The Soghain were a people of ancient Ireland. The 17th-century scholar Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh identified them as part of a larger group called the Cruithin . Mac Fhirbhisigh stated that the Cruithin included "the Dál Araidhi [Dál nAraidi], the seven Lóigisi [Loígis] of Leinster, the seven Soghain of Ireland, and every Conaille that is in Ireland."
41-580: The locations of four of the seven Soghain are as follows: The Soghain of Connacht were located in the ancient kingdom of Soghan , an area in central east County Galway bounded by the river Suck on the east, the river Clare on the west, the Grange and Shiven rivers to the north, and the Raford and Ballinure rivers to the south. A poem recorded in The Book of Uí Maine , Cruas Connacht clanna Sogain , lists
82-471: A clear central area. Many are known from Japan and the southeastern United States, and at least one from South America. The word is of Scandinavian via Middle English derivation (from early Scandinavian; Danish: mødding , Swedish regional: mödding ). The word "midden" is still in everyday use in Scotland and has come by extension to refer to anything that is a mess, a muddle, or chaos. The word
123-497: A distinct identity within the county, though its boundaries are unclear, and it may account for as much as one third, or as little as 20%, of the county. The county includes a number of inhabited islands, such as the Aran Islands ( Irish : Oileáin Árann ) and Inishbofin ( Irish : Inis Bó Fine ). With the arrival of Christianity many monasteries were built in the county. Monasteries kept written records of events in
164-560: A few clubs being; Galway City Harriers, Craughwell Athletic Club, Athenry A.C, Tuam A.C, Loughrea A.C and many others. (selections below) 53°20′N 9°00′W / 53.333°N 9.000°W / 53.333; -9.000 Midden A midden is an old dump for domestic waste . It may consist of animal bones , human excrement , botanical material, mollusc shells , potsherds , lithics (especially debitage ), and other artifacts and ecofacts associated with past human occupation. These features provide
205-453: A house in the village. Each household would dump its garbage directly outside the house. In all cases, shell middens are extremely complex and very difficult to excavate fully and exactly. The fact that they contain a detailed record of what food was eaten or processed and many fragments of stone tools and household goods makes them invaluable objects of archaeological study. Shells have a high calcium carbonate content, which tends to make
246-670: A long period between the 6th millennium BCE and the beginning of European colonisation. European shell middens are primarily found along the Atlantic seaboard and in Denmark and primarily date to the 5th millennium BCE ( Ertebølle and Early Funnel Beaker cultures), containing the remains of the earliest Neolithisation process (pottery, cereals and domestic animals). Younger shell middens are found in Latvia (associated with Comb Ware ceramics), Sweden (associated with Pitted Ware ceramics),
287-488: A style of pottery described as "cord-marked", translated as " Jōmon ", which came to be used to refer to the early period of Japanese history when this style of pottery was produced. Shell middens were studied in Denmark in the latter half of the 19th century. The Danish word køkkenmødding (kitchen mound) is now used internationally. The English word "midden" (waste mound) derives from the same Old Norse word that produced
328-425: A useful resource for archaeologists who wish to study the diets and habits of past societies. Middens with damp, anaerobic conditions can even preserve organic remains in deposits as the debris of daily life are tossed on the pile. Each individual toss will contribute a different mix of materials depending upon the activity associated with that particular toss. During the course of deposition sedimentary material
369-541: Is a county in Ireland . It is in the Northern and Western Region , taking up the south of the province of Connacht . The county population was 276,451 at the 2022 census. There are several Irish-speaking areas in the west of the county. The traditional county includes the city of Galway , but the city and county are separate local government areas, administered by the local authorities of Galway City Council in
410-413: Is a number of medical device companies in the area, including Medtronic (with approximately 1,800 employees) and Boston Scientific (2,800 employees). Gaelic games are the most popular sport in the county. Galway had traditional regions in which Gaelic football or hurling is played. For example, in south and eastern County Galway, in places such as Portumna , Gort , Clarinbridge and Athenry , hurling
451-537: Is deposited as well. Different mechanisms, from wind and water to animal digs, create a matrix which can also be analysed to provide seasonal and climatic information. In some middens individual dumps of material can be discerned and analysed. A shell midden or shell mound is an archaeological feature consisting mainly of mollusc shells. The Danish term køkkenmøddinger (plural) was first used by Japetus Steenstrup to describe shell heaps and continues to be used by some researchers. A midden, by definition, contains
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#1732773337105492-482: Is over 9 metres (30 ft) deep and spans over 10,000 years of continuous occupation. Shell middens created in coastal regions of Australia by Indigenous Australians exist in Australia today. Middens provide evidence of prior occupation and are generally protected from mining and other developments. One must exercise caution in deciding whether one is examining a midden or a beach mound. There are good examples on
533-631: Is part of the Midlands–North-West constituency for European elections . County Galway is home to Na Beanna Beola ( Twelve Bens ) mountain range, Na Sléibhte Mhám Toirc (the Maum Turk mountains), and the low mountains of Sliabh Echtghe (Slieve Aughty). The highest point in the county is one of the Twelve Bens, Benbaun, at 729m. County Galway is partly home to a number of Ireland's largest lakes including Lough Corrib (the largest lake in
574-585: Is the dominant sport with successful teams at county and national level. Most of the rest of the county is considered to be footballing territory, with most of the county players being from the Tuam area, Oughterard , Moycullen or parts of Galway city . Galway United FC compete in the League of Ireland Premier Division and plays home games in Eamonn Deacy Park . Connacht Rugby , which competes in
615-753: Is the largest town in the region. Galway City is also home to Ireland's only Irish-language theatre, Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe . There is a strong Irish-language media presence in this area too, which boasts the radio station Raidió na Gaeltachta and Foinse newspaper in Carraroe and national TV station TG4 in Baile na hAbhann . The Aran Islands are also part of the Galway Gaeltacht. According to Census 2016, 84,249 people in County Galway claimed they could speak Irish. According to Census 2011,
656-650: Is used by farmers in Britain to describe the place where farm yard manure from cows or other animals is collected. Grants are sometimes available to protect these from rain to avoid runoff and pollution . In the animal kingdom, some species establish ground burrows , also known as middens, that are used mostly for food storage. For example, the North American red squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) usually has one large active midden in each territory with perhaps an inactive or auxiliary midden. A midden may be
697-788: The Dreamtime , such as those of the Anbarra group of the Burarra people of Arnhem Land . The Ohlone and Coast Miwok peoples built over 425 shell mounds in the San Francisco Bay Area. These mounds were used as: The mounds were constructed over thousands of years. They were often discovered by accident during construction, mining, or farming. Some of the largest mounds in the Bay Area include: Emeryville Shellmound Located between Oakland and Berkeley, this mound
738-674: The Freycinet Peninsula in Tasmania where wave action currently is combining charcoal from forest fire debris with a mix of shells into masses that storms deposit above high-water mark. Shell mounds near Weipa in far north Queensland that are mostly less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) high (although ranging up to 10 metres (33 ft) high) and a few tens of metres long are claimed to be middens, but are in fact shell cheniers (beach ridges) re-worked by nest mound-building birds. Some shell middens are regarded as sacred sites, linked to
779-737: The United Rugby Championship , is based in the Sportsgrounds in Galway city . The two main amateur rugby clubs in the county are Galway Corinthians RFC and Galwegians RFC which compete in the All-Ireland League . County Galway is home to multiple basketball clubs, including Super League teams University of Galway Maree and Moycullen Basketball Club . Athletics is also a very popular sport in Galway,
820-402: The Galway city and county Gaeltacht has a population of 48,907, of which 30,978 said they could speak Irish; 23,788 classed themselves as native Irish speakers, while 7,190 speak Irish daily only within the classroom. There are 3,006 attending the ten Gaelscoil (Irish language primary schools) and three Gaelcholáiste (Irish language secondary schools) outside the Galway Gaeltacht. According to
861-559: The Irish Census 2016, there are 9,445 people in the county who identify themselves as being daily Irish speakers outside the education system. Galway City Council and Galway County Council are the local authorities for the respective local government areas. The local government area of County Galway includes some suburbs of the city not within the city area. Each local authority is responsible for certain local services such as sanitation , planning and development , libraries ,
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#1732773337105902-510: The Netherlands (associated with Corded Ware ceramics) and Schleswig-Holstein ( Late Neolithic and Iron Age ). All these are examples where communities practised a mixed farming and hunting/gathering economy. On Canada 's west coast, there are shell middens that run for more than 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) along the coast and are several meters deep. The midden in Namu, British Columbia
943-674: The Republic of Ireland), Lough Derg and Lough Mask . The county is also home to a large number of smaller lakes, many of which are in the Connemara region. These include Lough Anaserd , Ardderry Lough , Aughrusbeg Lough , Ballycuirke Lough , Ballynahinch Lake , Lough Bofin , Lough Cutra , Derryclare Lough , Lough Fee , Glendollagh Lough , Lough Glenicmurrin , Lough Inagh , Kylemore Lough , Lettercraffroe Lough , Maumeen Lough , Lough Nafooey , Lough Rea , Ross Lake and Lough Shindilla . The location of County Galway, situated on
984-810: The Sogain , Laisren of Clonkeenkerrill , Maol Chosna , Modiúit , Menott , Molua of Kilmoluagh . Parishes known to be included in Soghan were: Soghan became subject to the Uí Maine sometime during the first millennium. Descendants of the Soghain are still found in great numbers in County Galway, bearing names such as Ó Mainnín, Mannion , Manning, Ward / Mac an Bhaird , Gill / Gillane, Scarry, Dugan / Duggan , Megan / McGann, Martin, and Cassain. County Galway County Galway ( / ˈ ɡ ɔː l w eɪ / GAWL -way ; Irish : Contae na Gaillimhe )
1025-573: The area and of its people. These were followed by a number of law-tracts, genealogies, annals and miscellaneous accounts. Extant manuscripts containing references to Galway include: Nearly 20% of the population of County Galway live in areas classed as Gaeltachts (Irish-speaking districts). County Galway is home to the largest Gaeltacht Irish-speaking region in Ireland. There are over 48,000 people living within this region, which extends from Galway city westwards through Connemara . The region consists of
1066-485: The collection of motor taxation , local roads and social housing . Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 , County Galway was divided into the urban districts of Ballinasloe and Galway , and the rural districts of Ballinasloe No. 1, Clifden, Galway, Glennamaddy, Gort, Loughrea, Mount Bellew, Oughterard, Portumna, and Tuam. Loughrea , within the rural district of Loughrea, and Tuam , within
1107-620: The creation of tropical hardwood hammocks , one example being the Otter Mound Preserve in Florida , where shell deposits from Calusa natives provided flood free high areas in otherwise large watered areas. There are instances in which shell middens may have doubled as areas of ceremonial construction or ritual significance. The Woodland period Crystal River site provides an example of this phenomenon. Some shell mounds, known as shell rings , are circular or open arcs with
1148-413: The debris of human activity, and should not be confused with wind- or tide-created beach mounds. Some shell middens are processing remains: areas where aquatic resources were processed directly after harvest and prior to use or storage in a distant location. Some shell middens are directly associated with villages, as a designated village dump site. In other middens, the material is directly associated with
1189-582: The following Irish-speaking areas: Galway City Gaeltacht (parts of the city), Gaeltacht Cois Fharraige , Conamara Theas , Aran Islands , and Duiche Sheoigheach (a part of the northern Galway region known as "Joyce Country" and Maam Valley ). All schools within the Gaeltacht use the Irish language for classroom instruction. There is also a third-level constituent college of NUIG called Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge in Carraroe and Carna . Clifden
1230-524: The host of plundering excursions / To whom the spear-armed Sogain is hereditary." The Book of Lecan lists their six branches as Cenél Rechta , Cenél Trena , Cenél Luchta , Cenél Fergna , Cenél Domaingen and Cenél Déigill . The genealogy of Saint Kerrill of Clonkeenkerrill is given as Caireall mac Curnáin mac Treana mac Fionnchada mac Náir mac Earca mac Tiobraide mac Soghain Salbhuidhe mac Fiacha Araidhe . His grandfather, Treana mac Fionnchada,
1271-840: The kingdom's boundaries, which can be found to tie in with the above locations: From Áth an Ibar west To Glais Uair Arnaigh Was the extent of Soghan That sword-guarded land. From Béal na Róbe in Máenmagh To the clear, soft-reeded Simin Was the breath of the plain Which bore no ignominy. The previous, pre- Gaelic people of the area were called the Senchineoil . Very little information survives on them. The Soghain of Connacht were described by Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin in his poem Triallam timcheall na Fodla as follows: "The six Sogain let us not shun / Their kings are without oblivion / Good
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1312-520: The middens alkaline . This slows the normal rate of decay caused by soil acidity, leaving a relatively high proportion of organic material (food remnants, organic tools, clothing, human remains) available for archaeologists to find. Edward Sylvester Morse conducted one of the first archaeological excavations of the Omori Shell Mounds in Tokyo, Japan in 1877, which led to the discovery of
1353-472: The modern Danish one. Shell middens are found in coastal or lakeshore zones all over the world. Consisting mostly of mollusc shells, they are interpreted as being the waste products of meals eaten by nomadic groups or hunting parties. Some are small examples relating to meals had by a handful of individuals, others are many metres in length and width and represent centuries of shell deposition. In Brazil , they are known as sambaquis , having been created over
1394-418: The rural district of Tuam, had town commissioners . The rural districts were abolished in 1925. In 1937, the urban district of Galway became the borough of Galway, remaining part of County Galway. In 1986, the borough of Galway became the county borough of Galway and ceased to part of County Galway. In 2002, all county boroughs were redefined as cities. In 2002, the urban district of Ballinasloe and
1435-510: The town commissioners of Loughrea and Tuam became town councils . All town councils in Ireland were abolished in 2014. As part of the Northern and Western Region , Galway County Council has three representatives and Galway City Council has two representatives on the Northern and Western Regional Assembly. The county is part of three Dáil constituencies : Galway East (3 seats), Galway West (5 seats) and Roscommon–Galway (5 seats). It
1476-552: The urban area and Galway County Council in the rest of the county. The first inhabitants in the Galway area arrived around the 5th millennium BC. Shell middens indicate the existence of people as early as 5000 BC. The county originally comprised several kingdoms and territories which predate the formation of the county. These kingdoms included Aidhne , Uí Maine , Maigh Seóla , Conmhaícne Mara , Soghain and Máenmaige . County Galway became an official entity around 1569 AD. The region known as Connemara retains
1517-536: The west coast of Ireland, allows it to be directly influenced by the Gulf Stream . Temperature extremes are rare and short lived, though inland areas, particularly east of the Corrib, can boast some of the highest recorded temperatures of the summer in the island of Ireland (sometimes exceeding 30 °C); though these temperatures only occur when land warmed east winds sweep the area; the opposite effect can occur in
1558-500: The west coast of the county can receive up to 1900mm and beyond. Extreme weather such as blizzards, thunderstorms, flash flooding and hail, though rare, can and do occur, particularly when air masses of continental origin are undercut by more humid and unstable Atlantic flows. According to numbers published by Galway Chamber of Commerce in early 2019, there were then 196 information and communications technology (ICT) organisations in Galway, including IBM, SAP, Oracle and Cisco. There
1599-527: The winter. Overall, however, Galway is influenced mainly by Atlantic airstreams which bring ample rainfall in between the fleeting sunshine. Rainfall occurs in every month of the year, though the late autumn and winter months can be particularly wet as Atlantic cyclonic activity increases and passes over and around the area, and which is why Galway tends to bear the brunt of severe windstorms that can occur between August and March. The county on average receives about 1300mm of rainfall annually, though some areas along
1640-514: Was estimated to be 60 feet high and 350 feet in diameter. It was demolished in 1924. Huichuin Located in Berkeley, this mound was 20 feet high and was the site of the first human settlement on the shores of San Francisco Bay. West Berkeley and Ellis Landing These mounds measured almost 200 meters in diameter and rose 9 meters above the shoreline. Shell mounds are also credited with
1681-553: Was the eponym of the Cinel Trena, who were apparently located close to Knockma , as evinced by the placename Tír Mhic Trena (the land of the sons of Trena). This area was the western limit of the kingdom of the Connacht Soghain. Early Christian evangelists among the Soghain included Conainne , St Connell and Kerrill . Their successors include Naomhéid , Cuana of Kilcoonagh , Dubhán , Felig , Íbar , Íomar of