The House of Somov ( Russian : Сомовы ), also known as Somoff or Somow, is a Russian noble family descended from the Khans of the 14th century.
59-597: The House of Somov is descendant from Prince ( Mirza ) Oslan-Chelebey. Oslan left the Golden Horde to lead an army supporting the Prince of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy during wars with other principalities and against Tartar domination. He was baptized in 1389 and given the name Prokofiev . He went on to marry the daughter of Prince Dimitri's Stolnik (Zotik Zhitov), Maria Zotikova Zhitova. Together, they had five sons: Lev (nicknamed 'Wide Mouth'), Fiodr, Arseny (founder of
118-578: A Federation Council in July 1993 to gather regional representatives (except Chechnya ) to support an earlier draft of a replacement constitution to the 1978 document, this Federation Council was to become a permanent part of the legislature. The procedure of the formation of the Federation Council through elections held according to a majority system was defined by Presidential Decrees No. 1626, to take effect from 11 October 1993, "On Elections to
177-672: A law passed by the State Duma, the two chambers are mandated to form a Conciliation Committee in order to form a compromise bill, on which both houses would have to vote again. A two-thirds majority of Duma deputies can override the Federation Council's veto. Committees form a key component of the structure of the Council. Sixteen committees and seven commissions exist for senators to consider legislation and policy on several issues ranging from foreign affairs, federal affairs, and youth and sports. Leadership in these committees are determined by
236-604: A new law passed in December 2004 required that the chairman of the Federation Council must first initiate a recall procedure. The procedure has not been used since. On 1 January 2013, the latest Law on the Procedure to Form the Federation Council entered into force: according to the Law, the Federation Council consists of two delegates from each Russian constituent component, one representing the given region's legislative assembly and
295-448: A rebellious legislature, Yeltsin presented a new constitution. With the events of 1993 very much in mind, Yeltsin drafted a constitution that called for increased executive branch powers in prime ministerial appointments, veto overrides, and a stronger executive security council. The constitution also called for the creation of a bicameral Federal Assembly, consisting of a State Duma and a Federation Council. Although Yeltsin had created
354-683: A referendum on the new Constitution of the Russian Federation . With the constitution now in effect after its successful passage, elections for the Council were to be franchised solely to territorial authorities, with one senator elected from the subject's legislature, and the other by the subject's executive branch. This was later codified in 1995 when the Council's first term expired. The constitution, however, did not specify how senators were to be elected. By 1995, using this constitutional anomaly, regional executives could sit ex officio in both their regional executive posts and within
413-506: A reform law to change the makeup of the Council, which would allow regional governors to designate councillors but not sit on the Council themselves, freeing it from what Putin saw as blatant personal cronyism on the part of regional leaders. The Council furiously resisted Putin's plan, conscious that their role in federal politics, their very ability to enjoy the fruits of living within Moscow , and their parliamentary immunity would end. With
472-466: A say in choosing delegates to the Federation Council. Since 2000, the Federation Council has largely remained a stable body. However, critics have charged that Putin's tactics in reforming the Council were blatantly undemocratic and anti-federal, arguing that the reforms created a rubber stamp body for the executive branch and the ruling United Russia party , similar to what the Soviet of Nationalities
531-531: A total membership of 178 Senators. In addition, the Constitution also provides for senators from the Russian Federation, which can be no more than 30 (up to seven of them for life), as well as (optionally) former presidents as life senators (as of 2020 there are no such life senators). The council holds its sessions within the Main Building on Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street in Moscow , the former home of
590-402: Is used as a surname or prefix to identify patriarchal lineage. It is derived from the term Mirzadeh ( میرزادہ , lit. ' son of the master ' ). It is a historical royal and noble title, denoting the rank of a royal prince , high nobleman , distinguished military commander, or a scholar. Specifically, it was used as a title by (and today signifies patriarchal lineage to)
649-712: The Arseniev family; Russian : Арсеньевы ), Jacob Kremenetsky (founder of the Kremenetsky and Yanovtsevyh family), and Paul (founder of the Pavlovs family). Their son, Lev Prokofievich, had two sons himself: Zechariah (founder of the Rtishev, Russian : Ртищевы , and Zhdanovs families) and Andrey (nicknamed " Som ", Catfish, and founder of the Somov family). Fyodor was Voevoda of Verhoturie (1619) and his brother Ivan
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#1732779786662708-567: The Beslan school hostage crisis in September 2004, President Putin initiated a radical shakeup of the federal system , proposing that the direct elections of regional governors be replaced by appointments by the president himself. These appointments could later be confirmed or rejected by the regional legislatures. The move further placed more control over the Council by the executive branch, due to laws that stipulate that regional executives have
767-656: The Crimean Khanate ). The Shekhonskie-Somov family was an extinct princely family, originating from the Yaroslavl Princes of the Principality of Yaroslavl branch. According to P.N. Petrov's research, the Somov family descends from Shekhonskie princes, refuting the origins theory related to Prince Oslan-Chelebey. The Somov family is divided into several branches and is listed in genealogical records of
826-610: The Federal Assembly , and signing resolutions to be forwarded to the president or the State Duma . The current chairwoman is Valentina Matviyenko . Senators can retain membership in their respective parties. However, they are asked not to bring party factionalism to the floor itself. Since the reforms of 2000, the Council has enjoyed a significantly close relationship with the Kremlin , helping to pass key legislation
885-524: The Islamic faith, giving rise to the term "Muslim Rajputs". Rajput rulers were also granted the title Mirza on account of being high-ranked commanders in the Mughal military. The meaning of Mirza (Persian origin) is identical to the meaning of Rajput (Sanskrit Origin). Russian Senate The Federation Council , unofficially Senate , is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia ,
944-492: The Qajar period , the title simply marked a person as a clerk or a literate man of consequence. Writing in 1828, Frederic Shoberl records that "as a prefix to the name, it may be assumed by, or conferred on any person. It is right, however, to observe, that none but well-educated men, or such as follow respectable professions, or hold honourable posts, take the title of Mirza ." Three consecutive titular kings of Shirvan , of
1003-641: The Shirvanshah Dynasty (present-day Azerbaijan ), adopted the title as well following the death of Gurban Ali . The hereditary title of Mirza was adopted by the nobility class of the Circassians . Idar of Kabardia , also known as "Mirza Haydar Temruk Bey", was the great-grandson of Prince Inal – Sultan of Egypt the founder of the "Temruk dynasty" of the Kabardian princes, known in Russia as
1062-683: The Voronezh , Ekaterinoslav , Kazan , Kaluga , Kursk , Moscow , Novgorod , Orel , Saratov , Smolensk , Tambov , Tver , Tula , and Kharkov provinces. The Somov heraldry was included in the Armorial General of the Nobility of the Russian Empire (chapter IV, 110). Mirza (noble) Mirza ( / ˈ m ɜːr z ə / or / m ɪər ˈ z ɑː / ; Persian : میرزا ) is a multi-ethnic name of Persian origin. It
1121-460: The lower house being the State Duma . It was established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. Each of the 89 federal subjects of Russia (including two annexed in 2014 and four more in 2022 ), consisting of 24 republics , 48 oblasts , nine krais , three federal cities , four autonomous okrugs , and one autonomous oblast , sends two senators to the Council, for
1180-558: The "Cherkassky" a Circassian princely family. Circassian nobility with the name Mirza include: Princely Issues: Under Catherine the Great , empress of Russia , the Mirzas gained equal rights with the Russian nobility due to their extreme wealth. Abdul Mirza was given the title Prince Yusupov , and his descendant Prince Felix Yusupov married Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia ,
1239-643: The 15th century as an appellative term for members of the Timurid dynasty , adopted in deference to their progenitor, the Central Asian conqueror Timur , who used Amir as his principal title. During the early Timurid period , Mirza preceded a prince's given name, therefore adhering to the Persian fashion, though subsequently the Turkish style was adopted, with the title instead being placed after. This
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#17327797866621298-574: The 1807 Battle of Eylau, he commanded a brigade composed of the Polotsk , Tobolsk and Tula Musketeer Regiments and pushed the French out of the city. On 8 April 1807, he was awarded the Order of St. George , third degree (No. 149 by Chevalier list) as a, “great reward of bravery and courage, rendered in the battle against the French troops of the 26th and 27th of January at Eylau.”For other actions in
1357-413: The Council after they have been adopted by the State Duma, where most legislation is introduced. Special powers that are accorded only to senators of the Federation Council are: For laws to pass the Federation Council, a vote of more than half of its 178 senators is required. When considering federal constitutional laws, three-fourths of the Council's votes are required for passage. If the Council vetoes
1416-667: The Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" and No. 1846, from 6 November 1993, "On Specification to the Resolution on Elections of Deputies to the State Duma and Resolution on Elections of Deputies to the Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in 1993". Similar to the United States Senate , the Federation Council would consist of two representatives from each of Russia's federal subjects . Unlike
1475-643: The Department of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University (1854). He also attended classes at the Drawing School . After his schooling, he taught physics and mathematics until 1859. That year, he published the first accessible description of the art galleries of the Hermitage Museum . From 1872 to 1886, he issued a catalog of the art gallery of the Academy of Arts . He managed
1534-442: The Federal Assembly. Because of its federalist design and its voting franchise being strictly limited to provincial elites, the Council is viewed as less susceptible to radical changes. The Council is charged with cooperating with the State Duma in completing and voting on draft laws. Federal laws concerning budgets , customs regulations , credit monitoring, and the ratification of international treaties are to be considered by
1593-547: The Federation Council becomes the Acting President of the Russian Federation . The modern history of the Federation Council begins during the 1993 Constitutional Crisis that pitted President Boris Yeltsin's unpopular neoliberal and governmental structure reforms against the increasingly radical Congress of People's Deputies , the nation's legislature. Throughout the year, the congress had grown increasingly dissatisfied with Yeltsin and his cabinet's management of
1652-438: The Federation Council. While the State Duma held many of the serious debates on Russian policy during this time, the Council became a lobby for regional interests, competing for federal attention. The ascension of President Vladimir Putin following Yeltsin's resignation on 31 December 1999 brought many new changes to the Federation Council. As part of his top political goals in his first months of office in 2000, Putin proposed
1711-458: The Hermitage; during his tenure, he compiled a scientific catalog of the gallery (Vol. 1–3, 1889–95) and made a considerable contribution to the evolution of domestic museology and art . Somov gathered a notable collection of art pieces and porcelain during his life and lived in his own house at 97 Ekaterininsky Canal Embankment (present-day Griboedova Canal Embankment). He died in 1909 and
1770-565: The Kremlin desires. According to Article 98, all the members of the Council enjoy immunity from arrest, detainment, and searches. In 2007 the law regarding the Federation Council was amended, and now a senator must have resided for at least ten years in the territory being represented. The Federal Law defines the status of members of the Federation Council: "On Status of Members of the Council of Federation and Status of Deputy of
1829-768: The Mughal Emperors, the title Mirza was also adopted by the Muslim Rajputs of Northern India. Many of the Rajput imperial families were descendants of ancient warriors, who strategically formed blood alliances with Mughal aristocracy. The Rajputs were rulers of princely states comprising vast territories of Northern India, including the Punjab Region , Kashmir and Rajasthan . Inter-marriage between Mughal aristocracy and Rajput aristocracy became very common and various factions of Rajput kingdoms embraced
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1888-608: The Mīr' or 'child of the ruler'. Mīrzādeh in turn consists of the Arabic title Amīr (English: Emir ), meaning 'commander' and the Persian suffix -zādeh ( ـزاده , meaning 'son of' or 'lineage of'). Due to vowel harmony in Turkic languages , the alternative pronunciation Morza (plural morzalar ; derived from Persian ) is also used. Mirza first emerged during
1947-541: The Russian presidency, this practice was discontinued under pressure from the Kremlin , forbidding governors to hold dual posts. Terms of membership in the Council are also not nationally fixed, due to the continuing territorial nature of the chamber. Terms are determined according to the regional bodies they represent. In 2001–2004 regional bodies were able to recall their senator by the same procedure by which they appointed them. Such recalls once occurred quite often. But
2006-544: The Soviet State Building Agency ( Gosstroy ), with further offices and committee rooms located on New Arbat Avenue . The two houses of the Federal Assembly are physically separated, with the State Duma residing in another part of Moscow on Okhotny Ryad Street . Sessions of the Federation Council take place in Moscow from 25 January to 15 July and from 16 September to 31 December. Sessions are open to
2065-403: The State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation". The presidium consists of a chairman , four deputy chairmen , and a general secretary . Unlike the State Duma , with its division of parties and leaders, in 2002 parliamentary groups were forbidden, following Mironov's election to the chairmanship and the parliamentary procedures to disband all political factions, though
2124-416: The State Duma threatening to override a Council veto, and Putin's threats to open federal criminal investigations against regional governors, the Council backed down and grudgingly supported the law in July 2000. Consequently, a wave of new Kremlin-friendly senators took the vacated seats, with the full backing of Putin. The last of the dual senator-governors were rotated out of office in early 2002. Following
2183-460: The State Duma, which consisted of representatives from hundreds of districts nationwide, the Federation Council was to act as more or less the voice of Russia's federated subdivisions. Early debate on its creation centered on whether or not the Federation Council should be elected at all. To solve some problems on the Council's first scheduled election in December, Yeltsin issued Presidential Decree No. 1628, on 11 October, stipulating that candidates for
2242-443: The assembly, or by at least one-fifth of the assembly members. Then, the regional legislative assembly will vote to elect one of the nominated candidates. An amendment to the law was approved in July 2014, which added 17 more senators who are nominated by the president. The regional executive authority representative, the second type of delegate to the Federation Council, is appointed by the governor of that constituent component (or
2301-435: The first elections needed at least two percent, or 25,000 signatures—whichever was highest—of their oblast, republic, krai, autonomous okrug, or federal city population. This helped previous territorial elites remain within national politics. The decree also stipulated a single term of two years before new elections in 1995. The Council's first elections were held on 12 December 1993, simultaneously with State Duma elections and
2360-648: The floundering Russian economy , as well as with its plans for a new constitution for the Russian Federation to replace the Soviet -era 1978 Russian SFSR Constitution still in effect. Amidst the increasingly tense crisis, on 21 September, Yeltsin issued Presidential Decree No.1400. The decree effectively scrapped constitutional reform then in discussion, as well as legally dissolving the Congress of People's Deputies, ordering its replacement with an entirely new federal legislative structure, and granting
2419-417: The head of that autonomous republic). The delegate is selected from among three people named by the candidates for the office of governor/head of the concerned region. The winner of the gubernatorial/republican leadership election then appoints one of the three delegates previously named for appointment to the Council as a senator from said region. The Federation Council is viewed as the more formal chamber of
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2478-490: The members are affiliated with some major Russian political parties. Unlike the State Duma and the provincial legislatures throughout Russia , the Council is not directly elected but instead is chosen by territorial politicians, resembling in some respects the structure of the U.S. Senate before the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The only exclusion to this was the first Federation council (1994–1996), which
2537-648: The mother of Eudoxia Alexeievna Chirikova (d. 1703), wife of the first Count of the Russian Empire , Boris Sheremetev . She is the ancestor of various nobles and princely Russian families, including: Count Mikhail Borisovich Sheremetev, Princess Sofía Borisovna Urusov (Khanate of Nogai ), Countess Ana Borisovna Golovin , the House of Dolgorukov family, the Apraxine family, and the Naryshkin family . Evsievy
2596-775: The office of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1863 to 1886 and taught art history at the Higher Women's Courses (Bestuzhev Courses) from 1883 to 1889. From 1883 to 1890, Somov edited the Vestnik Izyaschnykh Iskusstv (Fine Arts Herald) journal. In 1878, he was elected a Fellow of the Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1886, he assumed the post of Chief Custodian of the art gallery of
2655-655: The only niece of Tsar Nicholas II . The title Mirza was borne by an imperial prince. It was adopted as part of ones name, implying relationship to the Mongol dynasties like the Mughal dynasty (the Imperial House of Timur ). In the traditional naming sequence of the Indian royal families, the title can be placed both before the name and after it, such as Prince Mirza Mughal or Prince Kamran Mirza . Prince Khusrau Mirza
2714-474: The other representing the provincial executive authorities. There will be two different election procedures, one for each member type. (Federal Law No. 229, art. 1.1.) A candidate for the Senator from a constituent component's legislature must be a member of the component region's legislative assembly. Candidates are nominated by the chairman of the regional legislative assembly, by one party faction represented in
2773-532: The president increased executive powers. Following a war of words and acts of defiance from both sides, President Yeltsin abruptly ended the governmental power struggle by ordering the Russian army to bombard and storm the White House of Russia , the legislative building, between 2–4 October 1993. Following the crushing of the Congress of People's Deputies and other members of the federal and territorial governments who had initially supported what he viewed as
2832-401: The public, although the location of sessions can change if the Federation Council so desires, and secure closed sessions may be convoked. For purposes of succession , the speaker ( chairman ) of the Federation Council is the third-highest position in the Russian Federation, after the president and the prime minister. In the case of incapacity of the president and prime minister, the chairman of
2891-719: The rank of Second Major . In 1794, he was promoted to Prime Major ; and in 1797, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel . On October 3rd, 1798, Colonel Somov was the chief of the Kamchatka Garrison Battalion and on June 8th, 1799 received the rank of Major General . On the 21st of January 1803, Somov was appointed chief of the Tula Musketeer Regiment (1806-1807), which fought against the French Army in Eastern Prussia .At
2950-602: The treasure was found by workers who were restoring the palace. Members of the Naryshkin and Somov family claimed it. Eudoxia was born in 1850 in Alexandrovsk-Lugansk. She was 1st Princess of Orbeliani (widow of Alexander Orbeliani ) and 2nd Princess of Murat, marrying Prince Louis Napoléon Murat , grandson of Joachim Murat . She was the daughter of Cap . Mihail Alexandrovich Somov ( Marshal of Nobility ) and Princess Maria Pavlovna Chirinsky-Chikhmatov (of
3009-805: The various Persian Empires , the Nogai Horde , Shirvanshahs and Circassians of the European Caucasus, the Mughals / Moguls and Muslim Rajputs of the Indian Subcontinent. It was also a title bestowed upon members of the highest aristocracies in Tatar states, such as the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan . The original title Mīrzā or Merzāh is derived from the Persian term Mīrzādeh which literally means 'child of
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#17327797866623068-439: The war Somov was awarded a gold sword with the inscription “For Bravery” on December 1, 1807. Somov retired in 1809 and died in 1815. Juliana was Princess Galitzina, married to Prince Nikolai Borisovich Galitzine (1802-1876). Afanasy was a Senator and Governor of Tver . Andrey Ivanovich was an art historian , museum worker, and collector. He graduated from Larin's Gymnasium in St. Petersburg , his city of birth, and
3127-423: Was Voevoda of Kozelsk and Lihvina (1616-1619). Son of the last Fyodor, he was a Voevoda of Yelets Sviyazhsk and Ufa (1650-1664). Parfeny was a Voevoda of Vahe (1666) and Lomov (1676) and, later, the clerk of the Russian Council ( Russian : Думный дворянин ). Matvei was a steward and Voevoda in Viazma (1679). Feodosia was the daughter of Pavel Stepanovich and Maria Verigin (Princess Volkonsky ´s daughter) and
3186-427: Was buried at Novodevichye Cemetery in Moscow . His son was an artist, K.A. Somov . Sergey was Chamberlain of the Imperial Court, and was the last Marshal of Nobility of Saint Petersburg. He was Afanasy Nikolaievich 's nephew. His son, Sergey Sergeievich Somov, and his wife, Natalia Vasilievna Naryshkin , hid a valuable treasure in the Naryshkin-Trubetskoy Palace before immigrating to France. In April 2012,
3245-415: Was continued by later rulers such as the Aq Qoyunlus , Safavids , Ottomans and Mughals . Originally restricted to only kings and princes, the title eventually spread among other social groups, though only the former could have it placed after their given name. During the 16th century, the Safavids conferred it upon high-ranking viziers such as Mirza Shah Hossein and Mirza Ata-Allah Isfahani . By
3304-404: Was during the Soviet period. As set in Article 101 of the Russian Constitution , the Federation Council "shall elect among its deputies the chairman of the Council." Some of the Chairman's official duties include presiding over sessions, formulating and introducing draft agendas, issuing orders and consulting with the Council's various committees, acting as the Council's official representative in
3363-431: Was elected on 12 December 1993. According to Article 95, the Council comprises representatives of each Russian federal subject—two from each. The provincial legislature elects one senator, and the other is nominated by the provincial governor and confirmed by the legislature. Before 2000, all provincial governors and heads of provincial legislatures were also members of the Council. Upon President Putin's ascension to
3422-455: Was the Stolnik of Tsaritsa for Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina , the second spouse of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich . Nadieshda was Princess Dolgorukova and married to Prince Ivan Aleksievich Dolgorukov ( Russian : Долгоруковы ) (d. 1783). Andrey was a Major General and hero of the Battle of Eylau during the War of the Fourth Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars . He served in the infantry during his 1775 military service. In 1790, he received
3481-436: Was the grandson of Emperor Babur ( Babur Mirza), son of Emperor Jahangir and a brother of Emperor Shah Jahan . Emperor Akbar Shah II was known as Prince Mirza Akbar before his coronation. Emperor Babur took the imperial title of Badshah on 6 March 1508, before which he used the title Mirza . The archaic Bengali form of Mirza was Mridha in Bengal and Bihar . Originally being adversaries and opponents to
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