute bands. The first reservation created by the treaty of 1868 encompassed about 1/3 of present-day Colorado, mostly the mountainous regions west of the continental divide. When precious metals and minerals were discovered in

840-532: The Ollero band of the Jicarilla Apache . The Muache ( Moghwachi Núuchi , Mouache , Mahgruhch , Mahgrahch , Muwac ) band lived along the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains from Denver in the north to Las Vegas, New Mexico , in the south, traded with northern Puebloan peoples, especially with Taos Pueblo , therefore often called Taos-Ute , ranged after adoption of the horse with their allies,

882-539: The Cockburn Range of North Western Australia have areas as large as 350 km (140 sq mi). In contrast, flat topped hills with areas as small as 0.1 km (0.039 sq mi) in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains , Germany , are described as mesas. Less strictly, a very broad, flat-topped, usually isolated hill or mountain of moderate height bounded on at least one side by

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924-409: The English scientific literature in the past. Mesas form by weathering and erosion of horizontally layered rocks that have been uplifted by tectonic activity. Variations in the ability of different types of rock to resist weathering and erosion cause the weaker types of rocks to be eroded away, leaving the more resistant types of rocks topographically higher than their surroundings. This process

966-439: The Spanish phrase la verdad , in contrast with the voiced labiodental fricative [v] which does not appear in Ute. The velar sounds k and g have uvular allophones : k becomes either a voiceless uvular stop [q] or a voiceless uvular fricative [χ] when either between two vowels or adjacent to the vowel [o] ; likewise g becomes a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] under the same conditions. Either k or g can become

1008-460: The central mountains settlers sought access to the land. In 1873 The Brunot Agreement was created. This agreement limited the reservation to the narrow strip of land that is called The Southern Ute Reservation today. The United States also made treaties with various bands of Ute in 1855, 1865, and 1866, which the Senate failed to ratify. Initially given the whole of western Colorado for a reservation,

1050-430: The difference between a long and a short vowel is purely phonetic, and does not change word meaning. Ute devoices vowels in certain phonological or grammatical environments, as described in later sections. Devoiced vowels are marked in the orthography by underlining them, or, when the identity of the underlying vowel has been lost, with the letter [h]. Here bold text indicates a practical orthographic representation, while

1092-512: The discovery of gold there in the 1860s brought a quick reduction in territory. The treaty with the Ute in 1865 provided for the cession of land in exchange for the entire valley of the Uintah River in Utah, plus $ 25,000 per year for ten years, then $ 20,000 for 20 years, and thereafter $ 15,000 per year, based on an estimated population of 5,000 Ute. The treaty also banned liquor and provided for

1134-481: The establishment and maintenance of a manual labor school for ten years. In 1895 The Hunter Act distributed the land in the reservation in plots to the heads of households in the Mouache and Capote tribes. The Weeminuche tribe had approved an 1888 congressional bill relocating them to San Juan County, Utah , however this bill did not pass so the Weeminuche were brought back to Colorado. They refused to go back to

1176-552: The following orthography and phonetic information for Southern Ute. Northern Ute differs from Southern and Central in some lexical and phonological areas. Southern Ute has five vowels, as well as several allophones, which are not shown in the orthography. Each vowel can be short or long, and vowel length is marked orthographically by doubling the vowel. In Ute, the length of a vowel is often phonemic, and relevant for determining meaning. For example, whca-y , meaning 'wrapping', versus whcáa-y , meaning 'swirling'. In some cases, however,

1218-406: The latter contains objects and genitives. In most cases, the final vowel of the entire noun is devoiced in the nominative case and voiced in the oblique case. For example, "woman" in the nominative is mama-ch i and in the oblique is mama-chi. In some pronouns, the (voiced) suffix -y is added to mark the oblique case, as in singular "you", which is ' ú m u in the nominative and ' ú m u -y in

1260-431: The leftmost prefix position to add the meanings of the incorporated word to the verb. For example, 'apagha-y "[s/he] is talking" and pia-'apagha-y "[s/he] is sweet-talking". Verbs usually take the suffix -ka after the stem when the subject is plural. -ka can also be realized as -qa, -kwa, -kya , etc. according to the phonological processes above. Many suffixes are used to denote tense, aspect, and modality . Some of

1302-519: The more common of these suffixes include -y for the present tense, -vaa-ni for the future, and -mi ya . for the habitual. Other suffixes include -ti, -k u , and -ta , which mark the causative, benefactive , and passive case respectively. Word order in Ute is flexible and determined primarily by discourse pragmatics, although speakers will mostly use SOV order when producing isolated clauses. Ute marks nouns for nominative and oblique case. The former category contains subjects and predicates, and

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1344-480: The most common. Stress is orthographically marked when it occurs on the first vowel. In compound words, the primary stress is applied to the first stem, and a secondary stress may also occur on a later stem. Vowel stress is contrastive in pairs such as, suwá , meaning 'almost', and súwa , meaning 'straight out'. Note that the high back unrounded vowel ʉ often is pronounced as a high central [ɨ] when unstressed. Though this change produces some minimal pairs , it

1386-445: The oblique. As described above in morphology, nouns and other words can be incorporated as prefixes of verbs to specify the method of action: for example, wii-chi-m t u ka-y-aqh , "s/he eats it with a knife" can incorporate wii-chi-m, "knife", into the verb t u ka-y-aqh , "eats" to produce wii-t u ka-y-aqh , "s/he is knife-eating it". Switch reference uses the independent pronoun 'uwas , "s/he", or 'um u s , "they", to refer to

1428-520: The old grounds of the agency so they established camps on the western end of the Southern Ute Reservation. With the three tribes given their land the final provisions of the Hunter Act were implemented opening over 500,000 acres (200,000 ha) of the Reservation to non-native settlers. The Southern Ute Indian Reservation was opened in southwestern Colorado. The eastern part of the reservation

1470-699: The overlying cliff layers, which collapse and retreat. When the caprock has caved away to the point where only little remains, it is known as a butte . Many but not all American mesas lie within the Basin and Range Province . A transitional zone on Mars , known as fretted terrain , lies between highly cratered highlands and less cratered lowlands. The younger lowland exhibits steep walled mesas and knobs . The mesa and knobs are separated by flat lying lowlands. They are thought to form from ice-facilitated mass wasting processes from ground or atmospheric sources. The mesas and knobs decrease in size with increasing distance from

1512-552: The sale of carbon offsets . Ute dialect Ute as a term was applied to the group by Spanish explorers, being derived from the term quasuatas , used by the Spanish at the time to refer to all tribes north of the Pueblo peoples and up to the Shoshone peoples. The Ute people refer to their own language as núu-'apaghapi̱ or núuchi , meaning "the people's speech" and "of the people" respectively. T.Givon (2011) gives

1554-422: The sides are broken into a staircase pattern called "cliff-and-bench topography". The more resistant layers form the cliffs, or stairsteps, while the less resistant layers form gentle slopes, or benches, between the cliffs. Cliffs retreat and are eventually cut off from the main cliff, or plateau , by basal sapping. When the cliff edge does not retreat uniformly but instead is indented by headward eroding streams,

1596-420: The suffix - p u / -v u . However, this suffix can also sometimes denote animate nouns or body parts. Animate nouns usually take the -chi suffix, but can also take -vi/-pi or -t u /-r u . The consonant pairs p/v and t/r were once allophones, but are no longer predictable; this produces the suffixes separated by a slash. Some older animate nouns have a silent final vowel rather than an explicit suffix. - p u

1638-417: The surface into valleys, where they collect water drainage from the surrounding area, while the more resistant layers are left standing out. A large area of very resistant rock, such as a sill, may shield the layers below it from erosion while the softer rock surrounding it is eroded into valleys, thus forming a caprock. Differences in rock type also reflect on the sides of a mesa, as instead of smooth slopes,

1680-474: The surrounding country, as a table stands above the floor upon which it rests". It is from this appearance that the term mesa was adopted from the Spanish word mesa , meaning "table". A mesa is similar to, but has a more extensive summit area than a butte . There is no agreed size limit that separates mesas from either buttes or plateaus. For example, the flat-topped mountains which are known as mesas in

1722-520: Was elected to serve as Tribal Chairwoman. In December 2020, Melvin J. Baker was elected Tribal Chairman. The Southern Ute Indian Tribe’s coalbed methane capture project reduced greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of about 379,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide between 2009 and 2017. Conventional coalbed methane production wells were not economically feasible in this location due to the low volume of seepage. The project delivers its gas to natural gas pipelines, and generates additional revenue through

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1764-519: Was elected. Matthew Box resigned as Tribal Chairman in 2011. Under a special election Pearl Casias was elected as the first Chairwoman in the history of the Tribe and served for a time in 2011. Jimmy Newton served as Tribal Chairman from 2012 until his death in 2014. Clement Frost served as Tribal Chairman following Newton's death in 2014. Frost retired in 2017, and in December 2017 Christine Baker-Sage

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