Misplaced Pages

#525474

84-655: The SER was founded in 1950. It was founded after a long debate about the economic order of the Netherlands. The two main governing parties of the time, the Catholic People's Party (KVP) and the Labour Party (PvdA) had differing opinions on the subject. Both wanted to prevent the repetition of the Great Depression . The Labour Party preferred to grant the government an important regulatory role in

168-448: A Protestant society within a pluralistic society. Orthodox Protestants would have their own churches, schools, papers, political parties and sports clubs. This laid the basis for pillarisation , which was to dominate Dutch society between 1880 and 1960. In 1864 Groen van Prinsterer began to correspond with a young Dutch Reformed theologian named Abraham Kuyper . Kuyper was heavily influenced by Groen van Prinsterer's ideas and began to put

252-506: A background in the KVP's political Catholicism. The name Catholic People's Party (Dutch: Katholieke Volkspartij ; KVP), must be seen in contrast with the name of its predecessor Roman Catholic State Party . The party no longer uses the name " Roman Catholic ", but simply " Catholic ", de-emphasising its religious affiliation. It is no longer a state party, but a people's party, emphasising its progressive, democratic nature. The new name emphasises

336-558: A comfortable two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. The cabinets were oriented at rebuilding Dutch society and economy after the ravages of World War II and grant independence to Indonesia . That last point caused a split within the KVP; in 1948, a small group of Catholics opposed to decolonisation and cooperation with social democrats broke away to form the Catholic National Party (KNP). Under pressure of

420-617: A confessional majority in the Senate, the law was pushed through. In the 1905 election , the ARP lost only 3% of the vote, but eight seats, although it was able to strengthen its position in the Senate. Kuyper, the party's leader, lost his own seat in Amsterdam to a progressive liberal . Theo Heemskerk led the anti-revolutionary parliamentary party . A minority liberal cabinet was formed. Former anti-revolutionary MP Staalman left ARP and founded

504-614: A federation called the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). In the formation of a common Christian democratic identity anti-revolutionary Aantjes played a decisive role: he orients the party towards the sermon on the Mount where Christ says that Christians should clothe the naked and feed the hungry. In the 1977 election, they campaigned together under as the CDA. Some prominent anti-revolutionaries, like Aantjes did not agree

588-472: A group of moderate social democrats who left the "radicalising" PvdA. This cabinet was led by Barend Biesheuvel. Willem Aantjes became the chair of the party's parliamentary party. Under his leadership the ARP fashioned itself a new left-wing "radical evangelical" image, while the CHU retains its conservative image. The cabinet did not hold together for long: DS '70 were unable to agree with proposed budget cuts, and

672-507: A more progressive course and a more modern image than its predecessor. In the 1946 general election , the party won a third of the vote, and joined the newly founded social democratic Labour Party (PvdA) to form a government coalition. This Roman/Red coalition ("Roman" for the KVP, "Red" for the PvdA) lasted until 1958. In the first two years, the KVP's Louis Beel led the Cabinet . Beel

756-505: Is financed by levies which companies pay to the chambers of commerce . It spends €14 million a year. The group has negotiated among other things, agreements in the textile sector, the banking sector and the gold sector. The SER also performs legal and administrative tasks. For example in the field of employee participation, healthy and safe working, employment inspections and pensions. Catholic People%27s Party The Catholic People's Party ( Dutch : Katholieke Volkspartij , KVP )

840-454: The 1894 election , the ARP lost almost half of its vote and six of its twenty-one seats. The Catholics broke their alliance with the ARP and supported a conservative cabinet. In the 1897 election , the ARP won back some ground: it was supported by 26% of the electorate and won seventeen seats. The group around De Savorin Lohman, won 11% of the vote and six seats. A liberal cabinet was formed and

924-570: The 1922 election , former minister of war Hendrikus Colijn became the leader of the ARP. He emphasised defence and fiscal conservatism as core issues of the party. With him the ARP got sixteen seats in the House of Representatives and fifteen in the Senate . He became Minister of Finance in the second cabinet of Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck. He led the party in the 1925 election ; the party lost three seats in this election. The ARP continued in government with Jan Donner as minister of Justice. In

SECTION 10

#1732797378526

1008-556: The 1929 election , the ARP lost another seat. The confessional parties continued to govern. In the 1930s, with the growing international political threats and economic crisis , the ARP began to regain its popularity, under the leadership of Colijn. In 1933 , the ARP gained two seats and Colijn formed a broad cabinet comprising the Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP), CHU, ARP, Liberal State Party (LSP) and Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB). Jan Schouten led

1092-456: The 1956 election in which Jelle Zijlstra became political leader the ARP kept its 10% of the vote, but due to the enlargement of the House of Representatives it got 15 seats. A conflict between the PvdA and the KVP caused the early downfall of the cabinet. The ARP remained part of the care-taker cabinet led by Louis Beel . In the 1959 election the ARP lost another seat. It continued to be part of

1176-557: The Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB) and the central bank, De Nederlandsche Bank . The board of the SER is formed by four members of each section. The chair of the organisation is always a government appointee. The SER heads and oversees the system of sector-based regulatory organisations. These organisations can like other governments, provinces , water boards etc. enforce legislation for their members, in this case companies. The SER

1260-832: The Catholic Church and together they formed the Catholic pillar . These organisations included the Catholic Labour Union NKV, the Catholic Employers Organisation KNOV, the Catholic Farmers' Organisation KNBLTB, Catholic Hospitals united in the Yellow-White Cross and Catholic Schools. The Catholic broadcasting association Katholieke Radio Omroep and the Catholic newspaper De Volkskrant were

1344-483: The Catholic Church , the two parties reunited in 1955. The KVP was at the height of its power from 1958 to 1965. It was the dominant force in all cabinets, and every prime minister during this time was a party member. In 1958 the fourth Drees cabinet fell and Louis Beel formed an interim cabinet with KVP, ARP and CHU. After the 1959 general election , the KVP formed a centre-right cabinet with ARP, CHU and VVD, led by KVP member Jan de Quay . It continued to strengthen

1428-556: The Christian Historical Union (CHU) ran together under the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) banner. The three participating parties formally dissolved to form the CDA in 1980. The KVP was founded on 22 December 1945. It was a continuation of the pre-war Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP). Unlike the RKSP, the KVP was open to people of all denominations, but mainly Catholics supported the party. The party adopted

1512-747: The European Parliament its members sat in the Christian Democratic faction . The party had close ties to many Protestant organisations, such as the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands , the Protestant broadcaster NCRV , the employers' organisation NCW , the trade union CNV , and the paper De Standaard and after World War II, the Trouw . Together these organisations formed the Protestant pillar . Because of

1596-620: The Political Party of Radicals , the Labour Party and Democrats 66 . The KVP had an own youth organisation, the Catholic People's Party Youth Groups (Dutch: Katholieke Volkspartij Jongeren Groupen ; KVPJG) and a scientific foundation, the Centre for Political Formation. In the European Parliament the KVP's members sat in the Christian Democratic group . The KVP had close links to many other Catholic institutions such as

1680-514: The Reformed Political League was set up by members of the liberated churches. They were unable to win seats until 1963. The party remained stable in the 1948 election and remained in opposition. After the 1952 election , the ARP returned to the cabinet, which consisted of the confessional ARP, CHU, KVP and the social democratic PvdA, led by the social democrat Drees . Jelle Zijlstra became minister of economic affairs. In

1764-636: The Reformed Political Party , which opposed universal suffrage and cooperation with the Catholics. The electorate of the ARP changed in the interbellum – the difference between lower class Protestants who voted ARP and middle class Protestants who voted CHU began to disappear, with religious differences between the Dutch Reformed Church (CHU) and the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (ARP) becoming more important. In

SECTION 20

#1732797378526

1848-470: The World War II . In the 1950s and 60s, the SER was particularly successful in ensuring economic growth through close cooperation between government, trade unions and employers' organisations. In the 1970s, because of rising political polarisation and the 1973 oil crisis , the SER was unable to resolve economic problems. In the 1980s the SER returned to the centre of the economic policy making, as it

1932-414: The left-wing Christian Political Party of Radicals (PPR), which was formed by former KVP members and joined by some prominent anti-revolutionaries, including Bas de Gaay Fortman , son of Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman , one of the party's ministers. The liberal/confessional cabinet lost its majority. A new government was formed consisting of liberals and confessionals, now joined by Democratic Socialists '70 ,

2016-515: The tripartite motto "God, the Netherlands and the House of Orange ". For most of its history it maintained this conservative Protestant image. In the 1960s and 1970s the party began to adopt a more left-wing "radical evangelical" image. The ARP was a confessional Protestant party which based its politics on the Bible and opposed the concept of popular sovereignty . The concept of sphere sovereignty

2100-600: The 1840s. It represented orthodox tendencies within the Dutch Reformed Church . Under the leadership of Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer the anti-revolutionaries became a real political force, which opposed the liberal tendencies within the Dutch Reformed Church and the liberal tendencies within Dutch politics. Their three values were "God, the Netherlands , and the House of Orange ". An important issue

2184-460: The ARP and the KVP in a new cabinet, led by Jo Cals . This cabinet fell after one year, over conflict between the KVP and PvdA over government spending. The ARP joins the PvdA in its plea for more government spending. A caretaker government is formed by the KVP and ARP, led by former ARP-leader Jelle Zijlstra. In the 1967 election campaign , the ARP, CHU and KVP declared that they would continue to govern together. This led to considerable conflict with

2268-470: The ARP became more isolated because of its position on the decolonisation of the Dutch East Indies . After Indonesia became independent, it joined the Labour Party (PvdA), KVP and the CHU in the cabinet. Links with the KVP were exceptionally good and it governed with the KVP and either the CHU and the PvdA. After the 1960s, calls to govern with the PvdA became stronger. Internationally, the ARP

2352-577: The ARP was confined to opposition. In 1901 , the ARP won a decisive victory. It won 27.4% of the vote and 23 seats. A cabinet was formed out of the ARP, the Catholics and the group around De Savorin-Lohman, now called the Christian Historical Party . The cabinet was led by Kuyper, being the first person to formally lead the cabinet for four years. It was characterised by Kuypers' authoritarian leadership. This can best be seen by

2436-444: The ARP. De Savorin-Lohman opposed the law because it would imply some form of popular sovereignty instead of divine sovereignty . In 1894, this resulted in a split between the ARP and the group around De Savorin-Lohman. Party discipline also played a role in the conflict between Kuyper and De Savorin-Lohman: Kuyper, the party leader, favoured strong party discipline, while De Savorin Lohman opposed strong parties. The split results in

2520-575: The CDA/VVD cabinet that was formed after the election and wanted to continue with the PvdA. However, they supported the cabinet politically. A group of these anti-revolutionaries left the CDA in 1981 to found the left-wing Christian Evangelical People's Party . While the ARP was one of the dominant forces in the merged party, it was not until 2002 that a CDA member with anti-revolutionary roots became Prime Minister, Jan Peter Balkenende . The Anti-Revolutionary Party derived its name from its opposition to

2604-700: The Christian Democratic Party, which later became the Christian Democratic Union , which would play a minor role in the interbellum political landscape. In 1908, Kuyper returned to the House of Representatives. After a crisis in the liberal cabinet Theo Heemskerk was given the chance to form a new cabinet. A minority confessional cabinet was formed. In the 1909 election the ARP won 3% of vote and twenty-five seats. The Heemskerk cabinet continues. In 1912, Kuyper left national politics because of health reasons, and in 1913, he

Social and Economic Council - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-672: The Dutch colonial empire as necessary for the continued wealth and power of the Netherlands. The Labour Party (PvdA) and the Catholics however favoured decolonisation, under heavy pressure from the United States. For six years the ARP was relatively isolated. In 1944, a theological conflict within the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands led to a break between the Reformed Church and the Reformed Churches (liberated). This also had political repercussions; in 1948,

2772-504: The Dutch people. It also wanted to enlighten the native population with Christian values. The ARP favoured monarchy, and saw the House of Orange as historically and religiously linked to the Dutch people. It opposed changes to Dutch political system, it wanted to retain bicameralism , opposed popular referendums etc. Its commitment to universal suffrage was only tactical as the ARP expected that it would be able to gain more seats this way. Principally it wanted Householder Franchise where

2856-472: The Dutch people. It was socially conservative : it opposed mixed-sex education , mandatory vaccination , divorce, pornography, euthanasia , abortion etc. It also favoured capital punishment. The party can be seen as rather nationalist . It favoured a strong defence to retain Dutch neutrality . It opposed decolonisation. It saw the colonies in Indonesia as vital for the continued wealth and influence of

2940-475: The Dutch resistance. After World War II, the ARP returned to Dutch politics. The anti-revolutionary Jo Meynen was minister of War, albeit without support of his parliamentary party. In the 1946 election , Jan Schouten led the party. It lost four seats. During the formation, it became clear that the ARP could not govern: it strongly opposed the decolonisation of the Dutch Indies . It saw maintenance of

3024-444: The KVP in 1968 to form the Political Party of Radicals (PPR). These include three members of parliament, who form their own parliamentary party , Groep Aarden. Lubbers and Cals stayed with the KVP. The new party became a close partner of the PvdA. In the 1971 general election , the KVP lost another seven seats (18% of its vote). The KVP again joined the ARP, CHU and VVD to form a new centre-right cabinet with right-wing dissenters of

3108-838: The KVP is comparable to the German Centre Party , which existed before World War II, and the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland . Its political position and agenda are similar to other catholic Christian democratic parties in Europe, such as the Flemish Christian Democratic and Flemish party and the Italian Christian Democracy . Anti-Revolutionary Party The Anti-Revolutionary Party ( Dutch : Anti-Revolutionaire Partij , ARP)

3192-541: The KVP realised that if it was to continue, it needed to find new ways of cooperating. Ideas to form a broad Christian democratic party, like the German Christian Democratic Union , were brought into practice. In 1974 the three parties formed a federation, called Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). In the 1977 election the CDA won more seats than the KVP, ARP and CHU had together. After the election, Dries van Agt became prime minister. In 1980,

3276-411: The KVP shifted to the right, resulting in frequent conflicts within the cabinet, especially in the area of economic and social policy." According to another study, the Catholic party shifted to the right between 1958 and 1963. Nevertheless, new social welfare benefits were established under successive KVP-led coalition governments. As the party of a Catholic minority in a dominantly Protestant country,

3360-721: The KVP was a staunch proponent of European integration and cooperation within NATO . The party sought the middle ground in the issue of decolonisation: Indonesia and Suriname should be independent countries within a Dutch Commonwealth . The party was particularly strong in the southern provinces of Limburg and North Brabant , where it often held 90% of the seats in the provincial and municipal legislatures and supplied all provincial and municipal governments , provincial governors and mayors . In regions like Twente , West Friesland and Zeelandic Flanders it held similar positions in municipalities, but cooperated with other parties on

3444-641: The KVP's progressive, democratic and non-denominational image. The KVP was a Christian democratic party, which based itself on the Bible and Catholic dogma . As such, it was a proponent of a mixed economy : A strong welfare state should be combined with a free market , with a corporatist organisation. Trade unions and employers' organisations were to negotiate on wages in a Social and Economic Council and should make legislation for some economic sectors on themselves, without government intervention, in so-called Productschappen . The state should watch over

Social and Economic Council - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-450: The KVP, which also spilled over into the ARP, as the younger generation wanted to govern with the PvdA. The ARP gained two seats, but the KVP loses eight seats. A new liberal/confessional cabinet is formed. Biesheuvel does not enter government but instead chooses to remain in parliament. In the 1971 election , the ARP lost two seats, and its confessional allies (KVP and CHU) lost seven and three seats respectively. They faced competition from

3612-687: The Kuyper House in The Hague . It now houses the national secretariat of the Christian Democratic Appeal . The party published the magazine Nederlandse Gedachten ("Dutch Thoughts"). Its youth organisation was the Anti-Revolutionaire Jongeren Studieclubs ("Anti-Revolutionary Youth Studyclubs"). Its scientific institute was the Dr. A. Kuyper foundation. Internationally the ARP was a relatively isolated party. In

3696-618: The Netherlands in 1892 (in Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken Nederland ). The ARP had one practical political goal: equalisation of payment between public and religious schools. It had one political strategy: the Antithesis between religious and non-religious parties, which meant that he sought to break the cooperation between liberals and Catholics and to create an alliance between Catholics and Protestants. In 1879, thirteen anti-revolutionaries were among

3780-468: The PvdA was much less important. This led to unrest among young and left-wing KVP supporters, including Ruud Lubbers , Jo Cals , Erik Jurgens and Jacques Aarden , who called themselves Christian Radicals. After the election, this promise was upheld and the KVP formed a cabinet with its old partners, led by Piet de Jong . After much debate, some of the Christian Radicals broke away from

3864-535: The PvdA, united in Democratic Socialists '70 (DS'70). The ARP's Barend Biesheuvel led the cabinet. In 1972 the cabinet fell because of internal problems of the junior partner, DS'70. In the subsequent election , the KVP again lost eight seats, leaving only 27, 23 less than in 1963. The cabinet lost its majority and the KVP saw no alternative than to cooperate with the PvdA and its allies PPR and Democrats 66 (D'66). An extra-parliamentary cabinet

3948-474: The anti-revolutionary Æneas Baron Mackay : it combined anti-revolutionary and Catholic ministers, joined by two conservative independents. Because the liberals still controlled the Senate, many of the cabinet's proposals met resistance there and the cabinet fell before the end of its four-year term. In the 1891 election , the ARP lost 2% of its votes, but six of its seats. The confessional parties also lost their majority. A liberal cabinet, led by Van Tienhoven

4032-407: The basis of a mix of liberal Protestantism and secular humanism . During the 1860s Groen van Prinsterer became more isolated from his conservative allies. He also began to reformulate his Protestant-Christian ideals, and began to plead for souvereiniteit in eigen kring ( sphere sovereignty ) instead of theocracy. This meant that instead of one Protestant-Christian society, Groen van Prinsterer wanted

4116-412: The cabinet fell. In the subsequent election the ARP gained one seat. After long coalition talks several prominent anti-revolutionaries, including Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman, joined the progressive cabinet led by Joop den Uyl . The cabinet was riddled with conflicts between confessional and progressive politicians. Meanwhile, a process of merger had started between the KVP, ARP and CHU. In 1974 they founded

4200-472: The cabinet to fall in 1965. The KVP and ARP formed a cabinet with the PvdA, led by the KVP's Jo Cals . This cabinet also fell in the Night of Schmelzer, in which Norbert Schmelzer forced a cabinet crisis over the cabinet's financial policy. This was the first fall of cabinet directly broadcast on television. An interim government of KVP and ARP was formed, led by the ARP's Jelle Zijlstra . The period 1965–1980

4284-422: The cabinet, now led by Jan de Quay . The three confessional parties were joined by the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy . After the 1963 election , the cabinet continued, now led by Victor Marijnen. The new anti-revolutionary leader Barend Biesheuvel became Minister of Agriculture . In 1965 this cabinet fell over a conflict between the liberals and the confessionals. The PvdA joins

SECTION 50

#1732797378526

4368-485: The conflict over the equalisation of payment for religious schools and universal suffrage. In the constitution change of 1917 both items were resolved. The ARP was given equal payment for religious schools, but it had to accept women's suffrage and proportional representation . After the Pacification of 1917 , marked by the introduction of universal suffrage , the party never received more than twenty percent of

4452-615: The council. These sections are trade unions, employers' organisations and government-appointed members, the so-called Crown members. The trade union members are appointed from the three major unions: FNV (8), CNV (2) and the MHP (1). The members of the employers' organisations are representatives from the three major employers' organisations: VNO-NCW (7), MKB (3) and the LTO (1). The government-appointed members are normally professors of economics or related fields and they include representatives of

4536-419: The economy, while the KVP preferred to rely on the workings of a self-regulating market economy. A compromise was found in the corporatist model, in which both trade unions and employers' organisations would form sector-based regulatory organisations. The SER headed this structure and served as important partner for the national government. The SER was very important in the reconstruction of the Netherlands after

4620-483: The foundation of the Free Anti Revolutionary Party in 1898, which would become the Christian Historical Union in 1904. With De Savorin-Lohman a group of prominent party politicians left the party, including many of its aristocratic members (who like De Savorin-Lohman have double names ). The CHU continued its opposition against universal suffrage and was more anti-papist than the ARP. In

4704-489: The head of the household would vote for his family. The party was fiscally conservative : the Dutch government should be like a good father: it should not spend more than it got through taxes. In the 1960s and 1970s, the party became more left-wing on many issues. Social justice became an important ideal of the party, both nationally, where it began to favour a stronger welfare state , and internationally, where development aid became an important issue. The party

4788-402: The hundred members of the House of Representatives , although not all were members of the ARP. During the period between 1879 and 1883, their numbers grew slowly, peaking at 19. After the 1884 election they had 21 members of parliament. In 1886 they won their first seat in the Senate . In the 1888 election , the ARP won 31.4% of the vote and 27 seats. A confessional cabinet was formed led by

4872-416: The ideals of the liberal French Revolution (and certainly against those of Marxists ). The label conservative was already taken by a parliamentary group of monarchists and colonialists , who fell out of favour in the late 19th century. In its early years, the terms anti-revolutionary and Christian historical were used interchangeably. With the split between the ARP and the Christian Historical Union

4956-479: The latter's ideal of an orthodox Protestant society within Dutch society into practice. On 3 April 1879, Abraham Kuyper founded the ARP as part of the larger separate orthodox Protestant society within society. It was the first nationally organised political party in the Netherlands. An 1878 petition for equal payment for religious schools became one of the catalysts for the foundation of the political movement. In 1877, Kuyper had already written "Our Program" in which

5040-405: The morality of the people: divorce should be limited, recreation should be moral (for instance different swimming hours for women and men) and the family should be preserved. Families were to be helped by fiscal policies, such as the kinderbijslag , support by the government, by the newly set up Ministry of Culture, Recreation and Welfare, and the possibility to buy their own home. Internationally,

5124-455: The party's parliamentary party. Between 1933 and 1939, Colijn led several parliamentary and extra-parliamentary cabinets with changing composition, although the CHU, ARP, and RKSP continued to form the core of the cabinet. Colijn refused to devalue the guilder but was unable to resolve the economic crisis. In 1937 the ARP gained three seats and reached a historic 17 seats. Colijn continued to govern. In 1939, his fifth cabinet fell and Colijn

SECTION 60

#1732797378526

5208-506: The philosophy of Antithesis , it has strong links with the Catholic parties ( General League / Roman Catholic State Party / Catholic People's Party (KVP) and the Christian Historical Union (CHU). In the period 1879 to 1917 it saw the Liberal Union as its main opponent. After 1917 it saw the social democratic Social Democratic Workers' Party as its main opponent, and it formed several governments with liberals. After World War II,

5292-560: The political ideals of the ARP were written down (see below ). Around the ARP the separate Protestant society began to grow: many Protestant schools were founded, a Protestant university (the Free University was founded in 1880), and a paper ( De Standaard ). In 1886, Kuyper broke free from the liberal Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlands-Hervormde Kerk ) to found the Reformed Churches in

5376-477: The provincial level. The KVP was supported by Catholics of all classes . Its strength was in the Catholic south of the Netherlands : North Brabant and Limburg , where it often obtained more than 90% of vote. It was also strong in Catholic regions like Twente , West Friesland and Zeelandic Flanders . During the 1960s and 1970s, the KVP lost part of its electorate to progressive parties like

5460-475: The railway strike of 1903, in which Kuyper showed no mercy to the strikers and instead pushed several particularly harsh anti-strike laws through parliament. After the Senate, where there was a liberal majority, rejected Kuypers' law on higher education, which sought to bring equal titles for alumni of the Free University, which Kuyper himself founded, Kuyper called for new elections for the Senate. With

5544-437: The social democratic Labour Party . This resulted in several cabinets with the PvdA, but also splits within the party, most notably the formation of the Political Party of Radicals As noted by one study, in the early post-war years "the Catholic party was dominated by its left wing, with the result that the PvdA and the KVP had relatively few disagreements on policy issues." Beginning in 1952 however, "the focus of power within

5628-520: The terms began to gain their own separate meanings. The ARP started out as an orthodox Protestant party, heavily opposed to the ideals of the French revolution. Against the revolution, they put the Bible: instead of liberty , it favoured divine providence , instead of equality it favoured hierarchy and instead of brotherhood it favoured sovereignty in its own circle . Its ideals could be summed up in

5712-475: The three parties officially dissolved themselves into the CDA. The Catholics still constitute a powerful group within the CDA. Indeed, the CDA's first two prime ministers, van Agt and Ruud Lubbers , came from the KVP side of the merger. In the early years, a system of equal representation of Catholics and Protestants was practiced, from which the KVP as the only Catholic group profited. Nowadays many CDA members, like Maxime Verhagen and Maria van der Hoeven have

5796-439: The voices of the KVP. As a Christian party, the KVP had strong ties with the conservative Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party and Christian Historical Union . The strong ties resulted in several cabinets in the period from 1946 to 1977 and the formation of the Christian Democratic Appeal , in which the three parties united in 1974. The KVP had a strong centre-left group within its ranks. These supported closer cooperation with

5880-509: The vote. The 1918 election provided a decisive test for the party, where the party won two additional seats. The three confessional parties won 50 seats. The confessional parties formed a new cabinet, led by the Catholic Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck . The ARP supplied three ministers and former prime minister Theo Heemskerk became Minister of Justice. A group of concerned anti-revolutionaries, led by Gerrit Kersten , founded

5964-495: The welfare state. After the 1963 general election , this cabinet was succeeded by a new cabinet of KVP-CHU-ARP-VVD, which was led by the KVP's Victor Marijnen . This coalition oversaw an economic boom . Norbert Schmelzer became the party's new leader, again operating within the House of Representatives and not the cabinet. A cabinet crisis over the Netherlands Public Broadcasting , however, caused

6048-484: Was public education , which in the view of the anti-revolutionaries should be Protestant-Christian in nature. The anti-revolutionaries had ties with the April movement  [ nl ] , which opposed the official re-establishment of Roman Catholic bishoprics , and a mixed relationship with (liberal-) conservatives in the House of Representatives , who also opposed reforms to the social and political system but often on

6132-560: Was a Catholic Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands . The party was founded in 1945 as a continuation of the interwar Roman Catholic State Party , which was in turn a successor of the General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses . The party was in government throughout its existence. In 1977, a federation of parties including the Catholic People's Party, the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and

6216-470: Was a Protestant conservative and Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands . The party was founded in 1879 by Abraham Kuyper , a neo-Calvinist theologian and minister who served as Prime Minister between 1901 and 1905 . In 1980 the party merged with the Catholic People's Party (KVP) and the Christian Historical Union (CHU) to form the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). The anti-revolutionary parliamentary caucus had existed since

6300-494: Was elected to the Senate. In the 1913 election , the ARP lost 6% of the votes. The party lost more than half of its seats, leaving them with 11 seats overall. Another minority liberal cabinet was formed. The leadership of the ARP lay in the hands of less prominent politicians. Although a relatively small opposition party, the ARP played an important role in Dutch politics. The liberal minority cabinet, led by Cort van der Linden sought to resolve two important issues in Dutch politics:

6384-477: Was formed by PvdA, PPR and D66 joined by prominent progressives from KVP and ARP. The KVP's ministers include the minister of Justice Dries van Agt and the minister of the Economy Ruud Lubbers. The KVP did not officially support this cabinet, which was led by social democrat Joop den Uyl . This cabinet was characterised by infighting and fell just before the 1977 general election . In the 1970s,

6468-452: Was formed. It proposed drastic changes to the census , which would result practically in universal male suffrage, proposed by minister Tak. The ARP was divided on the issue: Kuyper and a majority of the parliamentary party voted in favour of the law, while Alexander de Savornin Lohman vehemently opposed it. Kuyper had tactical reasons to support enlarged franchise – the 'kleine luyden' (middle class) who would be allowed to vote often supported

6552-493: Was not the party's leader, a post which was taken by Carl Romme , who led the KVP from the House of Representatives between 1946 and 1961. After the 1948 general election , the PvdA supplied the prime minister Willem Drees . The PvdA and the KVP were joined by combinations of the protestant -Christian Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and Christian Historical Union (CHU) and the liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) to form oversized cabinets, which often held

6636-525: Was particularly strong in rural municipal and provincial governments . Especially in Friesland , Overijssel , Zeeland and the Veluwe the party was particularly strong. The electorate of the ARP has seen three decisive shifts, especially in its relation with the CHU, the other Protestant party. Although dates are given here, the changes were gradual. The party's national secretariat was long housed in

6720-467: Was period of decline, crisis and dissent for the KVP. The party's vote share began to decline after 1966 as a result of depillarisation and secularisation ; there were fewer Catholics, and Catholics no longer necessarily supported a Catholic party. In the 1967 general election , the KVP lost 15% of its votes and eight seats. During the election campaign the KVP, ARP and CHU declared that they wanted to continue cooperating with each other. Cooperation with

6804-408: Was succeeded by Dirk Jan de Geer . Pieter Gerbrandy joined the cabinet without support of his parliamentary party. During World War II , members of the ARP played a role in both the governments-in-exile , of which many were led by Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy and the resistance movements . The resistance paper Trouw was founded by ARP members. Many future ARP MPs began their political career in

6888-562: Was the platform for dialogue between the government and its social partners . In the 1990s, the role of the SER began to change. The role of the sector-based regulatory organisations began to decline and the SER increasingly took the role of an advisory council of government; in 1997 the Senate and House of Representatives were granted the right to submit enquiry commissions to the SER. The SER has three main goals for Dutch social-economic policy: The SER has thirty-three members. It consists of three sections, which each have eleven members in

6972-409: Was very important for the party. It wanted to create an independent Protestant society within the Dutch society, with its own schools, papers, hospitals etc. It sought equal government finances for its own institutions. Societies should care for their own, therefore they opposed a large role for the state in social-economic policy. The ARP saw an important role for the state in upholding the values of

7056-749: Was very similar to the Scandinavian Christian Democratic parties (such as the Swedish , Norwegian , Danish and the Finnish Christian Democrats), that are all socially and fiscally conservative, with a social heart. All have their roots in orthodox tendencies within the national church. In its conservative policies the ARP also shared similarities with the UK Conservatives (the paternalistic or moderate conservative wing of that party). Comparing

#525474