52-675: Sonderaktion Krakau was a German operation against professors and academics of the Jagiellonian University and other universities in German-occupied Kraków , Poland , at the beginning of World War II . It was carried out as part of the much broader action plan, the Intelligenzaktion , to eradicate the Polish intellectual elite, especially in those centers (such as Kraków) that were intended by
104-649: A legal deposit library, comparable to the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford or Cambridge University Library or Trinity College Library in Dublin , and thus has the right to receive a copy of any book issued by Polish publishers within Poland. In 1940, the library finally obtained a new building of its own, which has subsequently been expanded on two occasions, most recently in 1995–2001. During
156-531: A major centre for education in the independent Republic of Poland , the university attained government support for the purchase of building plots for new premises, as a result of which a number of residencies were built for students and professors alike. However, of all the projects begun during this era, the most important would have to be the creation of the Jagiellonian Library . The library's monumental building, construction of which began in 1931,
208-627: A number of additional institutes: Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum is affiliated with the following hospitals and clinics: The new seat of the University Hospital has been recently opened at Prokocim in 2019, as a result of more than 1.2 billion zloty investment projects. As 2022 the University Hospital in Krakow is the biggest supra-regional public hospital in Poland and comprises: 37 clinical departments, 12 diagnostic and research institutes, and 71 out-patient units. In 1851,
260-686: A significant number of medieval and Renaissance art pieces and manuscripts, including the landmark De revolutionibus orbium coelestium by the university alumnus Nicolaus Copernicus . In addition to Copernicus, the university's notable alumni include heads of state King John III Sobieski , Pope John Paul II , and Andrzej Duda ; Polish prime ministers Beata Szydło and Józef Cyrankiewicz ; renowned cultural figures Jan Kochanowski , Stanisław Lem , and Krzysztof Penderecki ; and leading intellectuals and researchers such as Hugo Kołłątaj , Bronisław Malinowski , Carl Menger , Leo Sternbach , and Norman Davies . Four Nobel laureates have been affiliated with
312-591: A simultaneous document was issued by the city council granting privileges to the Studium Generale . Development of the University of Kraków stalled upon the death of Casimir III, and lectures were held in various places across the city, including, amongst others, in professors' houses, churches and in the cathedral school on the Wawel Hill. It is believed that the construction of a building to house
364-564: Is almost certainly the one during which the closure of the institution seemed most imminent. After the third partition of Poland in 1795 and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars , Kraków became a free city under the protection of the Austrian Empire ; this, however, was not to last long. In 1846, after the Kraków Uprising , the city and its university became part of the Austrian Empire . The Austrians were in many ways hostile to
416-697: Is organized by the Zaremba Association of Mathematicians. Leon Sternbach Leon Sternbach (2 July 1864, in Drohobych – 20 February 1940, in Sachsenhausen concentration camp ) was a Polish philologist and classicist , professor at Jagiellonian University , and member of Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences . Leon Sternbach was of Jewish descent and had studied in Leipzig , Dresden and Vienna from 1882 to 1886. He initiated
468-548: Is the oldest university in Poland and one of the oldest universities in continuous operation in the world . The university grounds contain the Kraków Old Town , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The university has been viewed as a vanguard of Polish culture as well as a significant contributor to the intellectual heritage of Europe. The campus of the Jagiellonian University is centrally located within
520-698: The Charles University in Prague . By 1520 Greek philology was introduced by Constanzo Claretti and Wenzel von Hirschberg; Hebrew was also taught. At this time, the Collegium Maius consisted of seven reading rooms, six of which were named for the great ancient scholars: Aristotle , Socrates , Plato , Galen , Ptolemy , and Pythagoras . Furthermore, it was during this period that the faculties of Law, Medicine, Theology, and Philosophy were established in their own premises; two of these buildings,
572-538: The Collegium Iuridicum and Collegium Minus , survive to this day. The golden era of the University of Kraków took place during the Polish Renaissance , between 1500 and 1535, when it was attended by 3,215 students in the first decade of the 16th century, and it was in these years that the foundations for the Jagiellonian Library were set, which allowed for the addition of a library floor to
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#1732787874775624-421: The Collegium Maius . The library's original rooms in which all books were chained to their cases in order to prevent theft are no longer used as such. However, they are still occasionally open to hosting visiting lecturers' talks. As the university's popularity, along with that of the ever more provincial Kraków's, declined in later centuries, the number of students attending the university also fell and, as such,
676-770: The Jagiellonian Library ( Biblioteka Jagiellońska ), is one of Poland's largest, with almost 6.5 million volumes; it is a constituent of the Polish National Libraries system. It is home to a world-renowned collection of medieval manuscripts, which includes Copernicus' De Revolutionibus , the Balthasar Behem Codex and the Berlinka . The library also has an extensive collection of underground political literature (so-called drugi obieg or samizdat ) from Poland's period of Communist rule between 1945 and 1989. The beginning of
728-582: The Second World War , library workers cooperated with underground universities . Since the 1990s, the library's collection has become increasingly digitised. In addition to the Jagiellonian Library, the university maintains a large medical library ( Biblioteka Medyczna ) and many other subject specialised libraries in its various faculties and institutes. Finally, the collections of the university libraries' collections are enriched by
780-549: The Studium Generale began on Plac Wolnica in what is today the district of Kazimierz. After a period of low interest and lack of funds, the institution was restored in the 1390s by Jadwiga , king of Poland, the daughter of Louis the Great . The royal couple, Jadwiga and her husband Władysław II Jagiełło decided that, instead of building new premises for the university, it would be better to buy an existing edifice; it
832-1047: The University of Cambridge , University of Melbourne , University of Chicago , University of California, Los Angeles , London School of Economics , University of Rochester , University of California, Irvine , Case Western Reserve University . In the French-speaking world, partner universities include the Sorbonne , University of Montpellier . UJ also maintains strong academic partnership with Heidelberg University , Germany's oldest university. The Jagiellonian University offers specializations in German law, in conjunction with Heidelberg University and Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz . Other cooperation agreements exist with Charles University Prague , University of Vienna , University of Tokyo , Saint Petersburg State University , Technical University of Munich , and Free University of Berlin . The university's main library,
884-539: The city of Kraków . The university consists of thirteen main faculties, in addition to three faculties composing the Collegium Medicum . It employs roughly 4,000 academics and provides education to more than 35,000 students who study in 166 fields. The main language of instruction is Polish, although around 30 degrees are offered in English and some in German. The university library and Collegium Novium house
936-574: The Germans to become culturally German. It is not clear if Sonderaktion Krakau (special operation Kraków) was the actual German codename. The reason for the detention was communicated to professors in the concentration camp. Soon after the establishment of the German occupation of Poland , following the invasion of Poland , on 19 October 1939, the Senate of the Jagiellonian University decided to open
988-454: The Great realised that the nation needed a class of educated people, especially lawyers, who could arrange a better set of the country's laws and administer the courts and offices. His efforts to found an institution of higher learning in Poland were rewarded when Pope Urban V granted him permission to set up a university in Kraków. A royal charter of foundation was issued on 12 May 1364, and
1040-483: The Jagiellonian Library is traditionally considered the same as that of the entire university – in 1364; however, instead of having one central library it had several smaller branches at buildings of various departments (the largest collection was in Collegium Maius , where works related to theology and liberal arts were kept). After 1775, during the reforms of Komisja Edukacji Narodowej , which established
1092-533: The Jagiellonian University successfully completed the purchase of its first building plot in Pychowice , Kraków, where, from 2000, construction began of a new complex of university buildings, the so-called Third Campus. The new campus, officially named the '600th Anniversary Campus', was developed in conjunction with the new LifeScience Park, which is managed by the Jagiellonian Centre for Innovation,
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#17327878747751144-510: The Rector of the university lays wreaths to honor those who suffered. Below is a partial list of selected prominent academics and university graduates arrested on 6 November 1939. Jagiellonian University The Jagiellonian University ( Polish : Uniwersytet Jagielloński , UJ ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland . Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great , it
1196-459: The academic year, and attended their own meeting in a different room. The academics filled the hall but no Vortrag (lecture) on education was given. Instead, they were told by Müller that the university did not have permission to start a new academic year and that Poles were hostile toward German science and acted in bad faith. They were arrested on the spot by armed policemen, frisked, and escorted out. Some senior professors were kicked, slapped in
1248-494: The attendance record set in the early 16th-century wasn't surpassed until the late 18th century. This phenomenon was recorded as part of a more general economic and political decline seen in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , which was suffering from the effects of poor governance and the policies of hostile neighbors at the time. In fact, despite a number of expansion projects during the late 18th century, many of
1300-552: The beginning of the 15th century. The Collegium Maius' qualities, many of which directly contributed to the sheltered, academic atmosphere at the university, became widely respected, helping the university establish its reputation as a place of learning in Central Europe . For several centuries, almost the entire intellectual elite of Poland was educated at the university, where they enjoyed particular royal favors. While it was, and largely remains, Polish students who make up
1352-492: The detention center ( Untersuchungsgefängnis , at the Świebodzka 1 Street), and the Strafgefängnis penal complex at Kleczkowska 35. The Gestapo were unprepared for such a large transfer of prisoners, and awaited permission to send them to Buchenwald concentration camp . However, that was filled to capacity and so, on 27 November 1939, at night, they were loaded onto a train to Sachsenhausen concentration camp located on
1404-625: The face ( Stanisław Estreicher ) and hit with rifle butts. An additional 13–15 university employees and students who were on site were also arrested, as well as the President of Kraków, Dr Stanisław Klimecki who was apprehended at home that afternoon. All 184 persons were transported first to prison at Montelupich Street, then to barracks at Mazowiecka, and—three days later—to a detention center in Breslau , Germany (now Wrocław , Poland), where they spent 18 days split between two prison facilities:
1456-405: The first Ministry of Education in the world, various small libraries of the university were formally centralised into one public collection in Collegium Maius . During the partitions of Poland , the library continued to grow thanks to the support of such people as Karol Józef Teofil Estreicher and Karol Estreicher . Its collections were made public in 1812. Since 1932, it has been recognised as
1508-439: The institution and, soon after their arrival, removed many of the furnishings from the Collegium Maius' Auditorium Maximum in order to convert it into a grain store. However, the threat of closure of the University was ultimately dissipated by Ferdinand I of Austria 's decree to maintain it. By the 1870s the fortunes of the university had improved so greatly that many scholars had returned. The liquefaction of nitrogen and oxygen
1560-514: The majority of the university's students, it has, over its long history, educated thousands of foreign students from countries such as Lithuania, Russia, Hungary, Bohemia , Germany, and Spain. During the second half of the 15th century, over 40 percent of students came from the outside of the Kingdom of Poland . The first chancellor of the university was Piotr Wysz , and the first professors were Czechs , Germans and Poles, most of them trained at
1612-557: The notable professors who died in the camp were Ignacy Chrzanowski (UJ; 19 January 1940), Stanisław Estreicher (UJ; 29 December 1939), Kazimierz Kostanecki (UJ; 11 January 1940), Antoni Meyer [ pl ] (AGH; 24 December 1939) and Michał Siedlecki (UJ; 11 January 1940, after roll-call). In March 1940, the able prisoners from Kraków who remained alive were sent to Dachau concentration camp and most released in January 1941 on intervention. The last one, Kazimierz Piwarski ,
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1664-545: The other side of Berlin, and in March 1940, sent further to Dachau concentration camp near Munich after a new batch of arrested younger academics arrived. Following loud international protest by prominent Italians including Benito Mussolini and the Vatican , 101 professors who were older than 40 were released from Sachsenhausen on 8 February 1940. Additional academics were released later. Some elderly professors did not survive
1716-414: The presence of the university's archives, which date back to the university's own foundation and record the entire history of its development up to the present day. The university is divided into the following faculties, which have different organisational sub-structures partly reflecting their history and partly their operational needs. Teaching and research at UJ are organised by these faculties, including
1768-594: The rest of Poland's higher and secondary education, was closed for the remainder of World War II . Despite the university's reopening after the cessation of hostilities in 1945, the new government of Poland was hostile to the teachings of the pre-war university and the faculty was suppressed by the Communists in 1954. By 1957 the Polish government decided that it would invest in the establishment of new facilities near Jordan Park and expansion of other smaller existing facilities. Construction work proved slow and many of
1820-440: The roll-calls, held three times a day even in ice and snow, and the grim living conditions where dysentery was common, warm clothes rare and food rations scarce. Twelve died in the camp within three months, and another five within weeks of release. Three professors of Jewish origin were separated and later were murdered or died of other causes: ( Leon Sternbach , Wiktor Ormicki and Joachim Metallmann [ pl ] ). Among
1872-524: The stated goals were never achieved; it was this poor management that eventually led a number of scholars to openly criticise the government for its apparent lack of interest in educational development and disregard for the university's future. A number of new buildings, such as the Collegium Paderevianum , were built with funds from the legacy of Ignacy Paderewski . By 1989, Poland had overthrown its Communist government. In that same year,
1924-524: The study of ancient Byzantium within Poland. In 1939, two months after the German invasion of Poland , under Nazi occupation, Sternbach was arrested along with 184 other professors and staff of the Jagiellonian by the Gestapo during Sonderaktion Krakau . After being held in a Kraków Gestapo prison, he was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he was murdered. This article about
1976-560: The university for a meeting scheduled at the administrative center building in the Collegium Novum (entrance pictured) . On 6 November 1939, in lecture room no. 66 (currently no. 56) at noon, all academics and their guests gathered; among them, 105 professors and 33 lecturers from Jagiellonian University (UJ), four from University of Economics (AE) and four from Lublin and Wilno. There were also 34 professors and doctors from University of Technology (AG), who did not intend to start
2028-591: The university for a new academic year, which was to start on 13 November. This decision was communicated to German occupation authorities, who did not express objections. However, on 3 November, the Gestapo chief in Kraków SS-Obersturmbannführer Bruno Müller , commanded Jagiellonian University rector Professor Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński to require all professors to attend his lecture about German plans for Polish education. The rector agreed and sent an invitation throughout
2080-403: The university's buildings had fallen into disrepair and were being used for a range of other purposes; in the university's archives, there is one entry which reads: 'Nobody lives in the building, nothing happens there. If the lecture halls underwent refurbishment they could be rented out to accommodate a laundry'. This period thus represents one of the darkest periods in the university's history and
2132-507: The university's first student scientific association was founded. In 2021, over 70 student scientific associations exist at the Jagiellonian University, most of them affiliated with Collegium Medicum. Usually, their purpose is to promote students' scientific achievements by organizing lecture sessions, science excursions , and international student conferences, such as the International Workshop for Young Mathematicians, which
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2184-515: The university's research consortium. Public funds earmarked for the project amounted to 946.5 million zlotys , or 240 million euros . Poland's entry into the European Union in 2004 has proved instrumental in improving the fortunes of the Jagiellonian University, which has seen huge increases in funding from both central government and European authorities, allowing it to develop new departments, research centres, and better support
2236-677: The university, all in literature: Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska , who studied there, and Czesław Miłosz and Olga Tokarczuk , who taught there. Faculty and graduates of the university have been elected to the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences , the Royal Society , the British Academy , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , and other honorary societies. In the mid-14th century, King Casimir III
2288-671: The work of its students and academics. The university's academic advancement in both Poland and abroad is illustrated by its widely recognized research achievements. The scientists and physicians from the Collegium Medicum carry out pioneer studies, e.g. in cardiac surgery, urology and neurology, often leading to the development of novel treatment methods. Their findings have been published in international journals such as European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Medicine, New England Journal of Medicine , and The Lancet . UJ archaeologists lead explorations of ancient sites in various parts of
2340-518: The world, including Egypt, Cyprus, Central America, South Asia and Altay. The astronomers take part in major international projects, including H.E.S.S . and VIPERS. The work of UJ bio-technologists has been published in journals, such as Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry , Molecular Ecology Resources , and European Journal of Human Genetics . In the English-speaking world , the Jagiellonian University has international partnerships with
2392-495: Was finally completed towards the end of the interwar period, which allowed the university's many varied literary collections to be relocated to their new home by the outbreak of war in 1939. On November 6, 1939, following the Nazi invasion of Poland , 184 professors were arrested and deported to Sachsenhausen concentration camp during an operation codenamed Sonderaktion Krakau (Special Operation Krakow). The university, along with
2444-547: Was in the Grzegórzecka and the Kopernika areas that much of the university's expansion took place up to 1918; during this time the Collegium Medicum was relocated to a site just east of the centre, and was expanded with the addition of a number of modern teaching hospitals – this 'medical campus' remains to this day. By the late 1930s, the number of students at the university had increased dramatically to almost 6,000. Now
2496-526: Was one of Nicolaus Copernicus ' teachers. The university was the first university in Europe to establish independent chairs in Mathematics and Astronomy . This rapid expansion in the university's faculty necessitated the purchase of larger premises in which to house them; it was thus that the building known today as the Collegium Maius , with its quadrangle and beautiful arcade, came into being towards
2548-552: Was released in late 1941. Many of those who went through Sonderaktion Krakau and the internment formed an underground university in 1942 in defiance of the German punitive edicts. Among the 800 students of their underground college was Karol Wojtyła, the future Pope John Paul II , taught by Prof. Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński among others. Today there is a plaque commemorating the events of Sonderaktion Krakau in front of Collegium Novum in Kraków. Every 6 November, black flags are hung outside all Jagiellonian University buildings, and
2600-493: Was removed and destroyed by Polish students advocating the reestablishment of an independent Polish state. For the 500th anniversary of the university's foundation, a monument to Copernicus was placed in the quadrangle of the Collegium Maius ; this statue is now to be found in the direct vicinity of the Collegium Novum , outside the Collegium Witkowskiego , to where it was moved in 1953. Nevertheless, it
2652-475: Was successfully demonstrated by professors Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski in 1883. Thereafter the Austrian authorities took on a new role in the development of the university and provided funds for the construction of a number of new buildings, including the neo-gothic Collegium Novum , which opened in 1887. It was, conversely, from this building that in 1918 a large painting of Kaiser Franz Joseph
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#17327878747752704-496: Was thus that a building on Żydowska Street, which had previously been the property of the Pęcherz family, was acquired in 1399. The Queen donated all of her personal jewellery to the university, allowing it to enroll 203 students. The faculties of astronomy, law and theology attracted eminent scholars: for example, John Cantius , Stanisław of Skarbimierz , Paweł Włodkowic , Jan of Głogów , and Albert Brudzewski , who from 1491 to 1495
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