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23-502: The Southern Ute Indian Reservation ( Ute dialect : Kapuuta-wa Moghwachi Núuchi-u ) is an Indian reservation in southwestern Colorado , United States, near the northern New Mexico state line. Its territory consists of land from three counties; in descending order of surface area they are La Plata , Archuleta , and Montezuma Counties . The reservation has a land area of 1,058.785 sq mi (2,742.24 km²). Its largest communities are Ignacio and Arboles . The only other community that

46-594: A federally recognized Ute tribe , was established in 1873. The southern Utes are made up of two bands, the Mouache and the Capote. Government is organized under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and is led by a tribal council with a chairman as head of the executive. For decades at the end of the 20th century, Leonard C. Burch had been the tribes' chairman. In 2008 a new chairman, Matthew Box ,

69-403: A section can be cut off from the main cliff, forming a mesa. Basal sapping occurs as water flowing around the rock layers of the mesa erodes the underlying soft shale layers, either as surface runoff from the mesa top or from groundwater moving through permeable overlying layers, which leads to slumping and flowage of the shale. As the underlying shale erodes away, it can no longer support

92-748: A steep cliff or slope and representing an erosion remnant also have been called mesas. In the English-language geomorphic and geologic literature, other terms for mesa have also been used. For example, in the Roraima region of Venezuela, the traditional name, tepui , from the local Pomón language, and the term table mountains have been used to describe local flat-topped mountains. Similar landforms in Australia are known as tablehills , table-top hills, tent hills, or jump ups ( jump-ups). The German term Tafelberg has also been used in

115-564: Is called differential erosion. The most resistant rock types include sandstone , conglomerate , quartzite , basalt , chert , limestone , lava flows and sills . Lava flows and sills, in particular, are very resistant to weathering and erosion, and often form the flat top, or caprock , of a mesa. The less resistant rock layers are mainly made up of shale , a softer rock that weathers and erodes more easily. The differences in strength of various rock layers are what give mesas their distinctive shape. Less resistant rocks are eroded away on

138-568: Is forest with elevations of more than 9,000 feet (2,700 m). The western portion is mostly arid mesa . The land lies in the southwestern corner of the state of Colorado and consists of a strip 15 miles (24 km) north to south and 110 miles (180 km) east to west. Census population in Southern Ute Reservation in 1980 and 20 years later, 2000. The reservation of the Southern Ute Indian Tribe ,

161-633: Is recognized as a separate place by the Census Bureau is the CDP of Southern Ute , which lies just southeast of Ignacio. The Southern Ute Indian Tribes is made up of the followings bands: the Mouache, Capote, and the Weeminuche , the latter of which are at Ute Mountain . These bands were considered the Southern Utes. The Capote ( Kapuuta Núuchi , Kapota , Kahpota ) band lived east of

184-1030: The Great Divide south of the Conejos River and east of the Rio Grande towards the west site of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains , they were also living in the San Luis Valley , along the headwaters of the Rio Grande and along the Animas River , centered in the vicinity of today Chama and Tierra Amarilla of Rio Arriba County . Like the Mahgrahch the Kahpota maintained trade relations to Puebloan peoples and came into conflict with southern plains people because of their alliance with

207-771: The Llanero band of the Jicarilla Apache , southeastward as far as the Texas Panhandle . Ouray of the Uncompahgre band was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as head of all Ute tribes, which was not agreed upon by the Southern Ute bands. The first reservation created by the treaty of 1868 encompassed about 1/3 of present-day Colorado, mostly the mountainous regions west of the continental divide. When precious metals and minerals were discovered in

230-532: The Ollero band of the Jicarilla Apache . The Muache ( Moghwachi Núuchi , Mouache , Mahgruhch , Mahgrahch , Muwac ) band lived along the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains from Denver in the north to Las Vegas, New Mexico , in the south, traded with northern Puebloan peoples, especially with Taos Pueblo , therefore often called Taos-Ute , ranged after adoption of the horse with their allies,

253-539: The Cockburn Range of North Western Australia have areas as large as 350 km (140 sq mi). In contrast, flat topped hills with areas as small as 0.1 km (0.039 sq mi) in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains , Germany , are described as mesas. Less strictly, a very broad, flat-topped, usually isolated hill or mountain of moderate height bounded on at least one side by

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276-464: The English scientific literature in the past. Mesas form by weathering and erosion of horizontally layered rocks that have been uplifted by tectonic activity. Variations in the ability of different types of rock to resist weathering and erosion cause the weaker types of rocks to be eroded away, leaving the more resistant types of rocks topographically higher than their surroundings. This process

299-460: The central mountains settlers sought access to the land. In 1873 The Brunot Agreement was created. This agreement limited the reservation to the narrow strip of land that is called The Southern Ute Reservation today. The United States also made treaties with various bands of Ute in 1855, 1865, and 1866, which the Senate failed to ratify. Initially given the whole of western Colorado for a reservation,

322-561: The discovery of gold there in the 1860s brought a quick reduction in territory. The treaty with the Ute in 1865 provided for the cession of land in exchange for the entire valley of the Uintah River in Utah, plus $ 25,000 per year for ten years, then $ 20,000 for 20 years, and thereafter $ 15,000 per year, based on an estimated population of 5,000 Ute. The treaty also banned liquor and provided for

345-481: The establishment and maintenance of a manual labor school for ten years. In 1895 The Hunter Act distributed the land in the reservation in plots to the heads of households in the Mouache and Capote tribes. The Weeminuche tribe had approved an 1888 congressional bill relocating them to San Juan County, Utah , however this bill did not pass so the Weeminuche were brought back to Colorado. They refused to go back to

368-520: The old grounds of the agency so they established camps on the western end of the Southern Ute Reservation. With the three tribes given their land the final provisions of the Hunter Act were implemented opening over 500,000 acres (200,000 ha) of the Reservation to non-native settlers. The Southern Ute Indian Reservation was opened in southwestern Colorado. The eastern part of the reservation

391-699: The overlying cliff layers, which collapse and retreat. When the caprock has caved away to the point where only little remains, it is known as a butte . Many but not all American mesas lie within the Basin and Range Province . A transitional zone on Mars , known as fretted terrain , lies between highly cratered highlands and less cratered lowlands. The younger lowland exhibits steep walled mesas and knobs . The mesa and knobs are separated by flat lying lowlands. They are thought to form from ice-facilitated mass wasting processes from ground or atmospheric sources. The mesas and knobs decrease in size with increasing distance from

414-518: The sale of carbon offsets . Ute dialect Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 934724800 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:47:15 GMT Mesa As noted by geologist Kirk Bryan in 1922, mesas "...stand distinctly above

437-422: The sides are broken into a staircase pattern called "cliff-and-bench topography". The more resistant layers form the cliffs, or stairsteps, while the less resistant layers form gentle slopes, or benches, between the cliffs. Cliffs retreat and are eventually cut off from the main cliff, or plateau , by basal sapping. When the cliff edge does not retreat uniformly but instead is indented by headward eroding streams,

460-417: The surface into valleys, where they collect water drainage from the surrounding area, while the more resistant layers are left standing out. A large area of very resistant rock, such as a sill, may shield the layers below it from erosion while the softer rock surrounding it is eroded into valleys, thus forming a caprock. Differences in rock type also reflect on the sides of a mesa, as instead of smooth slopes,

483-474: The surrounding country, as a table stands above the floor upon which it rests". It is from this appearance that the term mesa was adopted from the Spanish word mesa , meaning "table". A mesa is similar to, but has a more extensive summit area than a butte . There is no agreed size limit that separates mesas from either buttes or plateaus. For example, the flat-topped mountains which are known as mesas in

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506-520: Was elected to serve as Tribal Chairwoman. In December 2020, Melvin J. Baker was elected Tribal Chairman. The Southern Ute Indian Tribe’s coalbed methane capture project reduced greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of about 379,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide between 2009 and 2017. Conventional coalbed methane production wells were not economically feasible in this location due to the low volume of seepage. The project delivers its gas to natural gas pipelines, and generates additional revenue through

529-519: Was elected. Matthew Box resigned as Tribal Chairman in 2011. Under a special election Pearl Casias was elected as the first Chairwoman in the history of the Tribe and served for a time in 2011. Jimmy Newton served as Tribal Chairman from 2012 until his death in 2014. Clement Frost served as Tribal Chairman following Newton's death in 2014. Frost retired in 2017, and in December 2017 Christine Baker-Sage

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