43-674: Soutra Aisle , (the present structure lies just within the boundary of the Scottish Borders from Midlothian ) not far from Fala , is the remains of the House of the Holy Trinity , a church that was part of a complex comprising a hospital and a friary. It lies half a mile along the B6368 from its junction with the A68 . The complex was founded by Malcolm IV in 1164, when he granted it
86-414: A Gaelic-speaking elite in the area, the main languages in the area since the 5th century appear to have been Brythonic (in the west) and Old English (in the east), the latter of which developed into its modern forms of English and Scots . Border ballads occupied a distinctive place in literature. Many of them were rescued from oblivion by Walter Scott , who gathered materials for his Minstrelsy of
129-696: A single administrative unit, along with the Furness (Lancs), Penrith (Cumberland) and Sedbergh (Yorks) areas. J. E. Marr explains the name "Westmorland" thus: The name applied to the district by the Anglo-Saxons was originally Westmoringaland, 'the land of the people of the western moors,' in distinction from that of the people of the eastern moors, on the east side of the Pennine chain . The present name has not, however, been derived from that of Westmoringaland, but from Westmarieland or Westmerieland, used in
172-554: Is Galashiels , and the administrative centre is Newtown St Boswells . The term Borders sometimes has a wider use, referring to all of the counties adjoining the English border, also including Dumfriesshire and Kirkcudbrightshire , as well as Northumberland , Cumberland and Westmorland in England. Roxburghshire and Berwickshire historically bore the brunt of the conflicts with England, both during declared wars such as
215-404: Is Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale and is represented by SNP Christine Grahame . The council area is divided into 11 wards that elect 34 councilors: Largest settlements by population: 15,490 13,620 9,000 6,870 4,540 3,860 3,580 3,180 2,820 2,500 Westmorland Westmorland ( / ˈ w ɛ s t m ər l ə n d / , formerly also spelt Westmoreland )
258-594: Is a historic county in North West England . People of the area are known as Westmerians. The area includes part of the Lake District and the southern Vale of Eden . The county had an administrative function from the 12th century until 1974, when it was subsumed into Cumbria together with Cumberland , the Sedbergh area of Yorkshire , and the Furness area of Lancashire . It gives its name to
301-527: Is built at the top of a hill near a public way where there often fierce winds and frequent cold spells". Following a scandal involving Stephen Fleming, the master of the hospital, the Crown confiscated most of the estates which had supported the hospital in the 1460s. These estates were granted to Trinity College Hospital in Edinburgh. This left Soutra Aisle impoverished and it only survived because it became
344-674: Is part of South Lakeland , is included in the Westmorland and Lonsdale parliamentary constituency. In June 1994, during the 1990s UK local government reform , the Local Government Commission published draft recommendations suggesting that Westmorland's border with Yorkshire and Lancashire be restored for ceremonial purposes . The final recommendations, published in October 1994, did not include such recommendations, apparently due to lack of expression of support for
387-557: Is represented by John Lamont of the Conservatives. The western Tweeddale area is included in the Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale & Tweeddale constituency and is represented by David Mundell of the Conservatives. At Scottish Parliament level, there are also two seats. The eastern constituency is Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire , which is currently represented by Conservative Rachael Hamilton . The western constituency
430-517: The Covenanters ' time, when the marquess of Montrose was defeated at the Battle of Philiphaugh in 1645. Partly for defence and partly to overawe the freebooters and moss-troopers who were a perpetual threat until they were suppressed later in the 17th century, castles were erected at various points on both sides of the border. From early on, the two sovereigns agreed on the duty to regulate
473-664: The Local Government Act 1888 , a county council was created for Westmorland, taking functions from the quarter sessions . The county council was based at the County Hall in Kendal , although the assizes were held in the Shire Hall in the historic county town of Appleby . Kendal had been chartered as a municipal borough in 1835, Appleby in 1885. The county had no county boroughs throughout its history, so
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#1732787958916516-512: The Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 saw the area's four districts and the regional council abolished, with a new unitary authority created covering the same area as the former Borders Region. The 1994 Act called the new council area "The Borders", but the shadow council elected in 1995 to oversee the transition changed the name to "Scottish Borders" prior to the changes coming into effect in 1996. The Scottish Borders are in
559-605: The Wars of Scottish Independence , and armed raids which took place in the times of the Border Reivers . During this period, at the western end of the border there was a strip of country, called the "Debatable Land", because the possession of it was a constant source of contention between England and Scotland until its boundaries were adjusted in 1552. Thus, across the region are to be seen the ruins of many castles, abbeys and even towns. The only other important conflict belongs to
602-476: The Westmorland and Furness unitary authority area, which covers a larger area than the historic county. At the beginning of the 10th century a large part of modern day Cumbria was part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde , and was known as "Scottish Cumberland" . The Rere Cross was ordered by Edmund I (r.939–946) to serve as a boundary marker between England and Scotland ( "Scottish Cumberland" ). At
645-429: The administrative county , the area under the control of the county council, was coterminous with the geographic county. Aside from the two municipal boroughs of Kendal and Appleby, the Local Government Act 1894 divided the county into urban districts and rural districts : In 1905 a new Shap urban district was formed, while Windermere absorbed the neighbouring Bowness UD. A County Review Order in 1935 reduced
688-616: The Borders Regional Council between 1975 and 1996. Since 2007 elections have been held every five years under the single transferable vote system, introduced by the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004 . Election results since 1995 have been as follows: There are two British Parliamentary constituencies in the Scottish Borders; Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk covers most of the region and
731-600: The Scottish Border , which appeared in 1802 and 1803. Border traditions and folklore, and the picturesque incidents of which the country was so often the scene, appealed strongly to James Hogg ("the Ettrick Shepherd"), John Wilson , writing as "Christopher North", and John Mackay Wilson , whose Tales of the Borders , published in 1835, enjoyed popular favour throughout the 1800s. Until September 2015,
774-482: The area as well as to Berwick-upon Tweed in Northumberland . The area is served by the main local newspapers: Southern Reporter and The Border Telegraph . The council has been under no overall control since 1999. Since the 2022 election the council has been run by an administration of the Conservatives and three of the independent councillors. The first election to the Borders Regional Council
817-509: The border with England for the last twenty miles or so of its length. The term Central Borders refers to the area in which the majority of the main towns and villages of Galashiels , Selkirk , Hawick , Jedburgh , Earlston , Kelso , Newtown St Boswells , St Boswells , Peebles , Melrose and Tweedbank are located. Two of Scotland's 40 national scenic areas (defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure their protection from inappropriate development) lie within
860-515: The borders. The Scottish Marches system was set up, under the control of three wardens from each side, who generally kept the peace through several centuries until being replaced by the Middle Shires under James VI/I . Prior to 1975 the area that is now Scottish Borders was administered as the four separate counties of Berwickshire , Peeblesshire , Roxburghshire , and Selkirkshire , plus part of Midlothian . An elected county council
903-479: The burial place of the Pringle family in 1686. Recent archaeological works have revealed evidence of rare seeds ("medicinal products from all over the known world"), used for medicinal treatment. The experts found little above-ground evidence of the hospital because its stones had been removed long ago. Dr Brian Moffat, who led the investigation, estimated in 1993 that the peak years for the hospital were "from around
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#1732787958916946-410: The church or House of the Holy Trinity of Soltre, Diocese of Saint Andrews, for over seven years". In the supplication dated 7 October 1444 the whole status of the foundation and the purpose of the hospital is discussed, where it is stated that it was "the founders intention to found there a hospital for the reception of the poor rather than a religious place". Its description of the site says: "the church
989-555: The council following the 1996 reforms was Drew Tulley, who had been the last leader of the former Ettrick and Lauderdale District Council. The leaders since 1996 have been: Scottish Borders Council is based at the Council Headquarters in Newtown St Boswells. The building had been the headquarters of Roxburghshire County Council prior to 1975, and subsequently served as the served as the main office of
1032-765: The eastern part of the Southern Uplands . The region is hilly and largely rural, with the River Tweed flowing west to east through it. The highest hill in the region is Broad Law in the Manor Hills . In the east of the region, the area that borders the River Tweed is flat and is known as 'The Merse'. The Tweed and its tributaries drain the entire region with the river flowing into the North Sea at Berwick-upon-Tweed in Northumberland , and forming
1075-491: The insignia of the borough of Kendal, the administrative centre of the county council. in April 2023, Westmorland reappeared on national maps as part of Westmorland and Furness unitary authority. During the intervening 1974-2023 period, Westmorland has still been used as a place name by organisations and businesses in the area such as: The southern part of the county, the former Barony of Kendal or that part of Westmorland that
1118-733: The lands of Brotherstanes up to and including the lands of Lyndean. It was built close to the Via Regia , the main route from the North to the Borders Abbeys; it was known as the House of the Holy Trinity and was run by an Augustinian Order . The Great Seal of Scotland mentions Thomas Lauder (later Bishop of Dunkeld ) as Master of the Hospital of Soutra on 26 February 1439 (no. 226) and 20 May 1444 (no. 298). A Supplication to Rome dated 7 October 1444 states that he "had been Rector of
1161-590: The middle of the 12th century to perhaps the middle of the 15th" with perhaps 300 people residing there to deal with visitors and patients. 55°48′57″N 2°52′34″W / 55.8157°N 2.876°W / 55.8157; -2.876 Scottish Borders The Scottish Borders ( Scots : the Mairches , lit. 'the Marches '; Scottish Gaelic : Crìochan na h-Alba ) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland . The council area occupies approximately
1204-410: The number of districts in the county: Despite their title, many of Westmorland's urban districts, such as Lakes, Grasmere, and Shap, were quite rural in character. According to the 1971 census, Westmorland was the second least populated administrative county in England, after Rutland . The distribution of population was as follows: In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972 , the county council
1247-769: The proposal to the commission. In September 2011, the Westmorland Association, a local society which promotes the county's identity, successfully registered the Flag of Westmorland with the Flag Institute . In 2013, the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , Eric Pickles , formally recognised and acknowledged the continued existence of England's 39 historic counties, including Westmorland. In April 2023, local government in Cumbria
1290-574: The region are: In terms of television, the area is cover by BBC Scotland broadcasting from Glasgow and ITV Border which broadcast from Gateshead . Television signals are received from the Selkirk TV transmitter. Radio stations are provided by BBC Radio Scotland which broadcast the local opt-out from its studios in Selkirk . The commercial radio station, Radio Borders broadcasts from Edinburgh but still broadcast local news bulletins to
1333-665: The region had no working railway stations. Although the area was well connected to the Victorian railway system , the branch lines that supplied it were closed in the decades following the Second World War . A bill was passed by the Scottish Parliament to extend the Waverley Line , which aimed to re-introduce a commuter service from Edinburgh to Stow , Galashiels and Tweedbank . This section of
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1376-590: The region: At the census held on 27 March 2011, the population of the region was 113,870 (final total), an increase of 6.66% from the 106,764 enumerated at the previous (2001) census. The Census of 20 March 2022 produced a population of 116,821. Although there is evidence of some Scottish Gaelic in the origins of place names such as Innerleithen ("confluence of the Leithen "), Kilbucho and Longformacus , which contain identifiably Goidelic rather than Brythonic Celtic elements and are an indication of at least
1419-555: The route re-opened on 6 September 2015, under the Borders Railway branding. The other railway route running through the region is the East Coast Main Line , with Edinburgh Waverley , Dunbar and Berwick being the nearest stations on that line, all of which are outwith the Borders. Since 2022, after much discussion a railway station was re-opened at Reston which is within the region and serves Eyemouth . To
1462-418: The same area as the historic shires of Berwickshire , Peeblesshire , Roxburghshire , and Selkirkshire . It is bordered by West Lothian , Edinburgh , Midlothian , and East Lothian to the north, the North Sea to the east, Dumfries and Galloway to the south-west, South Lanarkshire to the west, and the English ceremonial counties of Cumbria and Northumberland to the south. The largest settlement
1505-490: The sands , and Ullswater part of the border with Cumberland. The highest point of the county is Helvellyn , at 3,117 feet (950 metres). According to the 1831 census the county covered an area of 485,990 acres (196,670 hectares). Westmorland was subdivided into the two baronies of Westmorland (or sometimes Appleby) and Kendal . As with Cumberland, Durham and Northumberland it was divided into wards . The baronies were each further subdivided into two wards: In 1889, under
1548-608: The time of Domesday Book in 1086, the county did not exist; half was considered to form part of Yorkshire and the other half part of Scotland . Before 1226, the Barony of Kendal was part of the Honour of Lancaster while the Barony of Westmorland was part of the Earldom of Carlisle , the latter became Cumberland and was part of Scotland at times. Both baronies became a single county of Westmorland in 1226/7. Neighbouring Lancashire
1591-421: The twelfth century, hence Westmerland. The meaning of this is land of the western meres , and not moors . Mere means boundary as well as a lake, and it is doubtful whether the word as used here refers to lakes or boundaries. There is no doubt that Westmerland is the more correct spelling [...]. The College of Arms granted Westmorland County Council a coat of arms in 1926. The design of the shield referred to
1634-452: The two components of the county: on two red bars (from the arms of the de Lancaster family, Barons of Kendal) was placed a gold apple tree (from the seal of the borough of Appleby, for the Barony of Westmorland). The crest above the shield was the head of a ram of the local Herdwick breed. On the ram's forehead was a shearman 's hook, a tool used in the handling of wool. The hook was part of
1677-498: The west, Carlisle , Carstairs and Lockerbie are the nearest stations on the West Coast Main Line . The area is served by buses which connect the main population centres. Express bus services link the main towns with rail stations at Edinburgh and Carlisle. The region also has no commercial airports; the nearest are Edinburgh and Newcastle , both of which are international airports. The main roads to and from
1720-636: Was abolished and its former area was combined with Cumberland and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria , administered by a new Cumbria County Council . The area formed parts of the districts of South Lakeland and Eden from 1974 to 2023. In July 2021 Robert Jenrick, Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government announced the dissolution of Cumbria County Council and its six district councils and their replacement in April 2023 by two unitary authorities: Cumberland , and Westmorland and Furness . The latter re-united and re-established historic Westmorland within
1763-404: Was also formed at this time. Appleby was the historic county town, having been chartered in 1179. It was a parliamentary borough from 1295-1832, and incorporated by letters patent in 1574. Westmorland bordered Cumberland to the north, County Durham and Yorkshire to the east, and Lancashire to the south and west. Windermere formed part of the western border with Lancashire north of
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1806-516: Was established for each county in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 . The county councils were abolished in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 , which established a two-tier structure of local government comprising upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. A region called Borders was created covering the area. The region contained four districts, called Berwickshire, Ettrick and Lauderdale , Roxburgh , and Tweeddale . Further local government reform in 1996 under
1849-399: Was held in 1974, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new system came into force on 16 May 1975. A shadow authority was again elected in 1995 ahead of the reforms which came into force on 1 April 1996. Political control of the council since 1975 has been as follows: Borders Regional Council Scottish Borders Council The first leader of
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