Misplaced Pages

#93906

94-477: (Redirected from Solidarist ) Political ideology Solidarism or solidarist can refer to: The term " solidarism " is applied to the sociopolitical thought advanced by Léon Bourgeois based on ideas by the sociologist Émile Durkheim which is loosely applied to a leading social philosophy operative during and within the French Third Republic before

188-444: A collective agreement system between employers and employees, becoming the main form of class collaboration in the fascist government. Italian Fascism involved a corporatist political system in which the economy was collectively managed by employers, workers and state officials by formal mechanisms at the national level. Its supporters claimed that corporatism could better recognize or "incorporate" every divergent interest into

282-558: A first-class entity , rather than the specific place where the object is located at a certain time. It implements the Uniform Resource Identifier ( Uniform Resource Name ) concept and adds to it a data model and social infrastructure. A DOI name also differs from standard identifier registries such as the ISBN , ISRC , etc. The purpose of an identifier registry is to manage a given collection of identifiers, whereas

376-448: A DOI name is a handle, and so has a set of values assigned to it and may be thought of as a record that consists of a group of fields. Each handle value must have a data type specified in its <type> field, which defines the syntax and semantics of its data. While a DOI persistently and uniquely identifies the object to which it is assigned, DOI resolution may not be persistent, due to technical and administrative issues. To resolve

470-540: A DOI name, it may be input to a DOI resolver, such as doi.org . Another approach, which avoids typing or copying and pasting into a resolver is to include the DOI in a document as a URL which uses the resolver as an HTTP proxy, such as https://doi.org/ (preferred) or http://dx.doi.org/ , both of which support HTTPS. For example, the DOI 10.1000/182 can be included in a reference or hyperlink as https://doi.org/10.1000/182 . This approach allows users to click on

564-509: A comprehensive manner. Theoretically, each corporation within this structure assumes the responsibility of advocating for the interests of its respective profession, particularly through the negotiation of labor agreements and similar measures. Fascists theorized that this method could result in harmony amongst social classes . In Italy, from 1922 until 1943, corporatism became influential amongst Italian nationalists led by Benito Mussolini . The 1920 Charter of Carnaro gained much popularity as

658-544: A major revival of corporatist philosophy associated with the development of neo-medievalism , increasing promotion of guild socialism and causing major changes to theoretical sociology . Tönnies claims that organic communities based upon clans, communes, families and professional groups are disrupted by the mechanical society of economic classes imposed by capitalism . The German Nazi Party used Tönnies' theory to promote their notion of Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). However, Tönnies opposed Nazism : he joined

752-401: A managed registry (providing both social and technical infrastructure). It does not assume any specific business model for the provision of identifiers or services and enables other existing services to link to it in defined ways. Several approaches for making identifiers persistent have been proposed. The comparison of persistent identifier approaches is difficult because they are not all doing

846-588: A more stable link than directly using its URL. But if its URL changes, the publisher must update the metadata for the DOI to maintain the link to the URL. It is the publisher's responsibility to update the DOI database. If they fail to do so, the DOI resolves to a dead link , leaving the DOI useless. The developer and administrator of the DOI system is the International DOI Foundation (IDF), which introduced it in 2000. Organizations that meet

940-693: A non-capitalist, non-communist " third position ", and are generally opponents of the influence of both the Soviet Union and the United States. It was recently an influence upon the Radical Network . National Front member Roger Holeindre claimed to follow this tendency. An element within the White movement in Russia opposed to communism and seeking a Christian alternative to collectivism

1034-544: A non-profit organization created in 1997, is the governance body of the DOI system. It safeguards all intellectual property rights relating to the DOI system, manages common operational features, and supports the development and promotion of the DOI system. The IDF ensures that any improvements made to the DOI system (including creation, maintenance, registration, resolution and policymaking of DOI names) are available to any DOI registrant. It also prevents third parties from imposing additional licensing requirements beyond those of

SECTION 10

#1732776613094

1128-475: A pagan Caesarism, towards a state that knows no limits of a legal or moral order, which marches towards its goal without meeting complications or obstacles. The Portuguese New State, on the contrary, cannot avoid, not think of avoiding, certain limits of a moral order which it may consider indispensable to maintain in its favour of its reforming action. The Patriotic People's Movement (IKL) in Finland envisioned

1222-453: A political system dominated by large business interests, even though the latter are commonly referred to as "corporations" in modern American vernacular and legal parlance; instead, the correct term for this theoretical system would be corporatocracy . Corporatism is not government corruption in politics or the use of bribery by corporate interest groups . The terms 'corporatocracy' and 'corporatism' are often confused due to their name and

1316-513: A regiment a soldier is not diminished but multiplied by the number of his fellow soldiers. A popular slogan of the Italian Fascists under Mussolini was " Tutto nello Stato, niente al di fuori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato " ("everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state"). Within the corporative model of Italian fascism each corporate interest was supposed to be resolved and incorporated under

1410-421: A system with elements of direct democracy and professional parliament. The president would be elected with direct vote, who would then appoint the government from among professionals in their respective fields. All parties would be banned, and members of parliament would be elected by vote from corporate groups representing different sectors; Agriculture, Industry and Public servants, free trades, etc. Every law that

1504-419: A transaction, etc. The names can refer to objects at varying levels of detail: thus DOI names can identify a journal, an individual issue of a journal, an individual article in the journal, or a single table in that article. The choice of level of detail is left to the assigner, but in the DOI system it must be declared as part of the metadata that is associated with a DOI name, using a data dictionary based on

1598-633: A wide variety of political systems, including authoritarianism , absolutism , fascism , liberalism , and social democracy . Kinship -based corporatism emphasizing clan , ethnic and family identification has been a common phenomenon in Africa , Asia , and Latin America . Confucian societies based upon families and clans in Eastern and Southeast Asia have been considered types of corporatism. Islamic societies often feature strong clans which form

1692-450: Is a type of Handle System handle, which takes the form of a character string divided into two parts, a prefix and a suffix, separated by a slash. The prefix identifies the registrant of the identifier and the suffix is chosen by the registrant and identifies the specific object associated with that DOI. Most legal Unicode characters are allowed in these strings, which are interpreted in a case-insensitive manner. The prefix usually takes

1786-613: Is maintained by the International DOI Foundation. The IDF is recognized as one of the federated registrars for the Handle System by the DONA Foundation (of which the IDF is a board member), and is responsible for assigning Handle System prefixes under the top-level 10 prefix. Registration agencies generally charge a fee to assign a new DOI name; parts of these fees are used to support the IDF. The DOI system overall, through

1880-459: Is passed in the parliament is either ratified or overturned by a referendum. During the post- World War II reconstruction period in Europe, corporatism was favored by Christian democrats (often under the influence of Catholic social teaching ), national conservatives and social democrats in opposition to liberal capitalism. This type of corporatism became unfashionable but revived again in

1974-464: Is shown with a DOI name that leads to an Excel file of data underlying the tables and graphs. Further development of such services is planned. Other registries include Crossref and the multilingual European DOI Registration Agency (mEDRA) . Since 2015, RFCs can be referenced as doi:10.17487/rfc ... . The IDF designed the DOI system to provide a form of persistent identification , in which each DOI name permanently and unambiguously identifies

SECTION 20

#1732776613094

2068-498: Is the law of the strongest which rules, and there is inevitably a chronic state of war, latent or acute". As a result, Durkheim believed it is a moral obligation of the members of society to end this situation by creating a moral organic solidarity based upon professions as organized into a single public institution. Corporate solidarism is a form of corporatism that advocates creating solidarity instead of collectivism in society through functional representation, believing that it

2162-559: Is to use one of a number of add-ons and plug-ins for browsers , thereby avoiding the conversion of the DOIs to URLs, which depend on domain names and may be subject to change, while still allowing the DOI to be treated as a normal hyperlink. A disadvantage of this approach for publishers is that, at least at present, most users will be encountering the DOIs in a browser, mail reader , or other software which does not have one of these plug-ins installed. The International DOI Foundation ( IDF ),

2256-497: Is traditionally enforced through employer organizations. New name used by Otto Strasser to refer to his post-war interpretation of Strasserism and its economics. A political and economic model developed by Rudolf Diesel and laid out in his 1903 book. Among the French far-right , solidarism refers to a tendency which was headed by Jean-Pierre Stirbois and Michel Collinot ( French Solidarist Movement ). Solidarists support

2350-799: Is up to the people to end the chronic confrontation between employers and labor unions by creating a single public institution. Solidarism rejects a materialistic approach to social, economic, and political problems, while also rejecting class conflict . Just like corporatism, it embraces tripartism as its economic system. John Stuart Mill discussed corporatist-like economic associations as needing to "predominate" in society to create equality for labourers and to give them influence with management by economic democracy . Unlike some other types of corporatism, liberal corporatism does not reject capitalism or individualism , but believes that capitalist companies are social institutions that should require their managers to do more than maximize net income by recognizing

2444-584: The British Union of Fascists , who commended corporatism and said that "it means a nation organized as the human body, with each organ performing its individual function but working in harmony with the whole". Mosley also regarded corporatism as an attack on laissez-faire economics and "international finance". The corporatist state of Portugal had similarities to Benito Mussolini 's Italian fascist corporatism, but also differences in its moral approach to governing. Although Salazar admired Mussolini and

2538-721: The First World War . The Christian Solidarism of Heinrich Pesch (1854–1926), which became substantially influential on Catholic social teaching , from the Papal Encyclical Quadragesimo Anno and beyond. The Swedish system of labor arrangement in which labor unions and capitalists jointly set wages below market clearing levels. From this arrangement, labor receives full employment and wage leveling, while capitalists pay less for labor, and do not have to worry about their employees being "poached" by firms who can offer more. This arrangement

2632-614: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO). DOIs are an implementation of the Handle System ; they also fit within the URI system ( Uniform Resource Identifier ). They are widely used to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as journal articles, research reports, data sets, and official publications . A DOI aims to resolve to its target, the information object to which

2726-688: The Nordic model in the Nordic countries. Attempts in the United States to create neo-corporatist capital-labor arrangements were unsuccessfully advocated by Gary Hart and Michael Dukakis in the 1980s. As secretary of labor during the Clinton administration, Robert Reich promoted neo-corporatist reforms. Jonathan Unger and Anita Chan in their essay "China, Corporatism, and the East Asian Model" describe Chinese corporatism as follows: [A]t

2820-706: The Roman Catholic corporatism of the 1890s, Protestant corporatism developed, especially in Germany , the Netherlands and Scandinavia . However, Protestant corporatism has been much less successful in obtaining assistance from governments than its Roman Catholic counterpart. Sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) advocated a form of corporatism termed "solidarism" that advocated creating an organic social solidarity of society through functional representation. Solidarism built on Durkheim's view that

2914-588: The Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1932 to oppose fascism in Germany and was deprived of his honorary professorship by Adolf Hitler in 1933. In 1881, Pope Leo XIII commissioned theologians and social thinkers to study corporatism and to provide a definition for it. In 1884 in Freiburg , the commission declared that corporatism was a "system of social organization that has at its base

Solidarism - Misplaced Pages Continue

3008-630: The far-right Verdinaso , which desired the unification of the Low Countries into one state , referred to itself as "National-Solidarist". See also [ edit ] Anomie Catholic social teaching Distributism Social cohesion Social justice Solidarity economy Third Way Notes [ edit ] ^ Hayward, J.E.S., "Solidarist Syndicalism: Durkheim and DuGuit", Sociological Review 8 (1960) and Thompson, Kenneth, Émile Durkheim , Routledge (2002) ^ Frambach, Hans A. (2017), "Solidarism as

3102-485: The feudal system . Countering the reactionaries were the ideas of Henri de Saint-Simon (1760- 1825), whose proposed "industrial class" would have had the representatives of various economic groups sit in the political chambers, in contrast to the popular representation of liberal democracy. From the 1850s onward, progressive corporatism developed in response to classical liberalism and to Marxism . Progressive corporatists supported providing group rights to members of

3196-503: The guild system which dominated the economies of population centers in Europe. The military orders notably gained prominence during the period of the Crusades . These corporatist systems co-existed with the governing medieval estates system , and members of the first estate (the clergy ), the second estate (the aristocracy ), and third estate (the common people ) could also participate in various corporatist bodies. The development of

3290-497: The indecs Content Model . The official DOI Handbook explicitly states that DOIs should be displayed on screens and in print in the format doi:10.1000/182 . Contrary to the DOI Handbook , Crossref , a major DOI registration agency, recommends displaying a URL (for example, https://doi.org/10.1000/182 ) instead of the officially specified format. This URL is persistent (there is a contract that ensures persistence in

3384-485: The middle classes and working classes in order to secure co-operation among the classes. This was in opposition to the Marxist conception of class conflict . By the 1870s and 1880s, corporatism experienced a revival in Europe with the formation of workers' unions that were committed to negotiations with employers. In his 1887 work Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft ("Community and Society"), Ferdinand Tönnies began

3478-744: The ordoliberal system of the social market economy in Germany, the social partnership in Ireland, the polder model in the Netherlands (although arguably the polder model already was present at the end of World War I, it was not until after World War II that a social-service system gained foothold there), the concertation system in Italy, the Rhine model in Switzerland and the Benelux countries and

3572-525: The 1932–1934 leadership of Federal Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss and Ecuador under the leadership of García Moreno (1861–1865 and 1869–1875). The economic vision outlined in Rerum novarum and Quadragesimo anno (1931) also influenced the régime (1946–1955 and 1973–1974) of Juan Perón and Justicialism in Argentina and influenced the drafting of the 1937 Constitution of Ireland . In response to

3666-437: The 1960s and 1970s as "neo-corporatism" in response to the new economic threat of recession-inflation . Neo-corporatism is a democratic form of corporatism which favors economic tripartism , which involves strong labour unions , employers' associations and governments that cooperate as " social partners " to negotiate and manage a national economy. Social corporatist systems instituted in Europe after World War II include

3760-688: The American Solidarity Party offer?" . America Magazine . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Authority control databases : National [REDACTED] France BnF data Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solidarism&oldid=1224107801 " Categories : Social theories Political ideologies Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Broad-concept articles Corporatism#Corporate solidarism Corporatism does not refer to

3854-1605: The Center of Economy—The Economics of Heinrich Pesch" , On the Economic Significance of the Catholic Social Doctrine , The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences, vol. 19, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 27–45, doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-52545-7_3 , ISBN   978-3-319-52544-0 , retrieved 2023-03-06 ^ Robinson, Derek (1974). Solidaristic wage policy in Sweden ;: Report . OECD. OCLC   641069139 . ^ Museum, Stiftung Deutsches Historisches. "Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Biografie" . www.dhm.de (in German) . Retrieved 2024-01-03 . ^ Gottfried, Dietmar (2012-09-23). "Nazis gegen Hitler" . Telepolis (in German) . Retrieved 2024-01-03 . ^ "Im Frühjahr kommt Otto" . Der Spiegel (in German). 1948-11-26. ISSN   2195-1349 . Retrieved 2024-01-03 . ^ Marcus, Jonathan (1995). The National Front and French Politics. New York: New York University Press. pp.36 ^ Arthur E. Morgan, The Philosophy of Edward Bellamy. King's Crown Press, 1945 ^ Conley, John J. (8 September 2016). "What does

Solidarism - Misplaced Pages Continue

3948-485: The DOI System. It requires an additional layer of administration for defining DOI as a URN namespace (the string urn:doi:10.1000/1 rather than the simpler doi:10.1000/1 ) and an additional step of unnecessary redirection to access the resolution service, already achieved through either http proxy or native resolution. If RDS mechanisms supporting URN specifications become widely available, DOI will be registered as

4042-413: The DOI as a normal hyperlink . Indeed, as previously mentioned, this is how Crossref recommends that DOIs always be represented (preferring HTTPS over HTTP), so that if they are cut-and-pasted into other documents, emails, etc., they will be actionable. Other DOI resolvers and HTTP Proxies include the Handle System and PANGAEA . At the beginning of the year 2016, a new class of alternative DOI resolvers

4136-497: The DOI refers. This is achieved by binding the DOI to metadata about the object, such as a URL where the object is located. Thus, by being actionable and interoperable , a DOI differs from ISBNs or ISRCs which are identifiers only. The DOI system uses the indecs Content Model to represent metadata . The DOI for a document remains fixed over the lifetime of the document, whereas its location and other metadata may change. Referring to an online document by its DOI should provide

4230-409: The DOI system associates metadata with objects. A small kernel of common metadata is shared by all DOI names and can be optionally extended with other relevant data, which may be public or restricted. Registrants may update the metadata for their DOI names at any time, such as when publication information changes or when an object moves to a different URL. The International DOI Foundation (IDF) oversees

4324-436: The DOI system have deliberately not registered a DOI namespace for URNs , stating that: URN architecture assumes a DNS-based Resolution Discovery Service (RDS) to find the service appropriate to the given URN scheme. However no such widely deployed RDS schemes currently exist.... DOI is not registered as a URN namespace, despite fulfilling all the functional requirements, since URN registration appears to offer no advantage to

4418-459: The DOI system. DOI name-resolution may be used with OpenURL to select the most appropriate among multiple locations for a given object, according to the location of the user making the request. However, despite this ability, the DOI system has drawn criticism from librarians for directing users to non-free copies of documents, that would have been available for no additional fee from alternative locations. The indecs Content Model as used within

4512-501: The IDF on users of the DOI system. The IDF is controlled by a Board elected by the members of the Foundation, with an appointed Managing Agent who is responsible for co-ordinating and planning its activities. Membership is open to all organizations with an interest in electronic publishing and related enabling technologies. The IDF holds annual open meetings on the topics of DOI and related issues. Registration agencies, appointed by

4606-600: The IDF, operates on a not-for-profit cost recovery basis. The DOI system is an international standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization in its technical committee on identification and description, TC46/SC9. The Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 26324, Information and documentation – Digital Object Identifier System met the ISO requirements for approval. The relevant ISO Working Group later submitted an edited version to ISO for distribution as an FDIS (Final Draft International Standard) ballot, which

4700-472: The IDF, provide services to DOI registrants: they allocate DOI prefixes, register DOI names, and provide the necessary infrastructure to allow registrants to declare and maintain metadata and state data. Registration agencies are also expected to actively promote the widespread adoption of the DOI system, to cooperate with the IDF in the development of the DOI system as a whole, and to provide services on behalf of their specific user community. A list of current RAs

4794-836: The basis for a community-based corporatist society. Family businesses are common worldwide in capitalist societies . Early concepts of corporatism evolved in Classical Greece . Plato developed the concept of a totalitarian and communitarian corporatist system of natural-based classes and natural social hierarchies that would be organized based on function, such that groups would cooperate to achieve social harmony by emphasizing collective interests while rejecting individual interests. In Politics , Aristotle described society as being divided between natural classes and functional purposes: those of priests, rulers, slaves and warriors. Ancient Rome adopted Greek concepts of corporatism into its own version of corporatism, adding

SECTION 50

#1732776613094

4888-459: The characters 1000 in the prefix identify the registrant; in this case the registrant is the International DOI Foundation itself. 182 is the suffix, or item ID, identifying a single object (in this case, the latest version of the DOI Handbook ). DOI names can identify creative works (such as texts, images, audio or video items, and software) in both electronic and physical forms, performances , and abstract works such as licenses, parties to

4982-507: The concept of political representation on the basis of function that divided representatives into military, professional and religious groups and set up institutions for each group known as collegia . After the 5th-century fall of Rome and the beginning of the Early Middle Ages , corporatist organizations in western Europe became largely limited to religious orders and to the idea of Christian brotherhood — especially within

5076-630: The context of economic transactions. From the High Middle Ages onward, corporatist organizations became increasingly common in Europe, including such groups as religious orders, monasteries , fraternities , military orders such as the Knights Templar and the Teutonic Order , educational organizations such as the emerging European universities and learned societies , the chartered towns and cities , and most notably

5170-467: The contractual obligations of the DOI system and are willing to pay to become a member of the system can assign DOIs. The DOI system is implemented through a federation of registration agencies coordinated by the IDF. By late April 2011 more than 50 million DOI names had been assigned by some 4,000 organizations, and by April 2013 this number had grown to 85 million DOI names assigned through 9,500 organizations. Fake registries have even appeared. A DOI

5264-403: The doi.org domain, ) so it is a PURL —providing the location of an name resolver which will redirect HTTP requests to the correct online location of the linked item. The Crossref recommendation is primarily based on the assumption that the DOI is being displayed without being hyperlinked to its appropriate URL—the argument being that without the hyperlink it is not as easy to copy-and-paste

5358-656: The dynamic of human society as a collective is distinct from the dynamic of an individual, in that society is what places upon individuals their cultural and social attributes. Durkheim posited that solidarism would alter the division of labour by evolving it from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity. He believed that the existing industrial capitalist division of labour caused "juridical and moral anomie ", which had no norms or agreed procedures to resolve conflicts and resulted in chronic confrontation between employers and trade unions. Durkheim believed that this anomie caused social dislocation and felt that by this "it

5452-457: The form 10.NNNN , where NNNN is a number greater than or equal to 1000 , whose limit depends only on the total number of registrants. The prefix may be further subdivided with periods, like 10.NNNN.N . For example, in the DOI name 10.1000/182 , the prefix is 10.1000 and the suffix is 182 . The "10" part of the prefix distinguishes the handle as part of the DOI namespace, as opposed to some other Handle System namespace, and

5546-564: The full URL to actually bring up the page for the DOI, thus the entire URL should be displayed, allowing people viewing the page containing the DOI to copy-and-paste the URL, by hand, into a new window/tab in their browser in order to go to the appropriate page for the document the DOI represents. Major content of the DOI system currently includes: In the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 's publication service OECD iLibrary , each table or graph in an OECD publication

5640-443: The functionality of a registry-controlled scheme and will usually lack accompanying metadata in a controlled scheme. The DOI system does not have this approach and should not be compared directly to such identifier schemes. Various applications using such enabling technologies with added features have been devised that meet some of the features offered by the DOI system for specific sectors (e.g., ARK ). A DOI name does not depend on

5734-586: The government and has administrative and regulatory power. It oversees Sectoral Organisation Under Public Law ( Publiekrechtelijke Bedrijfsorganisatie , PBO) which are similarly organized by union and industry representatives, but for specific industries or commodities. The Slovene National Council , the upper house of the Slovene Parliament, has 18 members elected on a corporatist basis. Generally supported by nationalist and/or social-democratic political parties, social corporatism developed in

SECTION 60

#1732776613094

5828-640: The governments and economies — not only of other Roman Catholic-majority countries, such as the governments of Engelbert Dollfuss in Austria , António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal and Getúlio Vargas in Brazil — but also of Konstantin Päts and Kārlis Ulmanis in non-Catholic Estonia and Latvia . Fascists in non-Catholic countries also supported Italian Fascist corporatism, including Oswald Mosley of

5922-399: The grouping of men according to the community of their natural interests and social functions, and as true and proper organs of the state they direct and coordinate labor and capital in matters of common interest". Corporatism is related to the sociological concept of structural functionalism . Corporatism's popularity increased in the late 19th century and a corporatist internationale

6016-592: The guild or corporative system in which divergent interests are coordinated and harmonized in the unity of the State. [The state] is not simply a mechanism which limits the sphere of the supposed liberties of the individual... Neither has the Fascist conception of authority anything in common with that of a police ridden State... Far from crushing the individual, the Fascist State multiplies his energies, just as in

6110-408: The guild system involved the guilds gaining the power to regulate trade and prices, and guild members included artisans, tradesmen, and other professionals . This diffusion of power is an important aspect of corporatist economic models of economic management and class collaboration . However, from the 16th century onward, absolute monarchies began to conflict with the diffuse, decentralized powers of

6204-547: The integration of these technologies and operation of the system through a technical and social infrastructure. The social infrastructure of a federation of independent registration agencies offering DOI services was modelled on existing successful federated deployments of identifiers such as GS1 and ISBN . A DOI name differs from commonly used Internet pointers to material, such as the Uniform Resource Locator (URL), in that it identifies an object itself as

6298-487: The late 19th century. Economic liberal corporatism involving capital-labour cooperation was influential in Fordism . Liberal corporatism has also been an influential component of the liberalism in the United States that has been referred to as "interest group liberalism". A fascist corporation can be defined as a government-directed confederation of employers and employees unions, with the aim of overseeing production in

6392-519: The main tenets of Italian fascism , and Benito Mussolini 's Fascist regime in Italy advocated the total integration of divergent interests into the state for the common good; however, the more democratic neo-corporatism often embraced tripartism . Corporatist ideas have been expressed since ancient Greek and Roman societies , with integration into Catholic social teaching and Christian democratic political parties. They have been paired by various advocates and implemented in various societies with

6486-598: The medieval corporatist bodies. Absolute monarchies during the Renaissance and Enlightenment gradually subordinated corporatist systems and corporate groups to the authority of centralized and absolutist governments , removing any checks on royal power these corporatist bodies had previously utilized. After the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789), the existing absolutist corporatist system in France

6580-508: The national level by official organizations alongside employers' associations . Together with the welfare state policies of these countries, this forms what is termed the Nordic model. Less extensive models exist in Austria and Germany which are components of Rhine capitalism . Doi (identifier) A digital object identifier ( DOI ) is a persistent identifier or handle used to uniquely identify various objects, standardized by

6674-499: The national level the state recognizes one and only one organization (say, a national labour union, a business association, a farmers' association) as the sole representative of the sectoral interests of the individuals, enterprises or institutions that comprise that organization's assigned constituency. The state determines which organizations will be recognized as legitimate and forms an unequal partnership of sorts with such organizations. The associations sometimes even get channelled into

6768-461: The needs of their employees. This liberal corporatist ethic is similar to Taylorism but endorses democratization of capitalist companies. Liberal corporatists believe that inclusion of all members in the election of management in effect reconciles "ethics and efficiency, freedom and order, liberty and rationality". Liberal corporatism began to gain disciples in the United States during

6862-430: The object to which it is associated (although when the publisher of a journal changes, sometimes all the DOIs will be changed, with the old DOIs no longer working). It also associates metadata with objects, allowing it to provide users with relevant pieces of information about the objects and their relationships. Included as part of this metadata are network actions that allow DOI names to be resolved to web locations where

6956-467: The object's location and, in this way, is similar to a Uniform Resource Name (URN) or PURL but differs from an ordinary URL. URLs are often used as substitute identifiers for documents on the Internet although the same document at two different locations has two URLs. By contrast, persistent identifiers such as DOI names identify objects as first class entities: two instances of the same object would have

7050-454: The objects they describe can be found. To achieve its goals, the DOI system combines the Handle System and the indecs Content Model with a social infrastructure. The Handle System ensures that the DOI name for an object is not based on any changeable attributes of the object such as its physical location or ownership, that the attributes of the object are encoded in its metadata rather than in its DOI name, and that no two objects are assigned

7144-532: The policy-making processes and often help implement state policy on the government's behalf. By establishing itself as the arbiter of legitimacy and assigning responsibility for a particular constituency with one sole organization, the state limits the number of players with which it must negotiate its policies and co-opts their leadership into policing their own members. This arrangement is not limited to economic organizations such as business groups and social organizations. The political scientist Jean C. Oi coined

7238-520: The post- World War II period, influenced by Christian democrats and social democrats in Western European countries such as Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Social corporatism has also been adopted in different configurations and to varying degrees in various Western European countries. The Nordic countries have the most comprehensive form of collective bargaining, where trade unions are represented at

7332-467: The primary purpose of the DOI system is to make a collection of identifiers actionable and interoperable, where that collection can include identifiers from many other controlled collections. The DOI system offers persistent, semantically interoperable resolution to related current data and is best suited to material that will be used in services outside the direct control of the issuing assigner (e.g., public citation or managing content of value). It uses

7426-525: The prototype of a "corporative state", having displayed much within its tenets as a guild system combining the concepts of autonomy and authority in a special synthesis. Alfredo Rocco spoke of a corporative state and declared corporatist ideology in detail. Rocco would later become a member of the Italian fascist régime. Subsequently, the Labour Charter of 1927 was implemented, thus establishing

7520-411: The same DOI name. DOI name resolution is provided through the Handle System , developed by Corporation for National Research Initiatives , and is freely available to any user encountering a DOI name. Resolution redirects the user from a DOI name to one or more pieces of typed data: URLs representing instances of the object, services such as e-mail, or one or more items of metadata. To the Handle System,

7614-540: The same DOI name. Because DOI names are short character strings, they are human-readable, may be copied and pasted as text, and fit into the URI specification. The DOI name-resolution mechanism acts behind the scenes, so that users communicate with it in the same way as with any other web service; it is built on open architectures , incorporates trust mechanisms , and is engineered to operate reliably and flexibly so that it can be adapted to changing demands and new applications of

7708-431: The same thing. Imprecisely referring to a set of schemes as "identifiers" does not mean that they can be compared easily. Other "identifier systems" may be enabling technologies with low barriers to entry, providing an easy to use labeling mechanism that allows anyone to set up a new instance (examples include Persistent Uniform Resource Locator (PURL), URLs, Globally Unique Identifiers (GUIDs), etc.), but may lack some of

7802-470: The state organically, unlike majority-rules democracy, which (they said) could marginalize specific interests. This total consideration was the inspiration for their use of the term "totalitarian" , described without coercion (which is connoted in the modern meaning) in the 1932 Doctrine of Fascism as thus: When brought within the orbit of the State, Fascism recognizes the real needs which gave rise to socialism and trade unionism, giving them due weight in

7896-743: The state. Much of the corporatist influence upon Italian fascism was partly due to the Fascists' attempts to gain endorsement by the Roman Catholic Church that itself sponsored corporatism. However, the Roman Catholic Church's corporatism favored a bottom-up corporatism, whereby groups such as families and professional groups would voluntarily work together, whereas fascist corporatism was a top-down model of state control managed primarly by government officials. The fascist state corporatism of Roman Catholic Italy influenced

7990-586: The term "local state corporatism" to describe China's distinctive type of state-led growth, in which a communist party-state with Leninist roots commits itself to policies which are friendly to the market and to growth. The use of corporatism as a framework to understand the central state's behaviour in China has been criticized by authors such as Bruce Gilley and William Hurst. In two special administrative regions , some legislators are chosen by functional constituencies ( Legislative Council of Hong Kong ) where

8084-402: The use of corporations as organs of the state. Corporatism developed during the 1850s in response to the rise of classical liberalism and Marxism , as it advocated cooperation between the classes instead of class conflict . Adherents of diverse ideologies, including communism , economic liberalism , fascism , and socialism have advocated for corporatist models. Corporatism became one of

8178-648: The voters are a mix of individuals, associations, and corporations or indirect election ( Legislative Assembly of Macau ) where a single association is designated to appoint legislators. Most members of the Seanad Éireann , the upper house of the Oireachtas (parliament) of Ireland, are elected as part of vocational panels nominated partly by current Oireachtas members and partly by vocational and special interest associations. The Seanad also includes two university constituencies . The Constitution of Ireland of 1937

8272-625: Was abolished due to its endorsement of social hierarchy and special "corporate privilege". The new French government considered corporatism's emphasis on group rights as inconsistent with the government's promotion of individual rights . Subsequently, corporatist systems and corporate privilege throughout Europe were abolished in response to the French Revolution. From 1789 to the 1850s, most supporters of corporatism were reactionaries . A number of reactionary corporatists favoured corporatism in order to end liberal capitalism and to restore

8366-521: Was approved by 100% of those voting in a ballot closing on 15 November 2010. The final standard was published on 23 April 2012. DOI is a registered URI under the info URI scheme specified by IETF RFC   4452 . info:doi/ is the infoURI Namespace of Digital Object Identifiers. The DOI syntax is a NISO standard, first standardized in 2000, ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2005 Syntax for the Digital Object Identifier. The maintainers of

8460-679: Was called the National Alliance of Russian Solidarists . The name of the social philosophy to which Edward Bellamy , author of the American utopian novel Looking Backward , adhered, and which Bellamy sometimes referenced as the Religion of Solidarity. A member of the American Solidarity Party , a minor Christian Democratic party in the United States, is often referred to as a "Solidarist". In Belgium ,

8554-635: Was formed in 1890, followed by the 1891 publishing of Rerum novarum by the Catholic Church that for the first time declared the Church's blessing to trade unions and recommended that politicians recognize organized labour. Many corporatist unions in Europe were endorsed by the Catholic Church to challenge the anarchist , Marxist and other radical unions, with the corporatist unions being fairly conservative in comparison to their radical rivals. Some Catholic corporatist states include Austria under

8648-550: Was influenced by Roman Catholic Corporatism as expressed in the papal encyclical, Quadragesimo anno (1931). Under the Dutch Polder Model , the Social and Economic Council of the Netherlands (Sociaal-Economische Raad, SER) was established by the 1950 Industrial Organisation Act (Wet op de bedrijfsorganisatie). It is led by representatives of unions, employer organizations, and government appointed experts. It advises

8742-623: Was influenced by his Labour Charter of 1927 , he distanced himself from fascist dictatorship, which he considered a pagan Caesarist political system that recognised neither legal nor moral limits. Salazar also had a strong dislike of Marxism and liberalism. In 1933, Salazar stated: Our Dictatorship clearly resembles a fascist dictatorship in the reinforcement of authority, in the war declared against certain principles of democracy, in its accentuated nationalist character, in its preoccupation of social order. However, it differs from it in its process of renovation. The fascist dictatorship tends towards

8836-619: Was started by http://doai.io. This service is unusual in that it tries to find a non-paywalled (often author archived ) version of a title and redirects the user to that instead of the publisher's version . Since then, other open-access favoring DOI resolvers have been created, notably https://oadoi.org/ in October 2016 (later Unpaywall ). While traditional DOI resolvers solely rely on the Handle System, alternative DOI resolvers first consult open access resources such as BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine). An alternative to HTTP proxies

#93906