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91-612: On April 14, 1967, Saks Fifth Avenue opened a 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m) stand-alone store on Big Beaver Road in Troy, an affluent suburb 20 miles northwest of downtown Detroit. A one-floor upscale "Somerset Mall" designed by Louis G. Redstone Associates, was built onto the existing Saks, with a new Bonwit Teller store as the other anchor. Thirty five additional stores opened, including I. Miller , Abercrombie & Fitch , Mark Cross , and FAO Schwarz . Bonwit Teller markedly renovated its store in 1988, only to close in 1990 after

182-450: A captive portal webpage for access. Organizations, enthusiasts, authorities and businesses , such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, often provide free or paid-use hotspots to attract customers, to provide services to promote business in selected areas. Routers often incorporate a digital subscriber line modem or a cable modem and a Wi-Fi access point, are frequently set up in homes and other buildings, to provide Internet access for

273-456: A channel at a time. Wi-Fi's radio bands work best for line-of-sight use. Many common obstructions, such as walls, pillars, home appliances, etc., may greatly reduce range, but this also helps minimize interference between different networks in crowded environments. The range of an access point is about 20 m (66 ft) indoors, while some access points claim up to a 150 m (490 ft) range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as

364-447: A city-wide campaign to convert old phone booths into digital kiosks in 2014. The project, titled LinkNYC , has created a network of kiosks that serve as public Wi-Fi hotspots, high-definition screens and landlines . Installation of the screens began in late 2015. The city government plans to implement more than seven thousand kiosks over time, eventually making LinkNYC the largest and fastest public, government-operated Wi-Fi network in

455-460: A common Wi-Fi version. The versions differ between the radio wavebands they operate on, the radio bandwidth they occupy, the maximum data rates they can support and other details. Some versions permit the use of multiple antennas, which permits greater speeds as well as reduced interference. Historically, the equipment listed the versions of Wi-Fi supported using the name of the IEEE standards. In 2018,

546-407: A computer and an interface controller is called a station . Stations are identified by one or more MAC addresses . Wi-Fi nodes often operate in infrastructure mode in which all communications go through a base station. Ad hoc mode refers to devices communicating directly with each other, without communicating with an access point. A service set is the set of all the devices associated with

637-674: A confused identity, and outdated facade. After Gimbels decided to close the division, the first floor of the building was used as a Christmas season annex for Gimbel's before being sold to the E. J. Korvettes chain. After the demise of the Korvette's chain the building was remodeled into the Herald Center, in 1985. As of 2016 the primary tenant is H&M, following another remodel. The original Saks Fifth Avenue store in Beverly Hills, California, at 9600 Wilshire Boulevard ,

728-641: A greater degree by common building materials than the 2.4 GHz bands and usually give a shorter range. As 802.11 specifications evolved to support higher throughput, the protocols have become much more efficient in their bandwidth use. Additionally, they have gained the ability to aggregate channels together to gain still more throughput where the bandwidth for additional channels is available. 802.11n allows for double radio spectrum bandwidth (40 MHz) per channel compared to 802.11a or 802.11g (20 MHz). 802.11n can be set to limit itself to 20 MHz bandwidth to prevent interference in dense communities. In

819-849: A larger location. By the end of the 1930s, Saks Fifth Avenue had a total of 10 stores – the 2 large urban flagships in New York and Chicago, and 8 resort stores. During World War Two, Saks opened Navy and Army shops in New Haven, Connecticut and Princeton, New Jersey , and after the war turned the small branches into University Shops, catering to the Ivy League communities there. More University Shops would open, one near Harvard in Cambridge, Mass. , another in Ann Arbor, Michigan (1960). Saks had already opened two urban flagship stores before

910-526: A major Detroit shopping district. Various stores from Somerset have opened pop up shops on Merchant's Row in the 1200 to 1400 block of Woodward Avenue, generally open the last Thursday to Saturday of the month from June through August, and occasionally September. In 2012 this concept was extended to the Christmas season, with CityLoft Holiday "Yappy" Hour. Saks Fifth Avenue Saks Fifth Avenue (originally Saks & Company ; colloquially Saks )

1001-501: A mall in 1954, at Sunrise Center, now The Galleria at Fort Lauderdale . A few of the new suburban stores were freestanding in suburbs that had a significant downtown shopping district, such as in White Plains, New York (1954) and both Garden City, Long Island and Surfside , near Miami in 1962. A few were in malls built in downtowns, such as New Orleans, Boston, and Minneapolis. But most new SFA stores, dozens, opened in malls over

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1092-598: A new location in Greenwich, Connecticut . In autumn 2015, Saks announced it would replace its existing store at the Houston Galleria with a new store. On January 15, 2021, Saks Fifth Avenue unveiled a 54,000-square-foot (5,000 m ) space on the fifth floor of its New York flagship, branded Barneys at Saks . The collaboration is aimed at continuing Barneys New York tradition of unearthing and promoting emerging designers. On January 25, SFA launched

1183-443: A new three-story $ 30,000,000, 940,000 sq ft expansion across from Somerset Mall on August 11, 1996, designed by JPRA Architects. Michigan 's first Nordstrom and a Hudson's (became Marshall Field's and finally Macy's ) anchored the three-story expansion, named Somerset North. When Marshall Fields transitioned to Macy's in 2006, Somerset became one of only three malls in the country to host all four department stores. Connecting

1274-551: A parking structure. The Crate and Barrel added an additional floor dedicated to sales of furniture, as did Banana Republic. In 2004, Somerset South was further renovated. The mall features lighting by Paul Gregory (Focus Lighting), a continuous skylight, glass elevators, and fountains designed by WET . The Somerset Collection includes several notable sculptures, including a Finnish Sorvikivi Floating Stone fountain. Mall at Millenia, in Orlando, Florida, also designed by JPRA Architects,

1365-482: A part of the New York division of Gimbels (later Manhattan Mall ), and a sky bridge across 33rd Street connected the second floors of both flagship buildings. In the 1947 movie Miracle on 34th Street the facade of Saks-34th Street is shown in a scene that focuses on the Gimbel's flagship store. Branch locations were opened around the greater New York area. The store closed in 1965, citing poor layouts, no escalators,

1456-426: A particular Wi-Fi network. Devices in a service set need not be on the same wavebands or channels. A service set can be local, independent, extended, mesh, or a combination. Each service set has an associated identifier, a 32-byte service set identifier (SSID), which identifies the network. The SSID is configured within the devices that are part of the network. A basic service set (BSS) is a group of stations that share

1547-528: A reported $ 2.65 billion merger. In 2005, vendors filed against Saks alleging unlawful chargebacks . The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigated the complaint for years and, according to the New York Times , "exposed a tangle of illicit tactics that let Saks... keep money it owed to clothing makers", inflating Saks' yearly earnings up to 43% and abusively collecting around $ 30 million from suppliers over seven years. Saks settled with

1638-607: A section carved out of the building housing the flagship of its namesake department store, Hudson's Bay Company , connected by sky bridge to the largest downtown mall, Eaton Centre . A second Greater Toronto location opened at Sherway Gardens shortly thereafter. And in February 2018, its third Canadian store opened in Calgary at Chinook Centre . In 2015 Saks began a $ 250 million, three-year restoration of its Fifth Avenue flagship store. In October 2015, Saks announced

1729-578: A separate autonomous subsidiary. On September 15, 1924, Horace Saks and Bernard Gimbel opened in the Saks Fifth Avenue Building at 611 Fifth Avenue, with a full-block avenue frontage south of St. Patrick's Cathedral , facing what would become Rockefeller Center . The architects were Starrett & van Vleck , who developed a design derived from classical architecture . When Bernard's cousin, Adam Gimbel, became president of Saks Fifth Avenue in 1926 after Horace Saks's sudden death,

1820-410: A single carrier, whereas 802.11a, Wi-Fi 4, 5 and 6 use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing . Channels are used half duplex and can be time-shared by multiple networks. Any packet sent by one computer is locally received by stations tuned to that channel, even if that information is intended for just one destination. Stations typically ignore information not addressed to them. The use of

1911-458: A single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square kilometers using many overlapping access points with roaming permitted between them. Over time, the speed and spectral efficiency of Wi-Fi have increased. As of 2019, some versions of Wi-Fi, running on suitable hardware at close range, can achieve speeds of 9.6 Gbit/s ( gigabit per second). A 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission released parts of

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2002-498: A very large store in 1902 in New York City 's Herald Square on 34th Street and Broadway . Andrew Saks ran the New York store as a family business with his brother Isadore, and his sons Horace and William. Andrew Saks died in 1912 and his son Horace took over the company's management. In 1923, Saks & Co. merged with Gimbel Brothers, Inc. , which was owned by a cousin of Horace Saks, Bernard Gimbel , operating as

2093-678: A wider channel for higher throughput. Countries apply their own regulations to the allowable channels, allowed users and maximum power levels within these frequency ranges. 802.11b/g/n can use the 2.4 GHz band, operating in the United States under FCC Part 15 rules and regulations. In this frequency band, equipment may occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens, cordless telephones , USB 3.0 hubs, Bluetooth and other devices. Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide: Australia and Europe allow for an additional two channels (12, 13) beyond

2184-648: Is 3 floors tall and 91,000 square feet (8,500 m ) in size. In 2012 , the Riyadh franchise store, owned by Prince Al Waleed bin Talal Al Saud , closed after the licensing agreement expired. As of 2013 , the New York flagship store, whose real estate value was estimated between $ 800 million and over $ 1 billion at the time, generated around 20% of Saks' annual sales at $ 620 million, with other stores being less profitable according to analysts. On July 29, 2013 , Canada -based Hudson's Bay Company (HBC),

2275-521: Is 57,000 square feet (5,300 m ) in size. After closing Riyadh and its 2 Dubai stores, it remains Saks' sole store in the Middle East. In 2004 , Saks was enjoying an annual sales growth rate of 7.7% on a same-store basis, but was underperforming Neiman Marcus (+17%) and Nordstrom (+10%). In Southern California, analysts said that SFA was "struggling to maintain its cachet" against the two competitors and Bloomingdales. On October 1, Saks announced

2366-423: Is an American luxury department store chain founded by Andrew Saks and headquartered in New York City . The original Saks opened in the F Street shopping district of Washington, D.C. in 1867. Saks expanded into Manhattan with its Herald Square store in 1902 and flagship store on Fifth Avenue in 1924. The chain was acquired by Tennessee-based Proffitt's, Inc. (renamed Saks, Inc. ) in 1998, and Saks, Inc.

2457-432: Is divided into a multitude of channels . In the standards, channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing within a band (except in the 60 GHz band, where they are 2.16 GHz apart), and the number refers to the centre frequency of the channel. Although channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing, transmitters generally occupy at least 20 MHz, and standards allow for neighbouring channels to be bonded together to form

2548-635: Is simply referred to as WLAN , and it may or may not work with " Wi-Fi Certified " devices. As of 2017, the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 800 companies from around the world. As of 2019, over 3.05 billion Wi-Fi-enabled devices are shipped globally each year. Wi-Fi uses multiple parts of the IEEE 802 protocol family and is designed to work seamlessly with its wired sibling, Ethernet . Compatible devices can network through wireless access points with each other as well as with wired devices and

2639-641: Is submitted for certification. The lack of Wi-Fi certification does not necessarily imply that a device is incompatible with other Wi-Fi devices. The Wi-Fi Alliance may or may not sanction derivative terms, such as Super Wi-Fi , coined by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to describe proposed networking in the UHF TV band in the US. Equipment frequently supports multiple versions of Wi-Fi. To communicate, devices must use

2730-417: Is used in applications such as motion detection and gesture recognition . Wi-Fi stations communicate by sending each other data packets , blocks of data individually sent and delivered over radio on various channels. As with all radio, this is done by the modulation and demodulation of carrier waves . Different versions of Wi-Fi use different techniques, 802.11b uses direct-sequence spread spectrum on

2821-517: The 2007–2009 recession , Saks had to cut prices and profit margins, thus according to Reuters "training shoppers to expect discounts. It took three years before it could start selling at closer to full price". In 2012 , Saks licensed its first store in Central Asia , in Almaty , Kazakhstan, at the then-new Esentai Mall , together with boutiques of international luxury brands. SFA Almaty

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2912-551: The Eduroam international authentication infrastructure. In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans to construct citywide Wi-Fi networks. There are many successful examples; in 2004, Mysore (Mysuru) became India's first Wi-Fi-enabled city. A company called WiFiyNet has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the whole city and a few nearby villages. In 2005, St. Cloud, Florida and Sunnyvale, California , became

3003-652: The ISM bands for unlicensed use for communications. These frequency bands include the same 2.4 GHz bands used by equipment such as microwave ovens , and are thus subject to interference. In 1991 in Nieuwegein , the NCR Corporation and AT&T invented the precursor to 802.11, intended for use in cashier systems, under the name WaveLAN . NCR's Vic Hayes , who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for ten years, along with Bell Labs engineer Bruce Tuch, approached

3094-586: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) to create a standard and were involved in designing the initial 802.11b and 802.11a specifications within the IEEE. They have both been subsequently inducted into the Wi-Fi NOW Hall of Fame. In 1989 in Australia, a team of scientists began working on wireless LAN technology. A prototype test bed for a wireless local area network (WLAN)

3185-516: The Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most IEEE 802.11 products are sold. The major commercial breakthrough came with Apple Inc. adopting Wi-Fi for their iBook series of laptops in 1999. It was the first mass consumer product to offer Wi-Fi network connectivity, which was then branded by Apple as AirPort . This was in collaboration with

3276-853: The Wi-Fi Alliance introduced simplified Wi-Fi generational numbering to indicate equipment that supports Wi-Fi 4 ( 802.11n ), Wi-Fi 5 ( 802.11ac ) and Wi-Fi 6 ( 802.11ax ). These generations have a high degree of backward compatibility with previous versions. The alliance has stated that the generational level 4, 5, or 6 can be indicated in the user interface when connected, along with the signal strength. The most important standards affecting Wi‑Fi are: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n ( Wi-Fi 4 ), 802.11h, 802.11i, 802.11-2007, 802.11–2012, 802.11ac ( Wi-Fi 5 ), 802.11ad, 802.11af, 802.11-2016, 802.11ah, 802.11ai, 802.11aj, 802.11aq , 802.11ax ( Wi-Fi 6 ), 802.11ay . Wi-Fi technology may be used to provide local network and Internet access to devices that are within Wi-Fi range of one or more routers that are connected to

3367-455: The 11 permitted in the United States for the 2.4 GHz band, while Japan has three more (12–14). 802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax can use the 5 GHz U-NII band , which, for much of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping 20 MHz channels. This is in contrast to the 2.4 GHz frequency band where the channels are only 5 MHz wide. In general, lower frequencies have longer range but have less capacity. The 5 GHz bands are absorbed to

3458-408: The 5 GHz band, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz channels are permitted with some restrictions, giving much faster connections. Wi-Fi is part of the IEEE 802 protocol family. The data is organized into 802.11 frames that are very similar to Ethernet frames at the data link layer, but with extra address fields. MAC addresses are used as network addresses for routing over

3549-482: The Avenue House Hotel building at 517 (300–308) 7th Street, N.W., in what is still Washington's downtown shopping district . Saks offered his goods at one price only, no bargaining, and offered refunds on merchandise returns, neither of which were the more common practice at that place and time. Saks was also known for its "forceful and interesting, but strictly truthful" newspaper advertising, according to

3640-562: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ." In a court filing, the United States Department of Justice rebuked Saks' argument, stating that "discrimination against an individual based on gender identity is discrimination because of sex." The Human Rights Campaign removed the company from its list of " allies " during the controversy. The lawsuit was settled out of court with undisclosed terms. In 2017, following

3731-596: The Internet. Different versions of Wi-Fi are specified by various IEEE 802.11 protocol standards, with different radio technologies determining radio bands, maximum ranges, and speeds that may be achieved. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz (120 mm) UHF and 5 gigahertz (60 mm) SHF radio bands, with the 6 gigahertz SHF band used in newer generations of the standard; these bands are subdivided into multiple channels. Channels can be shared between networks, but, within range, only one transmitter can transmit on

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3822-615: The Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points can extend from an area as small as a few rooms to as large as many square kilometres. Coverage in the larger area may require a group of access points with overlapping coverage. For example, public outdoor Wi-Fi technology has been used successfully in wireless mesh networks in London. An international example is Fon . Wi-Fi provides services in private homes, businesses, as well as in public spaces. Wi-Fi hotspots may be set up either free of charge or commercially, often using

3913-594: The LAN. Wi-Fi's MAC and physical layer (PHY) specifications are defined by IEEE 802.11 for modulating and receiving one or more carrier waves to transmit the data in the infrared, and 2.4, 3.6 , 5, 6, or 60 GHz frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 ). The base version of the standard was released in 1997 and has had many subsequent amendments. The standard and amendments provide

4004-581: The Netherlands simultaneously claim the invention of Wi-Fi, and a consensus has not been reached globally. In 2009, the Australian CSIRO was awarded $ 200 million after a patent settlement with 14 technology companies, with a further $ 220 million awarded in 2012 after legal proceedings with 23 companies. In 2016, the CSIRO's WLAN prototype test bed was chosen as Australia's contribution to

4095-516: The SEC in 2007, after firing three or more executives involved in the fraudulent activities. In 2014, Saks fired transgender employee Leyth Jamal after she was allegedly "belittled by coworkers, forced to use the men's room and repeatedly referred to by male pronouns (he and him)". After Jamal submitted a lawsuit for unfair dismissal, the company stated in a motion to dismiss that "it is well settled that transsexuals are not protected by Title VII of

4186-710: The Somerset Collection North features a food court called The Peacock Cafes, featuring 10 restaurants and seating for 650 customers. Somerset provides valet parking and a full-service concierge staff. The concierge service includes a variety of services such as gift wrapping, stroller and wheelchair rental. Wi-Fi access is available in the Peacock Cafe, in addition to Wi-Fi access inside the Macy's and other stores. Special events are hosted at Somerset Collection year-round. The layout includes stages for

4277-1342: The Somerset location as having “high growth potential”. In 2016, Chick-fil-A opened a location in the Peacock Cafe food court, the first location in Metro Detroit that was not at the food court of a college campus or airport. In 2017, Zara opened its first store in Michigan on the first and second floors of the Macy's wing. By 2023, since the government lockdown , Somerset Collection has added several newest additions, among them are Prada , Vuori , Gucci Men's Store , Moncler , Balenciaga , Breitling , Fabletics , Hermès , Diptyque , and Dior . The Somerset Collection contains 1,450,000 sq ft (134,700 m) of gross leasable area with over 180 stores. The four department store anchors are: Nordstrom (240,000 sq ft (0.02 km)) and Macy's (300,000 sq ft (0.03 km)) in Somerset North, and Neiman Marcus (141,000 sq ft (0.01 km)) and Saks Fifth Avenue (160,000 sq ft (0.01 km)) in Somerset South. The third level of

4368-576: The U.S. joined the war: its now-legendary store in Beverly Hills , and in Detroit (1940). After the war, three more downtown stores opened, albeit smaller in scale: Pittsburgh (1949), Philadelphia (1952) and San Francisco (1952) where Saks competed head-on with local luxury champion I. Magnin . During the 1950s, the shift from downtown shopping to suburban shopping malls gained momentum. Saks Fifth Avenue's first anchor department store in

4459-652: The Washington Evening Star , including a two-page spread, large for that time, in that newspaper on April 4, 1898. Saks annexed the store next door, and in 1887 started building a large new store on the site of the old Avenue Hotel Building at 7th and Market Space (now United States Navy Memorial Plaza ). By 1896, Saks and Co. had stores in Norfolk and Richmond, Virginia; New York City; and Indianapolis, in addition to Washington, D.C., where, Saks called itself "Washington's Wonderful Store". Saks opened

4550-543: The Wi-Fi Alliance did use the advertising slogan "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity" for a short time after the brand name was created, and the Wi-Fi Alliance was also called the "Wireless Fidelity Alliance Inc." in some publications. IEEE is a separate, but related, organization and their website has stated "WiFi is a short name for Wireless Fidelity". The name Wi-Fi was partly chosen because it sounds similar to Hi-Fi , which consumers take to mean high fidelity or high quality . Interbrand hoped consumers would find

4641-413: The Wi-Fi Alliance, the term Wi-Fi was chosen from a list of ten names that Interbrand proposed. Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi logo . The yin-yang Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability . The name is often written as WiFi , Wifi , or wifi , but these are not approved by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The name Wi-Fi is not short-form for 'Wireless Fidelity', although

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4732-787: The acquisition, Proffitt's, Inc. changed its name to Saks, Inc. In November 2001 the first Middle East SFA opened at Kingdom Centre in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia. The store closed in 2012. In 2005 , Saks opened a 80,000 square foot store at the BurJuman Centre in Dubai which closed in 2016; the store was Saks last store in the UAE after failed attempts at expansion. In 2008 , Saks opened its third Middle East store at City Centre Bahrain in Manama , Bahrain . The store has two floors and

4823-645: The affluent urban neighborhood of Polanco at Plaza Carso in 2010, but it closed in October 2020. In August 2007 , the United States Postal Service began an experimental program selling the plus ZIP code extension to businesses. The first company to do so was Saks Fifth Avenue, which received the ZIP code of 10022-7463 ("SHOE", on a U.S. touch-tone keypad) for the eighth-floor shoe department in its flagship Fifth Avenue store. During

4914-605: The basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand. While each amendment is officially revoked when incorporated in the latest version of the standard, the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products. As a result, in the market place, each revision tends to become its own standard. In addition to 802.11, the IEEE 802 protocol family has specific provisions for Wi-Fi. These are required because Ethernet's cable-based media are not usually shared, whereas with wireless all transmissions are received by all stations within

5005-481: The capability. Some laptops that have a cellular modem card can also act as mobile Internet Wi-Fi access points. Many traditional university campuses in the developed world provide at least partial Wi-Fi coverage. Carnegie Mellon University built the first campus-wide wireless Internet network, called Wireless Andrew , at its Pittsburgh campus in 1993 before Wi-Fi branding existed. Many universities collaborate in providing Wi-Fi access to students and staff through

5096-437: The chain went bankrupt. In 1991-1992 the center was renamed Somerset Collection, a second level was added, and Neiman Marcus opened a 141,000-sq-ft store on the site of the razed Bonwit Teller. A 21,000-sq-ft Barneys , 13,000-sq-ft Crate and Barrel and luxury stores like Tiffany also opened over the course of 1992. Following the popularity of the revamped mall, co-owners Forbes/Cohen Properties and Frankel Associates opened

5187-569: The channel to be idle at the same time and thus begin transmission simultaneously. A collision happens when a station receives signals from multiple stations on a channel at the same time. This corrupts the transmitted data and can require stations to re-transmit. The lost data and re-transmission reduces throughput, in some cases severely. The 802.11 standard provides several distinct radio frequency ranges for use in Wi-Fi communications: 900  MHz , 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz and 60 GHz bands . Each range

5278-612: The closing of 8 underperforming, mostly smaller SFA stores: Pasadena, Palos Verdes, Mission Viejo, La Jolla and Carmel in California, Garden City NY, Hilton Head SC, and Downtown Minneapolis. In November 2007 , Grupo Sanborns , part of billionaire Carlos Slim 's corporate empire, secured a franchise and opened the first SFA store in Mexico , on the affluent far west side of Mexico City at Centro Santa Fe , that country's largest mall. The store closed in 2022. Another store opened in

5369-600: The clothes. New departments for furs, corsets, gifts and debutante dresses were added in the 1940 expansion. The store relocated to the adjacent 9570 Wilshire Boulevard in 2024, and the original location will be converted into a mixed-use development by Hudson's Bay Company . Wi-Fi Wi-Fi ( / ˈ w aɪ f aɪ / ) is a family of wireless network protocols based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, which are commonly used for local area networking of devices and Internet access, allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data by radio waves . These are

5460-427: The company announced a collaboration with WeWork to convert some SFA spaces to co-working locations. In June 2022, Saks announced that it would convert the original 1938 store building in Beverly Hills , 9600 Wilshire , into offices and apartments. SFA Beverly Hills continues to operate from the former I. Magnin and Barneys buildings, which had previously been incorporated into the store complex. In August of

5551-598: The company expanded, opening seasonal resort branches in Palm Beach (1926), Atlantic City (1927), Lincoln Road in Miami Beach (1929), Southampton on Long Island (1931), Newport, Rhode Island (1935), Sun Valley, Idaho and Westbury, L.I. (1936), and Greenwich, Connecticut (1937). In 1929, Saks opened its first full-line, year-round flagship store in Chicago , in 1929, and only six years later moved to

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5642-519: The database. Signal fluctuations can cause errors, which can be reduced with noise-filtering techniques. For low precision, integrating Wi-Fi data with geographical and time information has been proposed. The Wi-Fi RTT capability introduced in IEEE 802.11mc allows for positioning based on round trip time measurement, an improvement over the RSSI method. The IEEE 802.11az standard promises further improvements in geolocation accuracy. Wi-Fi sensing

5733-778: The decades through the 1990s. More expansion followed through in the 1990s particularly into Texas, Florida and California. California -based I. Magnin closed in 1995, allowing Saks to acquire some of their locations and open in San Diego's Fashion Valley and expand in Carmel . As in the 1950s, the company opened a wave of smaller "Main Street" stores in suburbs with downtown shopping, such as Pasadena , Santa Barbara , and San Diego's La Jolla in California, and in Greenwich, Connecticut , and Charleston, South Carolina . In Texas , Saks acquired 3 Texas locations where Marshall Fields

5824-420: The end of the decade, adding Palm Beach Gardens, Naples, Fort Myers, Orlando, Sarasota, Tampa and doubled the size of its Boca Raton store. Also in 1990, the company launched " Saks Off 5th ", an outlet store offshoot of the main brand, with 107 stores worldwide by 2016. In 1998, Proffitt's, Inc. the parent company of Proffitt's and other department stores, acquired Saks Holdings Inc. Upon completing

5915-637: The events of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, Saks's San Juan store in Mall of San Juan suffered major damages along with its neighboring anchor store Nordstrom . Taubman Centers , the company which owns the mall, filed a lawsuit against Saks for failing to provide an estimated reopening date and failing to restore damages after the hurricane due to a binding contract. Although Nordstrom reopened on November 9, 2018, Saks Fifth Avenue vacated The Mall of San Juan after two years of ligitation. Saks-34th Street

6006-516: The exhibition A History of the World in 100 Objects held in the National Museum of Australia . The name Wi-Fi , commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'." According to Phil Belanger, a founding member of

6097-414: The first cities in the United States to offer citywide free Wi-Fi (from MetroFi ). Minneapolis has generated $ 1.2 million in profit annually for its provider . In May 2010, the then London mayor Boris Johnson pledged to have London-wide Wi-Fi by 2012. Several boroughs including Westminster and Islington already had extensive outdoor Wi-Fi coverage at that point. New York City announced

6188-619: The first standalone Barneys at Saks store in a 14,000-square-foot (1,300 m ) location in Greenwich, Connecticut . This marked the first time Saks had offered men's clothing and furnishings in that market. In March, HBC and growth capital investor, Insight Partners , established Saks Fifth Avenue's ecommerce business as a stand-alone entity, known as "Saks". Insight Partners made a $ 500 million minority equity investment in Saks. The retailer's 39-store fleet operates separately as an entity referred to as "SFA," which remains wholly owned by HBC. At

6279-476: The most widely used computer networks, used globally in home and small office networks to link devices and to provide Internet access with wireless routers and wireless access points in public places such as coffee shops, hotels, libraries, and airports. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance , which restricts the use of the term " Wi-Fi Certified " to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Non-compliant hardware

6370-452: The name catchy, and that they would assume this wireless protocol has high fidelity because of its name. Other technologies intended for fixed points, including Motorola Canopy , are usually called fixed wireless . Alternative wireless technologies include Zigbee , Z-Wave , Bluetooth and mobile phone standards . To connect to a Wi-Fi LAN, a computer must be equipped with a wireless network interface controller . The combination of

6461-547: The oldest commercial corporation in North America and owner of the competing chain Lord & Taylor , announced it would acquire Saks Fifth Avenue's parent company for US$ 2.9 billion. Canada expansion plans were drafted, calling for up to seven SFA stores across the country, of which three eventually opened. In February 2016, it opened a 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m ) Saks Fifth Avenue in downtown Toronto , in

6552-693: The performing arts. The special events include yoga classes, special savings, Santa visits during the Christmas season, fashion shows, and other events sponsored by the Collection and individual stores. In 2011, the Forbes Company debuted a group of pop-up mini-shops called Somerset Collection CityLoft in Downtown Detroit , specifically at the Lower Woodward Avenue Historic District, which had been

6643-566: The project, which was to be completed in 2015. Wi-Fi positioning systems use known positions of Wi-Fi hotspots to identify a device's location. It is used when GPS isn't suitable due to issues like signal interference or slow satellite acquisition. This includes assisted GPS , urban hotspot databases, and indoor positioning systems. Wi-Fi positioning relies on measuring signal strength ( RSSI ) and fingerprinting. Parameters like SSID and MAC address are crucial for identifying access points. The accuracy depends on nearby access points in

6734-551: The range that employ that radio channel. While Ethernet has essentially negligible error rates, wireless communication media are subject to significant interference. Therefore, the accurate transmission is not guaranteed so delivery is, therefore, a best-effort delivery mechanism. Because of this, for Wi-Fi, the Logical Link Control (LLC) specified by IEEE 802.2 employs Wi-Fi's media access control (MAC) protocols to manage retries without relying on higher levels of

6825-504: The receiver uses the destination address to determine whether the transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored. A scheme known as carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) governs the way stations share channels. With CSMA/CA stations attempt to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be idle, but then transmit their packet data in its entirety. CSMA/CA cannot completely prevent collisions, as two stations may sense

6916-400: The same channel also means that the data bandwidth is shared, so for example, available throughput to each device is halved when two stations are actively transmitting. As with other IEEE 802 LANs, stations come programmed with a globally unique 48-bit MAC address. The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data packet. On the reception of a transmission,

7007-411: The same group that helped create the standard: Vic Hayes , Bruce Tuch, Cees Links , Rich McGinn, and others from Lucent . In the year 2000, Radiata, a group of Australian scientists connected to the CSIRO, were the first to use the 802.11a standard on chips connected to a Wi-Fi network. Wi-Fi uses a large number of patents held by many different organizations. Australia, the United States and

7098-515: The same wireless channel, SSID, and other settings that have wirelessly connected, usually to the same access point. Each BSS is identified by a MAC address called the BSSID . The IEEE does not test equipment for compliance with their standards. The Wi-Fi Alliance was formed in 1999 to establish and enforce standards for interoperability and backward compatibility , and to promote wireless local-area-network technology. The Wi-Fi Alliance enforces

7189-600: The same year, Grupo Sanborns announced that in 2023, it would close its SFA franchise store at Centro Santa Fe in Mexico City , the only store still operating in Mexico after the closure of the Polanco store two years earlier. A branch of Sears Mexico , also part of Grupo Sanborns, was to replace it, and staff were to be retained. In July 2024 Saks announced that it planned to acquire rival retailer Neiman Marcus in

7280-445: The structure. Similarly, battery-powered routers may include a mobile broadband modem and a Wi-Fi access point. When subscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearby Wi-Fi stations to access the Internet. Many smartphones have a built-in mobile hotspot capability of this sort, though carriers often disable the feature, or charge a separate fee to enable it. Standalone devices such as MiFi - and WiBro -branded devices provide

7371-477: The time of the separation, HBC named Marc Metrick, CEO of Saks, the ecommerce business. Metrick was previously president of Saks Fifth Avenue since 2015. In April, Saks announced that it would close all 27 of its fur salons, among which New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Beverly Hills, by the end of January 2022. The company also said that by January 2023, it would stop sales of products made from fur of wild animals or from animals raised for their fur. In August,

7462-428: The two malls is a 700 ft (0.21 km) enclosed bridge known as the "Skywalk" over Big Beaver Road. The enclosed, climate-controlled skybridge was one of the first of its kind in the country, featuring moving walks to move shoppers between Somerset Collection South and Somerset Collection North. Two years after Somerset North opened, Somerset South was renovated. In late 1998, Saks expanded by 40,000 sq ft and added

7553-762: The use of the Wi-Fi brand to technologies based on the IEEE 802.11 standards from the IEEE. Manufacturers with membership in the Wi-Fi Alliance, whose products pass the certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo. Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, the WPA and WPA2 security standards, and the EAP authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction with cellular-phone technology in converged devices, and features relating to security set-up, multimedia, and power-saving. Not every Wi-Fi device

7644-639: The world. The UK has planned a similar project across major cities of the country, with the project's first implementation in the London Borough of Camden . Officials in South Korea's capital Seoul were moving to provide free Internet access at more than 10,000 locations around the city, including outdoor public spaces, major streets, and densely populated residential areas. Seoul was planning to grant leases to KT, LG Telecom, and SK Telecom. The companies were supposed to invest $ 44 million in

7735-412: Was a fashion-focused middle market department store at 1293-1311 Broadway on Herald Square. The building, built in 1902, had seven stories and was designed by Buchman & Fox. The store was spun off from Saks & Company when that upscale retailer moved to Fifth Avenue, a location that Saks Fifth Avenue maintains to this day. The newly renamed Saks-34th Street was sold to Bernard F. Gimbel, and became

7826-450: Was acquired by the Hudson's Bay Company in 2013. As of March 2021 , Saks Fifth Avenue's brick-and-mortar stores and e-commerce platform operate as separate companies, distinguished as SFA and Saks, respectively, with an exclusive partnership. Saks Off 5th , originally a clearance store for Saks Fifth Avenue, is now a large off-price retailer in its own right. Andrew Saks

7917-494: Was based on Somerset Collection and is similar in design. Neither mall has kiosks. In December 2009, the Forbes Company acquired an adjacent site on which an open-air mixed-use development known as the Pavilions of Troy was proposed. Although plans were approved, the project did not move forward, and no further plans were announced. In 2012, calling it “strategic capital investments”, Saks renovated its store after it identified

8008-534: Was born to a German Jewish family, in Baltimore , Maryland . He worked as a peddler and paper boy before moving to Washington, D.C. , where at the age of only 20, and in the still-chaotic and tough economic times of 1867, two years after the United States prevailed in the American Civil War , he established a men's clothing store with his brother Isadore. A. Saks & Co. occupied a storefront in

8099-433: Was designed by the architectural firm Parkinson and Parkinson , with interiors by Paul R. Williams . The store opened in 1938. The store was immediately successful upon opening and it would subsequently expand to almost 74,000 square feet (6,900 m ) and employ 500 people. Williams created an interior reminiscent of his designs for luxurious private residences, with rooms lit by indirect lamps and footlights focused on

8190-573: Was developed in 1992 by a team of researchers from the Radiophysics Division of the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) in Australia, led by John O'Sullivan . A patent for Wi Fi was lodged by the CSIRO in 1992 The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and provided up to 2 Mbit/s link speeds. This was updated in 1999 with 802.11b to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds. In 1999,

8281-588: Was exiting. In 1997 SFA moved its main Houston store from the Saks Pavilion to The Galleria and added a new location at Town & Country. In the Dallas Galleria , Saks moved within the mall to a larger location. In addition to the former Field's locations, SFA Austin opened in 1997 and Fort Worth in 2000. In Florida in the 1990s, 7 Saks Fifth Avenue stores opened, for a total of 11 stores by

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