Misplaced Pages

#201798

100-667: Although Sokullu was Muslim, he remembered his Serbian Orthodox roots and his family. He persuaded the Sultan to restore the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć as a "gesture of reconciliation". He appointed members of his family (both Muslim and Christian) to important positions in Ottoman Empire, including Sokollu Mustafa Pasha , Makarije Sokolović , Ferhad Pasha Sokolović , Sinan-beg Boljanić , Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha and Lala Mustafa Pasha . Sokollu's birth name

200-547: A Yugoslav novelist His life also interested the Yugoslav writer Meša Selimović . There were numerous Serbian , Croatian and Bosnian legends about the bridge's construction. According to one, Mehmed Paşa built the bridge in his son's name. Another is the tale of its architect Rade, which is described in "Bridge on the Drina". Sokollu Mehmed Pasha is often credited as the mastermind of the Ottoman Empire's last great push into

300-400: A vascular birthmark present by age 1. Several birthmark types are part of the group of skin lesions known as nevi or naevi, which is Latin for "birthmarks". Birthmarks occur as a result of a localized imbalance in factors controlling the development and migration of skin cells . In addition, it is known that vascular birthmarks are not hereditary . Congenital melanocytic nevus

400-513: A bond of mutual understanding between Istanbul and Aceh. Immediately after the expedition to Sumatra, the Ottoman Empire suffered a major rebellion from one of their most important settlements. An uprising led by Zaydi Imam in Yemen created substantial uncertainty in the region which Sokollu had to give imminent priority before taking any further action in Aceh. While the insurrection in Yemen started in

500-607: A boy under the rule of Devşirme and converted into Islam. In spite of that, he later restored ties with his family, and in 1557 his cousin Makarije , one of the Serbian Orthodox bishops, was elected the new Serbian Patriarch of Peć. The full restoration of the old Patriarchate was of great importance for the Orthodox Serbs because it enabled them to reorganize and improve their spiritual and cultural life under

600-493: A contingent led by Péter Petrovics , killing more than 2,500 of them, near Csanád . The Sultan immediately ordered Sokollu Mehmed Pasha to move into Hungary , so he assembled an army of 90,000 soldiers and fifty-four cannons and also summoned the pashas of Smederevo , Vidin and Nicopolis . When his forces reached Slankamen in Syrmia , George Martinuzzi begged Mehmed not to attack Transylvania, arguing that it had remained in

700-522: A letter in which Arslan had insulted him, and on 3 August, when Arslan reported to Mehmed's tent with 15 heavily armed horsemen, Sokollu Mehmed criticized Arslan for his conduct, accused him of treason and stripped him of his post, giving it instead to his nephew Sokollu Mustafa . The Sultan arrived with Sokollu Mehmed's sons, Kurt Bey and Hasan Bey, at Pécs . Finally, the large Ottoman force, which numbered between 100,000 and 300,000 soldiers and 300 cannons, laid siege to Szigetvár . The Battle of Szigetvár

800-624: A more formal and effective take-over of the Empire. Selim returned to Belgrade, and Mehmed ordered the army to march towards the town. Forty days after the Sultan's death, in October 1566, the army set out for Belgrade. At the fourth stop on the way to Belgrade, forty-eight days after Suleiman's death, Sokollu Mehmed announced the Sultan's death ceremonially, during the traditional reading of the Koran . Sokollu Mehmed had Suleiman's body embalmed and ordered

900-491: A peace treaty with Emperor Maximilian II, whereby the Emperor agreed to pay an annual "honorary present" of 30,000 ducats. One of Sokollu's greatest responsibilities was planning an Ottoman invasion of Sumatra in 1567. Historical records from the time show that Sokollu played an active role in the strategic execution of the invasion and that he was extremely detailed in the logistics. Later on, Sokollu would also participate in

1000-468: A pink or tanned, flat, irregularly shaped mark on the knee , back of the neck, and/or the forehead , eyelids and, sometimes, the top lip . The skin is not thickened and feels no different from anywhere else on the body; the only difference is in appearance. Nearly half of all babies have such a birthmark. An infantile hemangioma , colloquially called a strawberry mark, is a benign self- involuting tumor (swelling or growth) of endothelial cells,

1100-458: A puffy appearance in the first days or weeks of life. Port-wine stains, also known as nevus flammeus and sometimes mistaken for strawberry marks, are present at birth and range from a pale pink in color, to a deep wine-red. Irregular in appearance, they are usually quite large, and caused by a deficiency or absence in the nerve supply to blood vessels . This causes vasodilation , the dilation of blood vessels, causing blood to pool or collect in

SECTION 10

#1732797758202

1200-581: A rift between the Byzantine and Serbian churches, but not on dogmatic grounds, since the dispute was limited to the questions of ecclesiastical order and jurisdiction. Patriarch Joanikije died in 1354, and his successor Patriarch Sava IV (1354–1375) faced new challenges in 1371, when Turks defeated the Serbian army in the Battle of Marica and started their expansion into Serbian lands. Since they were facing

1300-651: A series of attempts to restore the Serbian Patriarchate, and for a short time managed to seize the throne of Peć , proclaiming himself to be the new Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch . By 1541, his movement was crushed by joint forces of the Archbishopric of Ohrid and the Patriarchate of Constantinople. In spite of that, Serbian Church leaders continued to hope for a new chance to renew their old Patriarchate. Serbian Patriarchate of Peć

1400-483: A tributary state to the Ottoman Empire , and the Serbian Patriarchate was also affected by general social decline, since Ottoman Turks continued their expansion and raids into Serbian lands, devastating many monasteries and churches. The city of Skopje was taken by Turks in 1392, and all other southern regions were taken in 1395. That led to the gradual retreat of the jurisdiction of the Serbian Patriarchate in

1500-662: Is a type of melanocytic nevus , the medical term for what is colloquially called a "mole", found in infants at birth. Occurring in about 1% of infants in the United States , it is located in the area of the head and neck 15% of the time, but may occur anywhere on the body. It may appear as light brown in fair-skinned people, to almost black in people with darker skin. Coming in a variety of sizes and appearances, they may be irregular in shape and flat, or raised and lumpy in appearance and feel. Such naevi can also manifest themselves as beauty marks , which most commonly appear on

1600-437: Is blue, although they can be blue-gray, blue-black or even deep brown. The Mongolian spot is a congenital developmental condition exclusively involving the skin . The blue colour is caused by melanocytes , melanin -containing cells, that are deep under the skin. Usually, as multiple spots or one large patch, it covers one or more of the lumbosacral area (lower back ), the buttocks , sides, and shoulders . It results from

1700-652: Is buried at his complex, Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Külliyesi at the back of Eyüp Mosque , in Istanbul, at the Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Türbe built by famous architect Mimar Sinan for him c. 1572. His wife Ismihan (or Esma Han) is buried near him and in the little garden of the Türbe are buried the family and descendants of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha. After his death Sultan Murad III changed grand vezirs ten times in sixteen years. These frequent changes in government were part of

1800-413: Is especially remembered for his bridges. Mecca and Constantinople alone contained a number of his mosques . The Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque and the complex built at Kadirga district of İstanbul by architect Mimar Sinan is considered to be the most beautiful of the smaller mosques in İstanbul. It is known for its unusually fine ordering of medrese over the entry stairs, its lofty elegant interior,

1900-632: The Battle of Lepanto . Sokollu Mehmed Pasha immediately ensured that Piyale Pasha and Uluç Ali Reis , the new Grand Admiral, were provided with all the necessary means and resources to rebuild the Empire's shattered fleet. By July 1572 the Ottoman fleet already numbered 250 fully equipped warships "including eight of the largest capital ships ever seen in the Mediterranean". It is reported in Turkish chronicles that Sokollu Mehmed Pasha had said to

2000-560: The Eastern Orthodox Church in the medieval Kingdom of Serbia was organized as an autocephalous Archbishopric seated at first in the Monastery of Žiča and since the middle of the 13th century in the Monastery of Peć . Political expansion of the Serbian medieval state culminated under the reign of King Stefan Dušan (1331–1355), who conquered many western provinces of the declining Byzantine Empire . Since 1334,

2100-650: The Ottoman Empire gradually conquered all Serbian lands, starting with the Serbian Despotate in 1459, followed by the conquest of the Bosnian Kingdom in 1463, Herzegovina in 1482, and finally Montenegro in 1496. All eparchies of the Serbian Patriarchate were devastated during Turkish raids, and many monasteries and churches were plundered and destroyed. Because of that, the period was remembered as "The Great Desolation" (ser. великое запустение). Although some Christian Serbs converted to Islam after

SECTION 20

#1732797758202

2200-535: The Serbian Orthodox Church . Later that same year, Sokollu Mehmed issued an edict ( firman ) declaring the restoration of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć , with Makarije Sokolović as Serbian Patriarch Makarije I. The edict also guaranteed the rights and religious freedom of all inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire. When the former Grand Vizier Ahmet Pasha was deposed and hanged, he was replaced by Rüstem Pasha , who had numerous enemies. One of them

2300-548: The Southeastern Europe . For Christian Serbs in Ottoman Empire, the renewed Serbian Patriarchate was a religious and national symbol that substituted for their long-lost state. Therefore, the Patriarchate could not stand aside of political events and some of its leaders participated in local uprisings against Turkish rule. In the time of Serbian Patriarch Jovan Kantul (1592–1614), the Ottoman Turks took

2400-515: The Volga and Don by a canal, and in the summer of 1569 a large force of janissaries and cavalry was sent to lay siege to Astrakhan and begin the canal works, while an Ottoman fleet besieged Azov . However, a sortie of the garrison of Astrakhan drove back the besiegers. A Russian army of 15,000 men attacked and scattered the workmen and the Tatar force sent for their protection, and the Ottoman fleet

2500-411: The face , neck or arms . Café au lait spot macules may occur anywhere on the body. They are most commonly oval in shape and light brown, or milk coffee, in color. These birthmarks may be present at birth, or appear in early childhood, and do not fade much with age. One or two on an individual is common; however, four or more may be an indicator of neurofibromatosis . In the event of weight gain,

2600-789: The Grand Vizier every year. On 30 August 1574, Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha installed his nephew Antonije Sokolović , then the Metropolitan of Hum , as the new Eastern Orthodox Archbishop of Ohrid . On 23 October the same year, upon the death of Patriarch Makarije, Antonije became the new Serbian Patriarch . Antonije died soon, in 1575, and was replaced by yet another one of Mehmed's nephews, Gerasim Sokolović . When Sultan Selim II died, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha again kept this secret until Selim's oldest son Murad arrived from his governor's post in Manisa . Sokollu Mehmed Pasha acknowledged

2700-522: The Indian Ocean, it also opened the possibility to promote one of his favorite projects: and attempt to build a canal from the Mediterranean to Suez. He instructed the governor of Egypt to send architects engineers to assess the possibility of this canal, with the purpose of allowing a better connection from Muslims attempting to visit the Holy Cities. Sokollu also was concerned about Muslims from

2800-789: The Indian Ocean. Aside from his political achievements, Sokollu was also very interested in the arts and sciences, which led to several important contributions. For example, he often funded paintings by renowned Veronese artists as well as imported glassware from Italian artisans. He also worked together with prominent Ottoman geographers and historians of his time, including Feridun Ahmed Beg , Sipahazade Mahmed , and Kutbeddin Mekki . Other elements of his architectural legacy include: Serbian Patriarchate of Pe%C4%87 The Serbian Patriarchate of Peć ( Serbian : Српска патријаршија у Пећи , Srpska patrijaršija u Peći ), or simply Peć Patriarchate ( Serbian : Пећка патријаршија , Pećka patrijaršija ),

2900-744: The Mediterranean and ravaged the coasts of Sicily and southern Italy and in 1574 it captured Tunis from the Hafsids, who for some time had been supported by Spanish troops, thus restoring Ottoman domination in the Western Mediterranean. On 3 March 1573, the Venetian Republic signed a new peace treaty with the Ottomans under Mehmed Pasha, thereby bringing the Holy League to an end, accepting the loss of Cyprus and increasing

3000-470: The Ottoman rule. Territorial jurisdiction of the Patriarchate was expanded towards northern and western regions, with more than 40 eparchies, from Skopje to the south, to the Eparchy of Buda to the north. Among new eparchies in western and northern regions were: the Eparchy of Požega in lower Slavonia, the Eparchy of Bačka between Danube and Tisza , and the eparchies of Vršac and Temesvár in

3100-587: The Patriarchal throne in Peć. In the same time, after 1752 a series of internal conflicts arose among leading figures in the Serbian Patriarchate, resulting in constant fights between Serbian and Greek pretenders to the Patriarchal throne. Finally, the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć collapsed in 1766, when it was abolished by the Turkish Sultan Mustafa III (1757–1774). The entire territory of

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha - Misplaced Pages Continue

3200-509: The Serbian Patriarchate under Ottoman rule was placed under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . The throne of Peć was suppressed and eleven remaining Serbian eparchies were transferred to the throne of Constantinople. Those eparchies were: Birthmark A birthmark is a congenital , benign irregularity on the skin which is present at birth or appears shortly after birth—usually in

3300-576: The Serbian Patriarchate. In 1713, the seat of the Metropolitanate was moved to Sremski Karlovci . Consequent Serbian uprisings against the Turks and involvement of Serbian Patriarchs in anti-Ottoman activities, led to the political compromise of the Patriarchate in the eyes of the Turkish political elite. Instead of Serbian bishops, Turkish authorities favored politically more reliable Greek bishops who were promoted to Serbian eparchies and even to

3400-567: The Shah handed over Bayezid and his four sons, who were subsequently executed. In 1561, Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha died and was succeeded by the Second Vizier, Semiz Ali Pasha . Sokollu Mehmed Pasha in turn became Second Vizier, while Pertev Pasha became Third Vizier. On 17 August 1562, Sokollu Mehmed married Sultan Suleiman's granddaughter – Prince Selim's daughter – Ismihan Sultan (some sources read her name as Esma Han Sultan) . Mehmed spent

3500-548: The Sultan made him the Third Vizier in 1555 and he was given a place in the Imperial Council ( Divan ). His position as Governor-General of Rumelia was given to a Herzegovinian Janissary agha , Pertev Pasha, an old companion of Mehmed's from when they had both served under Iskender Çelebi . Almost immediately Sokollu Mehmed had to quell a rebellion around Salonica , led by Mustafa Bey, who pretended to be

3600-495: The Sultan to promise to send handsome gifts and higher wages to the janissaries. The next morning, each janissary was given standard pay of 40 ducats and an additional 20 ducats as an accession bonus. Soon, the other branches of the military, the sipahis and mercenaries, demanded higher wages as well. Mehmed arrested and replaced their aghas at once, finally stopping all dissent. Two years after Selim's accession, on 17 February 1568, Sokollu Mehmed succeeded in concluding at Edirne

3700-745: The Sultan's death executed, and announced that Suleiman was too sick to perform his duties and that he would be healing in Szigetvár, while he would be acting on the Sultan's behalf. Sokollu Mehmed rewarded those involved in the capture of Szigetvár and increased the soldiers' wages. He sent a part of the army to capture Babócsa . The Tartars , however, spread the news of the Sultan's death, and Sokollu Mustafa Bey wrote to Prince Selim about his father's death. Selim marched immediately towards Srem . Upon his arrival in Vukovar , Sokollu Mehmed wrote him that it would be best if he went to Belgrade to greet his army for

3800-555: The Sultan's late son Mustafa. Sokollu Mehmed took 4,000 horsemen and 3,000 janissaries and quelled the rebellion. Mustafa Bey was hanged. Mehmed's brother, Topuzli-Makarije, became a monk of the Serb Chilandar Monastery on Mount Athos . Makarije Sokolović paid a visit to his brother's palace in Constantinople in 1557, where the two brothers discussed the possibility of re-establishing the autocephaly of

3900-575: The Sultan's preoccupation with Hungary and started making armed incursions into Ottoman territory. Sokollu Mehmed was dispatched to spend the winter of 1553/1554 in Tokat to take charge of the final stages of the war against Persia. In June 1554, Mehmed Pasha and the Rumelian troops joined the Sultan's army and took part in the Safavid Campaign (1554–55) . Impressed by Sokollu Mehmed's skills,

4000-477: The Sultan's wrath, and he dispatched Sokollu Mehmed's forces to besiege Szigetvár , while Suleiman remained in Harsang . The commander of Budin , Arslan Pasha, lost the cities of Várpalota , Veszprém and Tata . The Sultan sent a platoon of fifteen troopers to bring him Arslan Pasha's head, but Arslan had already left his forces three days earlier and was on his way to the Sultan. The Sultan showed Sokollu Mehmed

4100-503: The Turkish conquest, the vast majority continued their adherence to the Serbian Orthodox Church. On the other hand, the structure of the Serbian Patriarchate was deeply disrupted. After the death of Patriarch Arsenije II in 1463, the question of succession was opened. Since sources are silent, historians concluded that the period of vacancy was prolonged, resulting in de facto abolition of the Patriarchal office. In

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha - Misplaced Pages Continue

4200-538: The Venetian Ambassador "By conquering Cyprus we have cut off one of your arms; at Lepanto by defeating our navy you have only shaved off our beard. However, you know that a cut-off arm cannot be replaced but shaved-off beard grows thicker." Indeed, the Holy League ships had to retire to ports and Ottoman naval supremacy in the Mediterranean was restored. The new Ottoman Navy that started a naval expedition in summer of 1573 under Uluç Ali Reis found no rivals in

4300-399: The affected area. Over time, port-wine stains may become thick or develop small ridges or bumps, and do not fade with age. Such birthmarks may have emotional or social repercussions. Port-wine stains occur in 0.3% of the population, equally among males and females. They frequently express unilaterally, i.e., on only one side, not crossing the midline of the body. Often on the face, marks on

4400-525: The army to proceed to meet the new Sultan in Belgrade. After three marches, the army arrived in Sremska Mitrovica . Mehmed reminded Selim to send gifts to the viziers, pashas and the army, but Selim's advisors convinced the new Sultan not to do so. Sokollu Mehmed went to Belgrade and swore allegiance to Selim II as his Sultan, and Selim confirmed him as his Grand Vizier. Expecting a mutiny among

4500-679: The arsenal of the naval fleet. Mehmed became Beylerbey (Governor-General) of Rumelia in 1551, headquartered in Sofia . While he was visiting the area of his birth, his mother recognized him by the birthmark on his face and embraced her child for the first time in more than thirty years. After the death of John Zápolya , king of Hungary as an Ottoman vassal, in 1540, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor looked to annex Zápolya's lands (the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom ). The Hungarian diet had elected infant John Sigismund Zápolya ,

4600-451: The assassin was a janissary in disguise in employment of Safiye Sultan, the wife of Murad III. Also, some sources claim that Sokollu Mehmed was a target of Hashshashin agent, as he was opposed to war with Persia where this order was stationed, which was not in their interest, although this is a very controversial claim as this order was destroyed by Mongols long time before. In 1579, he was succeeded as grand vizier by Semiz Ahmed Pasha. He

4700-493: The birthmark can stretch with the skin and become larger. A Mongolian blue spot (dermal melanocytosis) is a benign flat congenital birthmark with wavy borders and irregular shape, most common among East Asians and Turkic people (excluding Turks of Asia Minor ), and named after Mongolians . It is also extremely prevalent among East Africans and Native Americans . It normally disappears three to five years after birth and almost always by puberty . The most common color

4800-425: The cells that line blood vessels . It usually appears during the first weeks of life and resolves by age 10. It is the most common tumor of infancy . PHACES Syndrome , a rare condition that often involves brain , heart , and arterial abnormalities, is generally accompanied by the presence of large facial hemangiomas. In such cases, what appears to be a small bruise or birthmark may grow rapidly and take on

4900-475: The cities previously taken by Telli Hasan Pasha restored to him. When negotiations failed, Maximilian declared war and Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha ordered his nephew, Sokollu Mustafa Bey of Bosnia, to advance against Maximilian. Sokollu Mustafa managed to capture the cities of Krupa and Dvor na Uni . The Sultan immediately declared war against the Holy Roman Empire, and Sokollu Mehmed began

5000-508: The common enemy, the Serbian and Byzantine governments and church leaders reached an agreement in 1375. The act of excommunication was revoked and the Serbian Church was recognized as a Patriarchate, under the condition of returning all eparchies in contested southern regions to the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. After the new and decisive defeat by the Turks in the famous Battle of Kosovo in 1389, Serbia became

5100-457: The entrapment of melanocytes in the dermis during their migration from the neural crest to the epidermis during embryonic development. Among those who are not aware of the background of the Mongolian spots, it may sometimes be mistaken for a bruise indicative of child abuse. Colloquially called a " stork bite", " angel 's kiss" or " salmon patch", telangiectatic nevus appears as

SECTION 50

#1732797758202

5200-416: The expedition as a commander. According to these historical records, between November and December 1567 Sokollu and his expedition took sail to Aceh with fifteen fully armed war galleys and two transport galleys. Upon a seemingly friendly arrival to Aceh, the sultan of Sumatra requested that all the members of the expedition follow his orders. The sultan later offered his loyalty to the Ottoman Empire and forged

5300-414: The fact that his mother stepped on a toad several months before his birth. In another case, a large red mark on a baby's cheek was caused by the mother seeing a man shot down at her side, when the discharge of the gun threw some of the blood and brains into her face. Other explanations claimed that birthmarks shaped like food were the direct result of the mother's pregnancy cravings , or the mother touching

5400-406: The first hooded fountain, ogival arches of the arcades, and especially, the fine and well preserved Iznik tiles. His most renowned endowment is the eleven-arched Višegrad bridge in his hometown of Višegrad . The construction and history of the bridge is the topic of the novel The Bridge on the Drina (Serbian: Na Drini ćuprija - На Дрини ћуприја ), written by Nobel laureate Ivo Andrić ,

5500-612: The first month. Birthmarks can occur anywhere on the skin. They are caused by overgrowth of blood vessels , melanocytes , smooth muscle , fat , fibroblasts , or keratinocytes . Dermatologists divide birthmarks into two types: pigmented birthmarks and vascular birthmarks. Pigmented birthmarks caused by excess skin pigment cells include: moles , café au lait spots , and Mongolian spots . Vascular birthmarks, also called red birthmarks, are caused by increased blood vessels and include macular stains (salmon patches), hemangiomas , and port-wine stains . A little over 1 in 10 babies have

5600-636: The following punitive campaigns, Turkish armies conducted many atrocities against local Christian populations in Serbian regions, resulting in Great Migrations of the Serbs . Since northern parts of the Patriarchate came under the rule of the Habsburg monarchy during the war (1683–1699), Serbian eparchies in those regions were reorganized into the autonomous Metropolitanate of Krušedol (1708) that remained under supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction of

5700-652: The following years in peace, governing and administering the realm. In 1563, Mehmed's nephew, Sokollu Mustafa Bey , became sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Bosnia . In June 1565, Grand Vizier Semiz Ali Pasha died. Sultan Suleiman had much confidence in Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and promoted him to this position. In late 1565 and early 1566, tensions between the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II and Sultan Suleiman grew. Maximilian wanted

5800-446: The general instability in the Ottoman government that followed the death of Sokollu Mehmet Pasha, evidence of a decline in the empire that he had at its pinnacle while he was in office. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha has left numerous architecturally well known buildings in Constantinople and throughout Ottoman territories. Foundations of his buildings are spread over Edirne , Halep , Medina , Bečkerek , Belgrade and alongside Bosnia, where he

5900-704: The head of the Sultan's squires . In these positions he became very close to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and learned from him. As a soldier, Mehmed excelled at the Battle of Mohács and the first Siege of Vienna . In 1546 the Kapudan Pasha Hayreddin Barbarossa died and Mehmed was appointed his successor. In this capacity he was present at the naval expedition against Trablus (present-day Tripoli in Libya ). During his five years in this position, Mehmed Pasha greatly strengthened

6000-423: The history of Kosovo , there was "no ethnic monopoly on appointment to supposedly national church positions" in the Patriarchate of Peć and the Archbishopric of Ohrid. He also added that those ecclesiastical institutions "had no ethnic nature at that time, neither formally, nor in practice" and therefore placed "Serbian" and "Bulgarian" names in brackets. The turning point in the history of the Serbian Patriarchate

6100-609: The main part of his army and 50 cannons. Mehmed demanded surrender, but the city's commander, István Losonci, replied with a recommendation for Mehmed's return to Rumelia. Mehmed besieged the city until 28 October but could not seize it. Retreating to Belgrade , he initiated peace negotiations with the Monk-Viceroy. Martinuzzi was assassinated on 17 December 1551, and peace talks ended. Sokollu Mehmed renewed his military campaign in 1552, seizing Temesvár (see Siege of Temesvár (1552) ), Hollókő , Buják , Rétság , Balassagyarmat ,

SECTION 60

#1732797758202

6200-414: The military in the capital, Sokollu Mehmed had Suleiman's body sent to Constantinople to restore order amongst the janissaries and other officials, who now demanded more compensation for their past efforts. In Belgrade, Sultan Selim II called a council, as even some of his closest officials were openly mocking him. Sokollu Mehmed assured him that he would manage everything effectively, and distributed gifts to

6300-402: The new Sultan, Murad III , and remained Grand Vizier, but now he had to cope with the rising political influence of the palace women, first with Sultan's mother Nurbanu Sultan and then his wife, of Albanian origin, Safiye Sultan . Murad III gradually soured on Sokollu Mehmed's overwhelming power within the Empire, and the Grand Vizier's influence declined. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was involved in

6400-584: The northeast, Crimea and Anatolia, who had to cross the Black Sea in order to visit the Holy Cities. Thus, he took actions for the construction of an open canal between the Don and the Volga in the north. Mehmed Pasha had little success against Russia , and the first encounter between the Ottoman Empire and her future northern rival presaged the disaster to come. A plan had been devised at Constantinople for connecting

6500-469: The older brother of Hüseyin Pasha Boljanić , as well as at least one uncle. However, details about his family and relations are disputed on two major counts. One is his relationship to Makarije Sokolović . Traditionally identified as his brother, today some historians consider him to have been either a nephew or distant relative. The second is the matter of Mehmed's uncle. By some accounts, his uncle

6600-503: The order Mehmed's wife Ismihan Sultan (or Esma Han Sultan), the famous architect Mimar Sinan built the Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Mosque , which an authoritative guide to Constantinople states to be "The most beautiful of the smaller mosques in Istanbul, a minor masterpiece by Sinan". During the rule of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha as Grand Vizier, the Ottoman navy and army took Cyprus in 1571 from Venice . The administration of Cyprus

6700-412: The origin of birthmarks. Occasionally, it was said that children could be 'marked' or 'imprinted' upon by scares or frights given to the mother during the pregnancy, which draws on the outdated theory of maternal impression : Children are also said to be marked by some sudden fright or unpleasant experience of the mother, and I have myself seen a pop-eyed, big-mouthed idiot whose condition is ascribed to

6800-563: The possession of the Sultan. Mehmed rejected negotiation proposals, led Ottoman forces into Transylvania and soon captured 16 cities, including Bečej , Becskerek , Csanád and Lippa . In this campaign, Sokollu won over to his side local Serb-manned garrisons by pointing out to his common ethnicity with them. Martinuzzi responded by raising a rebellion in Transylvania, mustering one soldier from every household. Mehmed had to fall back and once again laid siege to Temesvár on 14 October with

6900-486: The preparations for the army's advance. The Grand Vizier went ahead, preparing for the arrival of the Sultan, who was leading the main part of the Ottoman forces. After 50 days, they arrived in Belgrade. Passing through Zemun , one part of the army crossed Varaždin and struck Egar before proceeding towards Vienna . Nikola Šubić Zrinski (Miklós Zrínyi) had defeated the sanjakbey Tirhal Mohammed , executing him and his son, and capturing 17,000 ducats . This incurred

7000-446: The raising of the autocephalous Serbian Archbishopric to the rank of Patriarchate. The Archbishop of Peć was titled Serbian Patriarch , and his seat at the Monastery of Peć became the Patriarchal residence. On the same occasion, the newly proclaimed Serbian Patriarch Joanikije solemnly crowned Stefan Dušan as Emperor and autocrat of Serbs and Greeks . The proclamation of the Patriarchate resulted in raising main bishoprics to

7100-559: The rank of honorary metropolitanates, starting with the bishopric of the city of Skopje that was raised to Metropolitanate of Skopje . The Patriarchate took over supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Mount Athos and many Greek eparchies in Aegean Macedonia that were until then under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . The same process continued after the Serbian conquests of Thessaly , Epirus , Aetolia and Acarnania in 1347 and 1348. In

7200-658: The region of Banat . One of the largest eparchies by territory was the Eparchy of Dabar-Bosnia , which had jurisdiction from the region of upper Drina throughout central and western Bosnia , up to the borders of Venetian Dalmatia and the Habsburg Military Frontier . The newly restored Serbian Patriarchate also included some eparchies in western Bulgaria. The basic title of its primate was Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch , although extended patriarchal titles sometimes included not only Serbs, but also Bulgarians, and various regions in western parts of

7300-609: The remains of first Serbian Archbishop Saint Sava from the monastery of Mileševa to the Vračar hill in Belgrade , where they were burned by Sinan Pasha on a stake to intimidate the Serbs in the time of the Banat Uprising (1594). The present-day Temple of Saint Sava in Belgrade was later built on the place where his remains were burned. According to British historian Frederick Anscombe, who praised works of Noel Malcolm on

7400-505: The rule of Governor Mahmud Pasha, a compatriot of Sokollu, who managed to produce large economic gains in the region at the expense of the wellbeing of the population. After Mahmud's wrongdoings in Yemen had been revealed, Sokollu decided to appoint Koja Sinan, who was assigned the responsibilities to appease the turmoils in Yemen. Although the rebellions in Yemen once again forced Sokollu to postpone any further military action in Sumatra and

7500-576: The same time, the Ohrid Archbishopric remained autocephalous, recognizing the honorary primacy of the new Serbian Patriarchate. Since proclamation of the Patriarchate was performed without consent of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, various canonical and political questions were raised. Supported by the Byzantine government, Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople issued an act of condemnation and excommunication of Tsar Stefan Dušan and Serbian Patriarch Joanikije in 1350. That act created

7600-518: The same time, the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Ohrid continued to expand towards northern Serbian eparchies until it finally took over the entire territory of the Serbian Patriarchate. That situation was not acceptable for Serbian church leaders who wanted to restore previous Church order. Shortly after the Turkish conquest of Belgrade in 1521 and victory in the Battle of Mohacs in 1526, Serbian Metropolitan Pavle of Smederevo made

7700-459: The seat of the ancient Archbishopric of Ohrid was under Serbian rule, and by the autumn of 1345 Serbian forces completed the conquest of northern Greece, including the city of Serres , capital of eastern Macedonia and the seat of an important Metropolitanate. To mark the occasion, Stefan Dušan was proclaimed Emperor ( Serbian : цар / car ) on December 25, 1345 ( Christmas ) in Serres. Since it

7800-501: The siege of Szigetvár, was sent to Belgrade, away from Constantinople. Mehmed's faithful Arab friend, the Governor-General of Cyprus, was lynched by mutinous soldiers. Mehmed's greatest rivals, Hamid Efendi and Piyale Pasha, arranged the execution of the Grand Vizier's Greek protege, Michael Kantakouzenos . On 10 October 1578, Sokollu Mustafa Pasha , Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's nephew and beylerbey (governor-general) of Budin ,

7900-516: The son of Zápolya and Isabella Jagiellon , as King of Hungary, which broke the Treaty of Nagyvárad , and Ferdinand I invaded Hungary. Queen Isabella struggled to rule Hungary for her son. Frater George Martinuzzi , appointed by John as regent, opposed her (he would later be created a Cardinal as reward for his accomplishments in this conflict). Ferdinand I sent mercenary leader ( condottiero ) Bartolomeo Castoldo with more than 7,000 mercenaries who beat

8000-408: The south and expansion of the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. Finally, in 1455, the city of Peć fell into Turkish hands. Soon after that, the Serbian capital of Smederevo also fell in 1459, marking the end of the main Serbian medieval state. Patriarch Arsenije II died in 1463, and the Serbian Patriarchate sank into the period of great decline. In the second half of the 15th century,

8100-404: The standard Grand Vizier's wage of 20 ducats every day. His wealth increased greatly through gifts and taxes of Ottoman officials: anyone who became a vizier had to pay Mehmed Pasha 50,000-60,000 ducats, and every Governor-General had to pay 15,000-20,000 or even sometimes 30,000-40,000 ducats upon ascending to the office. The provincial governor of Egypt at Cairo alone dispatched 100,000 ducats to

8200-569: The succession disputes of the Polish Crown in 1576 and 1577, but this did not reach greater measures. Sokollu Mehmed signed numerous treaties of friendship with Venice, Florence , Spain, England and Switzerland . He also managed to force a number of European states to pay tribute: Austria paid 9,000 ducats; Transylvania 3,000; Wallachia 7,000; Moldavia 3,000. Eventually, even Venice had to pay him 4,000 ducats annually. This altogether gave him an annual income of 31,000 gold ducats. Mehmed

8300-467: The summer of 1567, it was not taking seriously by the Ottoman regime until later in the year, when most of the major cities in the region came under fire by the rebellious factions. It is believed that the cause of the dissatisfaction in Yemen was the intensified Ottoman involvement in the region as a prelude for an expansion in the Indian Ocean. The unhappiness in the Ottoman Yemen also went back to

8400-472: The tribute payments. He also extended for eight more years the peace treaty with the Holy Roman Empire and maintained good relations with France , Poland-Lithuania and Russia. He was preparing for a fresh attack on Venice when the Sultan's death on 12 December 1574 cut short his plans. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's wealth reached its peak around 1573, when the value of his personal property (cash, goods, accounts, objects) amounted to 18 million ducats. Mehmed received

8500-412: The troops, rewarding them handsomely to regain their loyalty. On the fifth day of their stay in Belgrade, the Sultan, Sokollu Mehmed and the army departed for Constantinople. Before they managed to return to the Empire's capital, a mutiny broke out and the road to the city was blocked, and Sokollu Mehmed and Ahmed Pasha had to bribe their way into the city. Order was restored after Sokollu Mehmed convinced

8600-583: The upper eyelid or forehead may be indicative of a condition called Sturge–Weber syndrome . Additionally, port-wine stains in these locations may be associated with glaucoma and seizures . Most birthmarks are harmless and do not require treatment. Pigmented marks can resolve on their own over time in some cases. Vascular birthmarks may require reduction or removal for cosmetic reasons. Treatments include administering oral or injected steroids , dermatological lasers to reduce size and/or color, or dermatologic surgery . Many explanations were given to explain

8700-530: The whole of Banat and Szolnok . Sokollu Mehmed's forces then joined with those of Ahmet Pasha advancing towards Eger . Mehmed's army assembled on the Hill of Egid but could not take the city itself . In 1532, Sultan Suleiman had declared war on Safavid Persia following two decades of peace after the climactic Battle of Chaldiran , when the Persian Shah Tahmasp wanted to take advantage of

8800-608: Was Lala Mustafa , who instigated the Sultan's third son, Bayezid, then Beylerbey of Karaman , to raise a rebellion against his brother and heir-apparent Selim . Sokollu Mehmed mustered an army and went to Konya , where he decisively defeated Bayezid's forces in May 1559. Bayezid fled to Persia. Sokollu Mehmed remained in Asia and spent the winter negotiating with the Persian Shah regarding Bayezid's extradition. After long negotiations,

8900-602: Was a monk at the Mileševa monastery who had his two nephews, Bajica and Makarije (taken to be brothers according to this view), educated there. Other sources suggest that his uncle converted to Islam early. Though Sokollu had embraced Islam, he remembered his family and Serbian Orthodox roots. He would appoint his relatives (both Muslim and Christian) to important positions, including Sokollu Mustafa Pasha , Makarije Sokolović , Ferhad Pasha Sokolović , Sinan-beg Boljanić , Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha and Lala Mustafa Pasha . He

9000-546: Was an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate that existed from 1346 to 1463, and then again from 1557 to 1766 with its seat in the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć . It had ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Eastern Orthodox Christians in Serbian Lands and other western regions of Southeastern Europe . Primates of the Patriarchate were styled Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch . Since 1219,

9100-402: Was an Ottoman victory, with heavy losses on both sides. Both commanders died during the battle: while Zrinsky was killed in the final charge, Suleiman the Magnificent died in his tent from natural causes, before the Turks achieved victory. According to Robert William Fraser, more than 10,000 large cannonballs where shot into the fortress during the siege. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha had all witnesses to

9200-406: Was assassinated (some sources put it as September 30, 1578). On the anniversary of this day, on 10 October 1579, Sokollu Mehmed had his servant Hasan Bey read to him about the Battle of Kosovo . On 11 October 1579, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was assassinated. Ending his near 15-year rule serving as the sultan sole legal representative in the administration of state affairs. There are some who claim that

9300-489: Was customary for an emperor to be crowned by a patriarch, newly proclaimed Tsar Stefan Dušan decided to convoke a joint state and church assembly ( sabor ) that was held on April 16, 1346 ( Easter ) in the Serbian capital city of Skopje . This assembly was attended by Serbian Archbishop Joanikije II , Archbishop Nicholas I of Ohrid , Patriarch Simeon of Bulgaria and many other Hierarchs and Church dignitaries, including monastic leaders of Mount Athos . The assembly proclaimed

9400-721: Was destroyed by a storm. Early in 1570 the ambassadors of Ivan the Terrible concluded at Constantinople a treaty which restored friendly relations between the Sultan and the Tsar . Although the government was weakening, Sokollu Mehmed Paşa managed to expand the borders of the Ottoman Empire greatly. In 1570 he dispatched Sinan Pasha to conquer Arabia . Sinan Pasha solemnly declared the reign of Sultan Selim II in Mecca upon finishing his military campaign in Hejaz and Yemen . In 1571–1572, on

9500-535: Was finally restored in 1557 thanks to the mediation of some highly influential dignitaries in Turkish Court. During the second half of the reign of Turkish Sultan Suleiman I (1520–1566), one of the most notable Ottoman statesmen was pasha Mehmed Sokolović , who served as one of the Viziers since 1555 and later became Grand Vizier (1565–1579). By birth, he was an Orthodox Serb, taken from his family as

9600-640: Was given to Mehmed's old friend, the Arab Ahmed Pasha. The invasion of Cyprus led to the formation of a so-called Holy League , comprising the Pope , Spain with Naples and Sicily , the Republic of Venice , Genoa , Tuscany , and the Knights of Malta . On 7 October 1571, the coalition's fleet under the command of Don Juan of Austria decisively defeated the Ottoman fleet under Müezzinzade Ali Pasha in

9700-429: Was initially known to be opposed to the war with Persia , which began in 1578, but was overruled upon eventually, amongst the reasons being the constant urgings by Sokollu Mehmed to take advantage of the Ottomans neighboring rival. Sultan Murad III time afterwards, began to limit his Grand Vizier's powers by slowly removing his allies from high offices. The state secretary Feridun, an old companion of Sokollu mehmed's since

9800-679: Was marked by the events of the Austro-Turkish war (1683–1699) . During the war years, relations between Muslims and Christians in European provinces of the Turkish Empire were greatly radicalized. As a result of Turkish oppression, destruction of monasteries and violence against the non-Muslim civilian population, Serbian Christians and their church leaders headed by Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III sided with Austrians in 1689 and again in 1737 under Serbian Patriarch Arsenije IV . In

9900-418: Was probably Bajica , and he was of ethnic Serb origin. He was said to be born into a modest shepherd family, adherent to the Serbian Orthodox Church , in or near Sokolovići (tr. Sokol ) in the vicinity of modern-day Rudo . "Sokollu" is a demonym , derived from his place of birth, whereas the suffix -lu means "from" in Turkish. His father was named Dimitrije. He had two brothers and a sister, who married

10000-1045: Was renamed Mehmed and, first in Edirne and then in Constantinople , received a thorough Ottoman indoctrination as a recruit, first as an apprentice Janissary (in Turkish Acemi Oğlan ); then in the Enderun or palace school in Topkapı Palace . As proclaimed in Baghdad on 13 March 1535, Mehmed was sent to be one of the seven retainers of the Imperial Treasurer Iskender Çelebi . Upon Iskender's death, Mehmed returned to Constantinople. In addition to Turkish , he spoke Serbian , Persian , Arabic , Venetian-Italian and Latin language . Mehmed in 1541 first became an Imperial Chamberlain and then

#201798