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60-702: The Songdo a smart city features amenities across the district. Homages of architectural hallmarks, including New York City's Central Park and Venice's waterways , will also be incorporated. Many of the buildings were constructed as LEED -certified space, the green building certification by the United States Green Building Council . Today, Songdo is a community of 167,000 residents located within one of three Free Economic Zones (IFEZ) in Incheon, South Korea. The project has been approximately 86% completed. Aside from residential areas,

120-405: A "dynamic resilient grid." Smart grids are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power. Energy Data Management Systems (EDMS) can help to save cities energy by recording data and using it to increase efficiency. For a smart city to function, it

180-522: A $ 38 billion economic stimulus package in January 2009, with over 80% of the total earmarked for green investment. The Framework Act for Low Carbon Green Growth, passed by Korea's National Assembly in 2010, increased this to $ 83.6 billion spanning five years. Under this initiative, the Songdo IBD is being developed as a sustainable city with more than 40% of its area reserved for green space, including

240-535: A city saves time and flexibility by driving, the resultant excessive driving of the community causes traffic congestion and environmental issues . This situation is worsened when public transportation services get little attention due to the use of personal vehicles. Philosophical predecessors of smart cities can be found in utopian works such as New Atlantis (1626). Another was Ebenezer Howard 's 1898 concept of Garden Cities . These were dense, size-limited cities founded in rural areas by private groups, combining

300-439: A conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens. Yet, the term is open to many interpretations. Many cities have already adopted some sort of smart city technology. Smart city initiatives have been criticized as driven by corporations, poorly adapted to residents' needs, as largely unsuccessful, and as a move toward totalitarian surveillance . Historically, cities functioned as centers of innovation, and

360-694: A fund within the UNFCCC framework. Its governing instrument was adopted at the 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 17) in Durban, South Africa . During COP-16 in Cancun, the matter of governing the GCF was entrusted to the newly founded Green Climate Fund Board, and the World Bank was chosen as the temporary trustee. To develop a design for the functioning of the GCF, the "Transitional Committee for

420-507: A key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities. According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the Edison Electric Institute , two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and

480-620: A lion's share of the cost of climate mitigation worldwide, including costs of the transition of less developed and least developed countries . A number of civil society groups determined that the United States and the European Union are morally responsible for at least 54% of the cost of mitigating climate change-driven disaster damage in the Global South . Others have argued that wealthier countries should help finance

540-655: A smart city (or other community) uses information technologies to: They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of human intelligence , collective intelligence , and also artificial intelligence within the city . According to Mitchell, the intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital telecommunication networks (the nerves), ubiquitously embedded intelligence (the brain), sensors and tags (the sensory organs), and software (the knowledge and cognitive competence)". The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure

600-490: A smart city involves modifications in planning, management, and operational processes. This data can subsequently be analyzed to identify areas for improvement and optimize urban services. The concept of smart cities emerged from cities' adoption of information and communications technologies. ICTs present challenges given financial limitations, technical obstacles, and privacy and security concerns. ICTs are also not uniformly accessible across communities, contributing to

660-699: A smart city is built on the integration of people, technology, and processes, which connect and interact across sectors such as healthcare, transportation, education, and infrastructure, etc. Smart cities are characterized by the ways in which their local governments monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In a smart city, the sharing of data extends to businesses, citizens and other third parties who can derive benefit from using that data. The three largest sources of spending associated with smart cities as of 2022 were visual surveillance , public transit, and outdoor lighting. Smart cities integrate information and communication technology (ICT), and devices connected to

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720-647: A staging ground for migratory waders as they traveled between the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Smart city A smart city is an urban area that uses digital technology to collect data and to operate/provide services. Data can be collected from citizens, devices, buildings, cameras. Applications include traffic and transportation systems , power plants, utilities , urban forestry , water supply networks , waste disposal , criminal investigations, information systems , schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services . The foundation of

780-745: Is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities. Since mobility is a key area of smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary. A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange. Numerous Smart city programs also focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones. This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services

840-532: Is echoed by a number of civil society organizations. In 2023, the Executive Director announced a series of reforms aimed at making the Fund more efficient and positioned to deliver greater impact. Wealthier, industrialized countries have been the countries responsible for most greenhouse gas emissions. As a consequence, it has been argued that these countries are morally responsible to pay for

900-758: Is necessary for it to manage an enormous amount of data collected through the embedded devices and systems in its environment. This is also important for the cities growth and security. Smart cities use a variety of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies, in conjunction with data security and privacy measures, in attempting to encourage innovation and improve citizens' quality of life. This can relate to topics including utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services. Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to

960-628: Is no strict definition of this term, which has already led to serious problems in evaluating the additionality of emission reductions through CDM projects , leading to counter-productivity, and even fraud . While climate finance usually only counts pledges from developed countries, the US$ 10.3 billion pledged to the GCF also includes some (relatively small) contributions from developing countries. At its board meeting in South Korea held in March 2015,

1020-515: Is one concept of a smart city that provides access to public services through any connected device, bringing easy accessibility to every infrastructure. Criticisms of smart cities include: Green Climate Fund The Green Climate Fund ( GCF ) is a fund for climate finance that was established within the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Considered

1080-406: Is projected population growth. The UN forecasts global population to reach 9.6 to 13.2 billion by 2100, with cities absorbing 80% of this growth. An important goal of smart city initiatives is to use ICTs to address the tragedy of the commons problem. This phenomenon occurs when individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete a communal resource. For example, while each individual driver in

1140-507: Is quick with the 12.3 km Incheon Bridge , transportation via subway to Seoul is less direct and requires multiple transfers but two Red class commuter buses offer direct routes to the capital city. In 2003, Birds Korea called for a halt to the reclamation project due to concerns of potential losses of important tidal flats . Prior to reclamation, the Songdo tidal flats had supported several threatened waterbird species, and provided

1200-426: Is realized through: Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city. A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure. Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in

1260-618: Is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living. A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, robotics , IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity. Intelligence in smart cities has been demonstrated in three ways: Examples of instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in Amsterdam . This

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1320-468: Is the Fund's Executive Director. The Green Climate Fund supports projects and other activities in developing countries using thematic funding windows . It is intended that the Green Climate Fund be the centrepiece of efforts to raise climate finance under the UNFCCC. There are four other, smaller multilateral climate funds for paying out money in climate finance which are coordinated by

1380-526: Is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass but can even be done by means of ANPR cameras connected to the bollard system. According to McKinsey, smart city initiatives can have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors. The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success. For example, arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning. Innovation

1440-479: Is worked in to city planning. The development of a knowledge economy is also central to Smart city projects. Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development. Smart cities leverage a number of technologies: Additional supporting technology and trends include remote work , telehealth , the blockchain , and online banking technology, A "ubiquitous city"(U-city)

1500-893: The European Union . The 2015 Chancellor’s Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest £140 million in smart cities and IoT. Smart city competitions were launched in the 2010s by Bloomberg Philanthropies , the Rockefeller Foundation , and the United States Department of Transportation . In 2016, AT&T launched an alliance with Cisco, Deloitte , Ericsson , General Electric , IBM, Intel , and Qualcomm , with municipal partners Atlanta, Georgia ; Chicago, Illinois ; and Dallas, Texas . Key characteristics that define innovative urban environments include: It has been suggested that

1560-485: The Internet of things (IOT) network to optimize city services and connect to citizens. ICT can be used to enhance quality, performance, and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to increase contact between citizens and government. Smart city applications manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses. A smart city may be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with

1620-689: The Jack Nicklaus Golf Club Korea which hosted the Presidents Cup in 2015 is also certified. Songdo IBD alone represents 40% of all LEED-certified space in South Korea. In addition, Songdo IBD utilizes a pneumatic waste disposal system . This means no garbage cans on street corners, and no garbage trucks. Instead, garbage is thrown into pipes that will suck the garbage underground, disposing of waste, and recycling what can be recycled. There are also 25 km of bike paths and charging stations for electric vehicles throughout

1680-802: The UNFCCC . These are the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Adaptation Fund (AF), the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The GCF is the largest of these five funds. Countries agreed to mobilise $ 100 billion a year by 2020 in climate finance, some of which has been mobilised through the GCF. Uncertainty over where this money would come from led to

1740-405: The digital divide . No commonly accepted definition of "smart city" has emerged. Evaluating smart city initiatives becomes difficult without agreement on parameters. It also hampers the ability to compare projects and identify best practices. Deakin and Al Waer list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city: Deakin defines the smart city as one that uses ICT to meet

1800-453: The Fund will ultimately use a broad range of financial instruments. However, several developing countries and non-governmental organizations have suggested that the PSF should focus on "pro-poor climate finance" that addresses the difficulties faced by micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries. This emphasis on encouraging the domestic private sector is also written into

1860-624: The GCF has raised several issues. These include ongoing questions on how funds will be raised, the role of the private sector, the level of "country ownership" of resources, and the transparency of the Board itself. In addition, questions have been raised about the need for yet another new international climate institution which may further fragment public dollars that are put toward mitigation and adaptation annually. The Fund's initial investments have met with mixed responses. But in at least one case it also drew praise for involving local communities in

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1920-465: The GCF refused an explicit ban on fossil fuel projects, effectively allowing for the funding of coal plants. Japan, China, and Saudi Arabia opposed the ban. The Fund's former director Héla Cheikhrouhou has complained that the Fund is backing too many "business-as-usual types of investment proposals", a view echoed by a number of civil society organizations. The Fund is also pledged to offer "balanced" support to adaptation and mitigation, although there

1980-412: The GCF's Governing Instrument, its founding document. The Cancun agreements clearly specify that the funds provided to the developing countries as climate finance, including through the GCF, should be "new" and "additional" to existing development aid. The condition of funds having to be new means that pledges should come on top of those made in previous years. As far as additionality is concerned, there

2040-532: The Green Climate Fund" was established in Cancun too. The committee met four times throughout the year 2011, and submitted a report to the 17th COP in Durban, South Africa. Based on this report, the COP decided that the "GCF would become an operating entity of the financial mechanism" of the UNFCCC, and that on COP-18 in 2012, the necessary rules should be adopted to ensure that the GCF "is accountable to and functions under

2100-716: The IBM Smarter Cities Challenge. In 2010, Cisco Systems , with $ 25 million from the Clinton Foundation , established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona attracted 6000 people from 50 countries. The European Commission in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in

2160-455: The UNFCCC. These include the Adaptation Fund (AF), the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The GCF is the largest of these five funds. As of Dec 2023, the GCF had a portfolio of 13.5 billion USD (51.9 billion USD including co-financing). The process of designing the GCF has raised several issues. These include ongoing questions on how funds will be raised,

2220-624: The US to contributing US$ 3 billion to the fund. In January 2017, in his final three days in office, Obama initiated the transfer of a second $ 500m installment to the fund, leaving $ 2 billion owing. Former U.S. President Donald Trump in his announcement of U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on 1 June 2017, also criticized the Green Climate Fund, calling it a scheme to redistribute wealth from rich to poor countries. (as of July 2023) ($ million, as of July 2023) The process of designing

2280-535: The advent of the digital era presented opportunities and challenges to apply technology to create urban environments that are more efficient, sustainable , and livable. The shift to smart cities necessitates a comprehensive restructuring of city management and operations, leading citizen participation , and methods of public service delivery. Cities seek to upgrade their infrastructure and service delivery, to promote social inclusion, technological adoption, and economic development. The transformation into

2340-513: The benefits of the city and the country. Other conceptions include those of Edward Bellamy , Frank Lloyd Wright , and Le Corbusier . Critics of smart cities draw parallels between the weaknesses of these utopian visions and the weaknesses of smart cities today. The concept of "smart cities" emerged from global cities' recent adoption of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments. Some of

2400-416: The city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even positive energy districts that produce more energy than they consume. A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, smart buildings , distributed energy resources (DER), data analytics , and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play

2460-624: The city is not yet complete, Songdo IBD is home to 106 LEED certified buildings that fall under 12 projects, or 22 million sq ft of LEED-certified space. This number includes several 'firsts' for LEED in Korea and Asia, including the first LEED-certified hotel in Korea (the Sheraton Incheon ), the first certified residential tower in Korea (Central Park 1), and the first certified convention hall in Asia ( Convensia ). The 50,000 sq ft clubhouse for

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2520-898: The city. In October 2012, Songdo IBD was selected to become the home to the United Nations Green Climate Fund (GCF). One of the reasons for selection is the environmental-friendly practices that were incorporated into the city's foundation. Being selected for the GCF marked the first time a large global environmental agency would be hosted in Asia. A parallel between The GCF and the World Bank can be drawn, as The GCF offers financial aid to developing countries in their quest to combat climate change . South Korea beat out 5 other competitors for this opportunity, as part of former South Korean President Lee Myung-Bak 's initiative for green growth in Korea. The other competing countries were Germany, Switzerland, Mexico, Namibia, and Poland. According to Chief Secretary Kim Sang-hyup,

2580-610: The countries where projects and programmes will be taking place. The GCF Board was also charged with establishing an independent secretariat and the permanent trustee of the GCF. The fund partners with 84 organizations that include commercial and development banks , state agencies and civil society groups, which pilot and execute innovative approaches to climate programs. There are other multilateral climate funds (i.e. governed by multiple national governments) which are important for paying out money in climate finance . As of 2022, there are five multilateral climate funds coordinated by

2640-602: The creation of a High Level Advisory Group on Climate Financing (AGF) by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in February 2010. There is no formal connection between AGF and GCF, although its report is one source for debates on "resource mobilisation" for the GCF, an item that will be discussed at the GCF October 2013 Board meeting. Disputes also remain as to whether the funding target will be based on public sources, or whether "leveraged" private finance will be counted towards

2700-455: The database and build their own applications based on that data. Electronic cards (known as smart cards ) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or e-services ) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate data about citizens and their preferences to improve

2760-549: The demands of the market (the citizens of the city), based on community involvement. Studies of smart city projects can be used as an alternative to difficult-to-define broad definitions in order to clarify what smart cities are. Notable disparities among smart city definitions include the relative focus on economic advantages versus environmental or social benefits and specific technology choices. Smart city definitions include: The main issues surrounding smart city research include: An important motivation for smart cities

2820-588: The district was planned to contain 80,000 apartments, 5,000,000 m (50,000,000 sq ft) of office space, and 900,000 m (10,000,000 sq ft) of retail space. The 65-floor Northeast Asia Trade Tower became South Korea's tallest building. Computers have been built into the houses, streets, and offices as part of a wide area network . The Songdo IBD was part of former President Lee Myung-bak 's effort to promote green and low-carbon growth as an avenue for future development after 60 years of reliance on export-oriented manufacturing. The nation launched

2880-764: The earliest interventions in urban planning include the use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in Los Angeles in the late 1960's and the establishment by Singapore of the National Computer Board in 1981. The smart city concept experienced a major surge around 2005. Tech companies sought to create information systems to enhance operational efficiency for cities. A global movement emerged advocating smart cities. IBM launched its Smarter Planet marketing initiative in 2008, which included

2940-743: The first overseas university that opened in Korea, the State University of New York, Stony Brook. The schools will be funded by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy, the Incheon Free Economic Zone and the Incheon Metropolitan Government. The development is part of a $ 35 billion effort by the Korean government to form an international business district that houses competitive universities from around

3000-524: The formulation of an adaptation project, and for incorporating consumer protection into a plan for off-grid solar energy. One of the most controversial aspects of the GCF concerns the creation of the Fund's Private Sector Facility (PSF). Many of the developed countries represented on the GCF board advocate a PSF that appeals to capital markets, in particular the pension funds and other institutional investors that control trillions of dollars that pass through Wall Street and other financial centers. They hope that

3060-543: The guidance of the COP". Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute state that without this last minute agreement on a governing instrument for the GCF, the "African COP" would have been considered a failure. Furthermore, the GCF Board was tasked with developing rules and procedures for the disbursement of funds, ensuring that these should be consistent with the national objectives of

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3120-581: The location is also home to a Global Campus, Pharma Hub, Startup Center, and international organizations such as the Green Climate Fund . Built on 600 ha (1,500 acres) of land reclaimed from the Yellow Sea off Incheon, about 56 km (35 mi) from the South's capital Seoul, Songdo district was one the largest private real estate developments in history. By its completion date in 2015,

3180-519: The park of 40 ha (100 acres), 26 km (16 mi) of bicycling lanes, numerous charging stations for electric vehicles and a waste collection system that eliminates the need for trash trucks. Also, it is the first district in Korea to have all of its major buildings on par or beyond LEED 's requirements. Three additional foreign university campuses opened in 2014, for a total of four total universities located within an international business district some 60 km (40 mi) from Seoul, including

3240-842: The provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton. Cognitive technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning , can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings. Bicycle-sharing systems are an important element in smart cities. Intelligent transportation systems and CCTV systems are also being developed. Retractable bollards allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers

3300-423: The role of the private sector, the level of "country ownership" of resources, and the transparency of the Board itself. Also, this additional international climate institution might further fragment taxpayer's money that is put towards climate action . The Fund's former director Héla Cheikhrouhou has complained in 2016 that the Fund is backing too many "business-as-usual types of investment proposals". This view

3360-533: The total. As of February 2020, a total of US$ 10.3 billion was pledged and US$ 8.24 billion confirmed, as part of the Initial Resource Mobilization (IRM) period. As of Dec 2023, the GCF had a portfolio of 13.5 billion USD (51.9 billion USD including co-financing).   The lack of pledged funds and potential reliance on the private sector is controversial and has been criticized by developing countries. U.S. President Obama committed

3420-516: The transition of less developed and least developed countries because the former can more realistically afford the substantial investment now urgently needed for the transition. The Copenhagen Accord , established during the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference ( COP-15 ) in Copenhagen mentioned the "Copenhagen Green Climate Fund". The fund was formally established during the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancun as

3480-444: The win for selection came at only 10 days before the decision was due, and mainly because the United States decided to lend its support to Korea. Songdo IBD has wide roads and a high number of bicycle paths and walkways. The district is served by buses and by Incheon Metro Line 1, with six stations (another will be added in 2021), some with elegant interiors and interior sky-lit vistas. Although travel to Incheon International Airport

3540-454: The world's largest fund of its kind, GCF's objective is to assist developing countries with climate change adaptation and mitigation activities. The GCF is an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC. It is based in Songdo , Incheon , South Korea. It is governed by a Board of 24 members and supported by a Secretariat. Mafalda Duarte , a Portuguese development economist,

3600-569: The world. In spring 2014, George Mason University (Fairfax, Virginia) opened its Korean campus in Songdo to support undergraduate academic interests and professional development programming for local corporations. Additionally, University of Utah anticipated opening a satellite campus in March 2014 with several American bachelor's degrees offered in Social Sciences, along with an M.A. in Applied Linguistics Though

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