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200-497: The Sontarans ( / s ɒ n ˈ t ɑːr ən / son- TAR -ən ) are a fictional race of extraterrestrial humanoids principally portrayed in the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who and its spin-off series The Sarah Jane Adventures . A warrior race characterised by their ruthlessness and fearlessness of death, they were conceived by writer and future story editor Robert Holmes and first appeared in

400-461: A Blue Peter contest to have a monster created by a child appear on the show. Grantham originally envisioned the Abzorbaloff to be much bigger and fueled by rage, being unable to speak, though he was satisfied with the final version seen on screen. The Abzorbaloff was portrayed on-screen by comedian Peter Kay . A short direct sequel to "Love & Monsters", titled " The Genuine Article"

600-540: A Dalek correctly. The word "Dalek" has entered dictionaries, including the Oxford English Dictionary . In the series' revival in 2005, the Daleks were initially not going to appear, with drafts of the scripts not featuring them being made if the development team was unable to use them. This was due to issues in negotiations with Nation's estate after his death in 1997, with the estate not trusting

800-686: A Drashig being pulled through time via a device known as a Time Scoop . The Drashig was sent to kill the Fifth and Eighth Doctors, but the pair reversed the Scoop, sending the Drashig to kill the one who initially used the Scoop. Another audio drama, titled Planet of the Drashigs , was also released in 2019. The Fourth Doctor encountered them on a planetoid known as "DrashigWorld," a theme park where various species of Drashig are on display. The creator of

1000-515: A Sontaran trait: interested only in the strongest fighters in any group or race. Despite this, Strax appeared perfectly comfortable with the prospect of wearing dresses in " The Battle of Demon's Run - Two Days Later "; he ultimately dressed in human gentleman's attire, nevertheless. In The Time Warrior , when Linx examines Sarah Jane, he comments on how the human reproduction system is 'inefficient' and that humans 'should change it'. As multiple genders are foreign to them, Sontarans are known to confuse

1200-416: A basic component of the development of a potential extraterrestrial technological civilization, as it is on Earth. Fossil fuels may likely be generated and used on such worlds as well. The abundance of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere can also be a clear technosignature, considering their role in ozone depletion . Light pollution may be another technosignature, as multiple lights on the night side of

1400-611: A catalog of microorganisms, with the way each one reacts to sunlight. The goal is to help with the search for similar organisms in exoplanets, as the starlight reflected by planets rich in such organisms would have a specific spectrum, unlike that of starlight reflected from lifeless planets. If Earth was studied from afar with this system, it would reveal a shade of green, as a result of the abundance of plants with photosynthesis. In August 2011, NASA studied meteorites found on Antarctica, finding adenine , guanine , hypoxanthine and xanthine . Adenine and guanine are components of DNA, and

1600-605: A colony world where Tzun technology has been hidden. In The Infinity Doctors by Lance Parkin , an apparently alternate version of the Doctor negotiated a peace between the Sontarans and the Rutan Host when two of them were left trapped in a TARDIS for several hours and got to talking due to their inability to kill each other. General Sontar also made an appearance in that novel. In The Crystal Bucephalus by Craig Hinton ,

1800-597: A derogatory term in their culture) are a humanoid race seen in Frontier in Space (1973). Common interstellar travel and attempts at colonization have brought them into frequent and occasionally hostile contact with humans, leading to a treaty establishing a frontier between the two empires. Antagonist the Master attempted to trick the two sides into thinking the other broke the treaty in order to provoke galactic war, but after

2000-839: A far future Earth. Their third appearance is in The Invasion of Time , where they successfully invade Gallifrey , but are driven out again after less than a day. They appeared for the final time in the original series in The Two Doctors . The Sontarans also appeared in a skit for the BBC children's programme Jim'll Fix It titled " A Fix with Sontarans ", along with Colin Baker as the Sixth Doctor and Janet Fielding as Tegan Jovanka . References are made in Sontaran episodes to

2200-526: A friendly family who wished to aid humanity, but are able to shapeshift into monstrous forms in order to aid Axos. The Axons are later trapped in a time loop alongside Axos. The Axons are portrayed by Bernard Holley, Patricia Gordino, John Hicks, and Debbie Lee London. The Axons later re-appeared in the 2010 comic strip "The Golden Ones," published by Panini Publishing . In an attempt by Axos to free itself and resume its feeding following The Claws of Axos , it distributes an energy drink as part of branding for

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2400-540: A group of Catkind called the Sisters of Plenitude run a hospital near the city of New New York, where they test on human subjects by infecting them with every disease in order to concoct cures for them. The subjects later escape, infecting many in the hospital, including several of the Sisters. The Tenth Doctor later develops a cure for the infected, and the Sisters are arrested. In " Gridlock " (2007), most of New New York

2600-414: A highly developed artistic culture, but have put it on hold for the duration of the war, while the opening chapter of the novelisation of The Time Warrior , based on Holmes' incomplete draft, refers to Linx listening to the Sontaran anthem while his spaceship is in flight. The Sontarans depicted in the series have detached, smug personalities, and a highly developed sense of honour; on multiple occasions,

2800-483: A jet of flames very briefly. Group Marshal Stike was also seen carrying a baton. It would not be until The Sontaran Stratagem that General Staal would show that the baton can fire an orange beam that could stun the target. In The Poison Sky , Commander Skorr and his troops carry large laser rifles into battle. These rifles are the Sontaran gun of the Tenth Sontaran Battle Fleet. Each rifle has

3000-573: A laser beam that kills instantly and is designed for a three-fingered grip. In The Invasion of Time , their armour is shown to be resistant to Time Lord stasers and K-9's blaster. However, their armour is vulnerable to standard human firearms in "The Poison Sky", but the Sontarans in that episode used a 'cordolane signal' which caused the copper-lined bullets to expand, jamming most firearms instantly. UNIT troops overcame this by switching to steel-lined bullets. The Sarah Jane Adventures story The Last Sontaran showed further technological advancements of

3200-481: A living entity must have the capacity to replicate itself, the capacity to avoid damage/decay, and the capacity to acquire and process resources in support of the first two capacities. Life on Earth started with an RNA world and later evolved to its current form, where some of the RNA tasks were transferred to DNA and proteins . Extraterrestrial life may still be stuck using RNA, or evolve into other configurations. It

3400-446: A major cultural impact, especially extraterrestrials in fiction . Science fiction has communicated scientific ideas, imagined a range of possibilities, and influenced public interest in and perspectives on extraterrestrial life. One shared space is the debate over the wisdom of attempting communication with extraterrestrial intelligence. Some encourage aggressive methods to try to contact intelligent extraterrestrial life. Others – citing

3600-425: A massive explosion on their home planet. As a result, their scientists created a device that would allow them to adopt the identities of other beings. In the late 1960s, they ran a fake airline, Chameleon Tours, to kidnap human subjects for that purpose. The Second Doctor was able to convince them to seek another solution. The Chameleons later re-appeared in the spin-off book Short Trips and Side Steps , appearing in

3800-534: A math equation, none of its values were known at the time. Although some values may eventually be measured, others are based on social sciences and are not knowable by their very nature. This does not allow one to make noteworthy conclusions from the equation. Based on observations from the Hubble Space Telescope , there are nearly 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe. It is estimated that at least ten per cent of all Sun-like stars have

4000-429: A military reason." In fact, to die heroically in battle is their ultimate goal. Aside from a ritualistic chant ("Son-tar-ha!") in "The Sontaran Strategem"/" The Poison Sky ", they are never seen to engage in any activity that would be considered recreation, though a few offhand comments by Commander Skorr in "The Poison Sky" suggest they do consider hunting a sport. According to their creator Robert Holmes, Sontarans do have

4200-472: A mixed aromatic - aliphatic structure") that could be created naturally, and rapidly, by stars . It is still unclear if those compounds played a role in the creation of life on Earth, but Sun Kwok, of the University of Hong Kong, thinks so. "If this is the case, life on Earth may have had an easier time getting started as these organics can serve as basic ingredients for life." In August 2012, and in

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4400-612: A new life form that was psychically tortured by the pain of the Sontarans' victims, forcing the Doctor to destroy the colony in the hope that the non-corporeal entity will reform into something more benevolent. They also appear in the 2014 story The Sontaran Ordeal as part of the Classic Doctors New Monsters range. In this story, the Eighth Doctor ( Paul McGann ) comes against a group of Sontarans led by General Stenk ( Christopher Ryan ) who try to get into

4600-650: A planetary system formed by a star at the center, the Sun , and the objects that orbit it: other planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. The sun is part of the Milky Way , a galaxy . The Milky Way is part of the Local Group , a galaxy group that is in turn part of the Laniakea Supercluster . The universe is composed of all similar structures in existence. The immense distances between celestial objects

4800-466: A potential explanation to the Fermi paradox. If extraterrestrial life exists, it could range from simple microorganisms and multicellular organisms similar to animals or plants, to complex alien intelligences akin to humans . When scientists talk about extraterrestrial life, they consider all those types. Although it is possible that extraterrestrial life may have other configurations, scientists use

5000-431: A probic vent. Sontarans reproduce asexually and all the Sontarans depicted in the television series are of one gender; referred to with masculine pronouns, however it is not known if they possess distinctly male physiologies. General Staal comments that "words are the weapons of womenfolk" and that the clone of Martha Jones performed well "for a female" as commentary on the gender inequalities of other species. This typifies

5200-570: A reasonable scientific explanation for any gathered data. In 1961, astronomer and astrophysicist Frank Drake devised the Drake equation as a way to stimulate scientific dialogue at a meeting on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilisations in the Milky Way galaxy . The Drake equation is: where: and Drake's proposed estimates are as follows, but numbers on

5400-558: A remaining Aggedor, and used it to attempt to generate superstition about the "curse" of Aggedor in order to stop Peladon from joining the Galactic Federation, an intergalactic alliance of planets. The Aggedor killed Hepesh, and the same Aggedor later returned in The Monster of Peladon (1974). In both of Aggedor's appearances, Aggedor is portrayed by actor Nick Hobbs. In the audio story The Bride of Peladon , after

5600-443: A result has been conceived, even if hypothetical. Evolution requires life to be divided into individual organisms, and no alternative organisation has been satisfactorily proposed either. At the basic level, membranes define the limit of a cell, between it and its environment, while remaining partially open to exchange energy and resources with it. The evolution from simple cells to eukaryotes, and from them to multicellular lifeforms,

5800-565: A result. The Adipose were inspired by a plush toy owned by script writer Russell T Davies , with their name being based on adipose tissue . The Adipose were animated in hordes using Stephen Regelous 's software MASSIVE , with Regelous flying to London to aid with coordinating the crowd shots of Adipose. Special effects department The Mill created two types of Adipose for filming. Adipose with artificial intelligence, who independently moved, were used for larger crowd shots, as well as " hero " Adipose, which were animated by hand. Aggedor

6000-418: A rocky planet can be a sign of advanced technological development. However, modern telescopes are not strong enough to study exoplanets with the required level of detail to perceive it. Rutan Host The Abzorbaloff is an alien creature seen in " Love & Monsters " (2006), that can absorb any living thing into its body by touch. They are from the planet Clom, the twin planet of Raxacoricofallapatorius,

6200-468: A scale. Life on Earth is quite ubiquitous across the planet and has adapted over time to almost all the available environments in it, extremophiles and the deep biosphere thrive at even the most hostile ones. As a result, it is inferred that life in other celestial bodies may be equally adaptive. However, the origin of life is unrelated to its ease of adaptation, and may have stricter requirements. A celestial body may not have any life on it, even if it

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6400-476: A series of factors that range from the location in the galaxy and the configuration of the Solar System to local characteristics of the planet, and that it is unlikely that all such requirements are simultaneously met by another planet. The proponents of this hypothesis consider that very little evidence suggests the existence of extraterrestrial life, and that at this point it is just a desired result and not

6600-725: A short story in the book titled Face Value . In the story, the Chameleons began to infiltrate and replace the people of the planet Krennos after their last defeat by the Second Doctor. The Sixth Doctor discovered their plan and put a stop to it. Cheetah People are feline humanoids greatly resembling cheetahs who enjoy hunting humans; the Doctor and the Master encountered them in Survival (1989). The Cheetah People were once humanoids resembling humans, but they made bonds with cat-like creatures known as Kitlings, which caused

6800-506: A single eye, exposed brain and many tentacles. The Daleks acted as a highly recurring foe during Doctor Who 's classic era, and were among its most popular. During the 1960s, public popularity for the Daleks was high, with this era being referred to as "Dalekmania." Despite The Beatles going on-air during the Daleks' second appearance, the return of the Daleks saw a higher viewer count. The Daleks were merchandised heavily during this period and grew wildly popular. Dalekmania declined following

7000-579: A solvent other than water. The low temperatures required would add an extra problem, the difficulty to kickstart a process of abiogenesis to create life in the first place. Norman Horowitz , head of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory bioscience section for the Mariner and Viking missions from 1965 to 1976 considered that the great versatility of the carbon atom makes it the element most likely to provide solutions, even exotic solutions, to

7200-407: A squash ball aimed at that point (" The Sontaran Stratagem "), contact by the heel of a shoe (" The Last Sontaran "), or a blow from a hammer or a wok (" War of the Sontarans ") is capable of incapacitating them temporarily. They are also vulnerable to "coronic acid" ( The Two Doctors ). While the Sontarans wear protective helmets in battle, to fight without their helmets, or to be "open-skinned,"

7400-440: A star's light and heat, and so its lifeforms would not grow beyond a certain complexity. There is also research in assessing the capacity of life for developing intelligence. It has been suggested that this capacity arises with the number of potential niches a planet contains, and that the complexity of life itself is reflected in the information density of planetary environments, which in turn can be computed from its niches. It

7600-660: A system of planets, i.e. there are 6.25 × 10 stars with planets orbiting them in the observable universe. Even if it is assumed that only one out of a billion of these stars has planets supporting life, there would be some 6.25 billion life-supporting planetary systems in the observable universe. A 2013 study based on results from the Kepler spacecraft estimated that the Milky Way contains at least as many planets as it does stars, resulting in 100–400 billion exoplanets. The apparent contradiction between high estimates of

7800-461: A world first, astronomers at Copenhagen University reported the detection of a specific sugar molecule, glycolaldehyde , in a distant star system. The molecule was found around the protostellar binary IRAS 16293-2422 , which is located 400 light years from Earth. Glycolaldehyde is needed to form ribonucleic acid , or RNA, which is similar in function to DNA. This finding suggests that complex organic molecules may form in stellar systems prior to

8000-402: Is life that originates from another world rather than on Earth . No extraterrestrial life has yet been scientifically conclusively detected. Such life might range from simple forms such as prokaryotes to intelligent beings , possibly bringing forth civilizations that might be far more advanced than humans. The Drake equation speculates about the existence of sapient life elsewhere in

8200-601: Is a difficulty for the study of extraterrestrial life. So far, humans have only set foot on the Moon and sent robotic probes to other planets and moons in the Solar System. Although probes can withstand conditions that may be lethal to humans, the distances cause time delays: the New Horizons took nine years after launch to reach Pluto . No probe has ever reached extrasolar planetary systems. The Voyager 2 has left

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8400-531: Is able to thwart the plot. The Bandril Ambassador that appears in the episode was portrayed by actor Martin Gower. The Boneless are a group of creatures that hailed from a two-dimensional universe, seen in " Flatline " (2014). The Boneless harness the energy from the TARDIS , the Doctor's ship, in an attempt to infiltrate the Doctor's universe. Clara Oswald and a community service worker named Rigsy are able to trick

8600-501: Is also conceivable that there are forms of life whose solvent is a liquid hydrocarbon , such as methane , ethane or propane . Another unknown aspect of potential extraterrestrial life would be the chemical elements that would compose it. Life on Earth is largely composed of carbon, but there could be other hypothetical types of biochemistry . A replacement for carbon would need to be able to create complex molecules, store information required for evolution, and be freely available in

8800-531: Is an honour for the Sontarans. In the episode "The Poison Sky", it is revealed that the Sontaran Empire have been at war with the Rutan Host for more than 50,000 years, and which, at a time around 2008, they are losing. The war is still raging at least 20,000 years later, in the serial The Sontaran Experiment . It was joked that the two species have been at war for so long, they had almost forgotten

9000-478: Is aware of how this confrontation will end from her own histories; this audio serves as the Doctor's chronologically earliest encounter with the Sontarans. The audio Terror of the Sontarans saw the Seventh Doctor ( Sylvester McCoy ) and Mel Bush ( Bonnie Langford ) meet the Sontarans on an old mining colony that had been used as a Sontaran outpost, until a complex chain of events unintentionally created

9200-416: Is being carried out both directly and indirectly. As of September 2017 , 3,667 exoplanets in 2,747 systems have been identified , and other planets and moons in the Solar System hold the potential for hosting primitive life such as microorganisms . As of 8 February 2021, an updated status of studies considering the possible detection of lifeforms on Venus (via phosphine ) and Mars (via methane )

9400-403: Is common knowledge that the conditions on other planets in the solar system, in addition to the many galaxies outside of the Milky Way galaxy , are very harsh and seem to be too extreme to harbor any life. The environmental conditions on these planets can have intense UV radiation paired with extreme temperatures, lack of water, and much more that can lead to conditions that don't seem to favor

9600-485: Is complex and defined by several factors. Being in the habitable zone is not enough for a planet to be habitable, not even to actually have such liquid water. Venus is located in the habitable zone of the Solar System but does not have liquid water because of the conditions of its atmosphere. Jovian planets or gas giants are not considered habitable even if they orbit close enough to their stars as hot Jupiters , due to crushing atmospheric pressures. The actual distances for

9800-520: Is embodied in the Copernican principle , which states that Earth does not occupy a unique position in the Universe, and the mediocrity principle , which states that there is nothing special about life on Earth. Other authors consider instead that life in the cosmos, or at least multicellular life, may be actually rare. The Rare Earth hypothesis maintains that life on Earth is possible because of

10000-605: Is enough to completely wipe out Earth. The Sontarans have a variety of weapons. Their distinctive weapon is a small rod with two handles and a plunger at one end, giving it a syringe style. This is so it can be held and fired using three fingers. This weapon fires a disabling beam that can temporarily render a person useless and emits an energy pulse that can repair systems like the teleport, and has appeared in every Sontaran story except The Sontaran Experiment . When first used by Commander Linx in The Time Warrior , it shows

10200-544: Is generally harmless to the host beyond the loss of body fat; but in emergencies the process can be accelerated, converting the host's entire body, which is fatal to the host and produces ill and weak Adipose children. This is illegal under the laws of the Shadow Proclamation, an inter-galactic law body, and the Adipose abandoned Foster to die in order to hide their crimes, taking the infant Adipose with them. In

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10400-636: Is killed by a plague, leaving the only survivors in the Under City and Motorway. A Cat Person, Thomas Kincade Brannigan, is encountered by the Tenth Doctor, and has a human wife and a litter of kittens. Additionally, a surviving member of the Sisters of Plentitude, Novice Hame, appears, who survived the plague via the protection of the Face of Boe . She aids the Tenth Doctor in opening the Motorway. Hame

10600-439: Is likely devoid of life. However, Venus is still of interest to astrobiologists, as it is a terrestrial planet that was likely similar to Earth in its early stages and developed in a different way. There is a greenhouse effect , the surface is the hottest in the Solar System, sulfuric acid clouds, all surface liquid water is lost, and it has a thick carbon-dioxide atmosphere with huge pressure. Comparing both helps to understand

10800-444: Is no guarantee that it is transmitting radio communications in the direction of Earth. The length of time required for a signal to travel across space means that a potential answer may arrive decades or centuries after the initial message. The atmosphere of Earth is rich in nitrogen dioxide as a result of air pollution , which can be detectable. The natural abundance of carbon, which is also relatively reactive, makes it likely to be

11000-657: Is not guaranteed. The Cambrian explosion took place thousands of millions of years after the origin of life, and its causes are not fully known yet. On the other hand, the jump to multicellularity took place several times, which suggests that it could be a case of convergent evolution , and so likely to take place on other planets as well. Palaeontologist Simon Conway Morris considers that convergent evolution would lead to kingdoms similar to our plants and animals, and that many features are likely to develop in alien animals as well, such as bilateral symmetry , limbs , digestive systems and heads with sensory organs . Scientists from

11200-466: Is that the chemical elements that make up life, such as carbon and water, are ubiquitous in the universe. The third is that the physical laws are universal, which means that the forces that would facilitate or prevent the existence of life would be the same ones as on Earth. According to this argument, made by scientists such as Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawking , it would be improbable for life not to exist somewhere else other than Earth. This argument

11400-421: Is that there are natural sources of such signals as well, such as gamma-ray bursts and supernovae, and the difference between a natural signal and an artificial one would be in its specific patterns. Astronomers intend to use artificial intelligence for this, as it can manage large amounts of data and is devoid of biases and preconceptions. Besides, even if there is an advanced extraterrestrial civilization, there

11600-607: Is the Sacred Royal Beast of the planet Peladon, first seen in The Curse of Peladon (1972). The real creature upon which the legend is based is a large, hairy beast with a single horn. Hunted to near extinction, one Aggedor beast roamed the tunnels below the citadel and, at one stage, was used to judge prisoners who were cast into a pit to face the Judgement of Aggedor. Peladon's High Priest, Hepesh, secretly captured

11800-447: Is unclear if our biochemistry is the most efficient one that could be generated, or which elements would follow a similar pattern. However, it is likely that, even if cells had a different composition to those from Earth, they would still have a cell membrane . Life on Earth jumped from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and from unicellular organisms to multicellular organisms through evolution . So far no alternative process to achieve such

12000-834: Is unrecognizable to Captain Kirk and crew), prompting the Doctor to urgently warn the crew to flee the area. They appear in 2009, in the novella The Sontaran Games by Jacqueline Rayner , featuring the Tenth Doctor and appeared in the New Series Adventures (Doctor Who) book The Taking of Chelsea 426 by David Llewellyn , featuring the Tenth Doctor , fighting both times against the Rutan Host . In 2008, as part of Character options first series 4 2008 wave of action figures, they released some Sontaran action figures. These include General Staal, Commander Skorr and several Sontaran soldiers. The Sontarans are mentioned in

12200-645: The Doctor Who: The Adventure Games episode, "The Gunpowder Plot". Big Finish Productions first used the Sontarans for their audio drama Heroes of Sontar , a 2011 Fifth Doctor ( Peter Davison ) story, depicting the Doctor and his companions being forced to aid a Sontaran attack squad against a dangerous enemy that has threatened the Sontaran race by compromising their strategic methods. They next featured in The Five Companions and were stuck in an alternative version of

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12400-521: The Buccaneer , allied with the Doctor to stop Wrack from winning, with the Doctor killing her and her first mate, allowing him to win the race and stop the Eternals from claiming Enlightenment. Though the Eternals were referenced in the revived series, they did not re-appear physically until " Can You Hear Me? " (2020), in which a pair named Zellin and Rakaya appear as the primary antagonists. Rakaya

12600-690: The Cybermat , small cybernetic creatures used by the Cybermen first seen in The Tomb of the Cybermen and the Cybershades , a sub-species of Cybermen, seen in the 2008 Christmas special, " The Next Doctor ". A race of humanoids from the planet Dæmos, seen in The Dæmons (1971). They resemble demons, and inspired the concept of demons in humanity. The Dæmons have great power, and the antagonist

12800-876: The Eleventh Doctor , Amy Pond , and Rory Williams , killing the latter, before Amy kills both her and the Doctor in the dream world, ending the threat of the Eknodine. The Eternals are a race of cosmic beings first introduced in Enlightenment (1983). The Eternals live outside of time, in the realm of eternity. They consider the mortal inhabitants of the universe to be "Ephemerals." The Eternals are powerful enough to manipulate matter, creating objects out of thin air; they also read minds effortlessly through telepathy. They lack imagination and creativity, stating that they were empty and lost without Ephemeral thought to entertain and challenge them. In Enlightenment,

13000-665: The Fifth Doctor ended up encountering a group of Eternals, who sought to win the "Enlightenment" from the Black and White Guardians in a competition between themselves. The Eternals captured many residents of the universe to participate in the competition, with the Doctor attempting to stop the competition. An Eternal naming themselves Captain Wrack is able to pull ahead in the competition, which involves many spaceships based off boats racing to see who would make it to victory. A rival ship,

13200-464: The Fourth Doctor . Producer John Nathan-Turner brought the Cybermen back for the serial Earthshock (1982), wanting to feature a returning antagonist but not wanting to use the Daleks. Turner kept the reveal of the Cybermen a secret from the public prior to the airing of the episode, after which they reprised their role as consistent antagonists until the series' cancellation in 1989. In

13400-778: The Rio Tinto river in Spain. NASA officials soon distanced NASA from the scientists' claims, and Stoker herself backed off from her initial assertions. In November 2011, NASA launched the Mars Science Laboratory that landed the Curiosity rover on Mars. It is designed to assess the past and present habitability on Mars using a variety of scientific instruments. The rover landed on Mars at Gale Crater in August 2012. A group of scientists at Cornell University started

13600-545: The Rutan Host , an equally militaristic race with whom the Sontarans have been at war for thousands of years; a Rutan is seen in Horror of Fang Rock (1977), which does not feature the Sontarans, but have not featured in the television series again. Sporting an updated design, Sontarans returned to the revived series in the Series 4 episodes " The Sontaran Strategem " and " The Poison Sky " (2008). The Sontarans plan to terraform

13800-503: The Tenth Doctor episode " Blink "), the Ninth Doctor has a rooftop sword fight with two Sontarans in 21st century Istanbul , defeating them with the help of spy Sally Sparrow, apparently before the events of " Rose " in his personal timeline. The Sontaran homeworld was destroyed in the future during the events of the Seventh Doctor strip Pureblood (DWM #193-196) but the Sontaran race pool survived, allowing for further cloning;

14000-459: The hydrothermal vents found on the ocean floor are known to support many chemosynthetic processes which allow organisms to utilize energy through reduced chemical compounds that fix carbon. In return, these reactions will allow for organisms to live in relatively low oxygenated environments while maintaining enough energy to support themselves. The early Earth environment was reducing and therefore, these carbon fixing compounds were necessary for

14200-1106: The "Tenth Sontaran Battle Fleet". Military titles include Commander, Group Marshal, Field Major, and General. Agnomens include "the Undefeated", "the Bloodbringer", "the Avenger", and "the Slayer". The Sontarans are a monogender - asexual (a "male gender-only" species); they reproduce by means of cloning rather than sexual reproduction , and thus for the most part are extremely similar in appearance. Human characters in both The Sontaran Experiment and " The Sontaran Stratagem " comment on how closely individual Sontarans resemble one another; however, their height, skin tone, facial features, vocal timbre and accent, hair, spacing of teeth and even number of fingers have varied from story to story, and sometimes within stories. When Luke Rattigan asks how they can tell each other apart in "The Sontaran Stratagem", General Staal remarks that they say

14400-485: The 15th century, acknowledged the possibility Jesus could have visited extraterrestrial worlds to redeem their inhabitants. Nicholas of Cusa wrote in 1440 that Earth is "a brilliant star" like other celestial objects visible in space; which would appear similar to the Sun , from an exterior perspective, due to a layer of "fiery brightness" in the outer layer of the atmosphere. He theorised all extraterrestrial bodies could be inhabited by men, plants, and animals, including

14600-421: The 1973 Doctor Who serial The Time Warrior . The Sontarans are a race of humanoids with a stocky build, a distinctive dome-shaped head, and they have only three fingers on each hand, though some members of their species do have five fingers. Their musculature is designed for load-bearing rather than leverage, because of the high gravity on their home planet. Ross Jenkins in " The Sontaran Stratagem " describes

14800-525: The BBC with the Daleks and the BBC not offering the same editorial control Nation had once had in the past. The BBC and Nation estate eventually came to an agreement, leading to the return of the Daleks in the episode " Dalek " (2005). In the revived series, the Daleks fought the Doctor's species, the Time Lords , in a conflict known as the Time War , which resulted in the destruction of the Daleks and

15000-530: The Bane (2008). In Doctor Who ' s " The End of Time, Part Two " (2010), a Sontaran sniper ( Dan Starkey ) briefly appears pursuing the Doctor's former companions Mickey Smith ( Noel Clarke ) and his wife Martha Jones ( Freema Agyeman ), but is defeated by the Doctor before he can assassinate them. Alongside the Eleventh Doctor ( Matt Smith ), Sontaran battle fleets are seen in Series 5 finale episode, " The Pandorica Opens " (2010), as part of an alliance of

15200-578: The Boneless into restoring the TARDIS, allowing the Doctor to send them back to their home dimension. The Boneless later appeared in the comic story The Fourth Wall , published by Titan Comics . The Boneless use comic books to trap readers in their realm. Utilizing a shared mental communication caused by the kidnapped readers' love of comic books, the Twelfth Doctor is able to use the power in

15400-504: The Cybermen took control of the planet, and allied with the mercenary Lytton in order to defeat them. The Cryons were later destroyed by an attack by the Cybermen. Director Matthew Robinson elected to make the Cryons an all-female race, as otherwise Attack of the Cybermen would have had an all-male cast barring the Sixth Doctor 's companion Peri Brown . Sarah Berger, Esther Frued, Faith Brown, and Sarah Greene all portrayed various Cryons in

15600-532: The Daleks came from watching a dance troupe on television, as their long skirts gave the impression that they glided across the stage. Nation additionally pulled from the cultural memory of World War II and the Nazis in designing the Daleks, and acted as an allegory for the Nazis. Cusick was only given an hour to work on the design for the Daleks, and was inspired by a pepper pot on the table. The in-human aspects of

15800-492: The Daleks existed throughout the series, including a variant known as the "Special Weapons Dalek." The Daleks' voice has a harsh, staccato delivery. Actors Peter Hawkins and David Graham designed the voices for the Daleks and voiced them, with the voices further processed by Brian Hodgson in the BBC Radiophonic Workshop . Other actors to portray the Daleks include Roy Skelton and Nicholas Briggs ,

16000-583: The Death Zone with the Fifth Doctor and various companions. In 2012, The First Sontarans was released. A Sixth Doctor Lost Story from the mid-1980s, written by Andrew Smith, it features the Sontarans and the Rutans on nineteenth century Earth, tracking down a scientist named Jacob, who escaped through time and space. It is revealed that Jacob is from Sontar, and was responsible for genetically creating

16200-567: The Doctor " (both 2013), and " Deep Breath " (2014). A troop of Sontarans is also shown among Trenzalore's invaders in the 2013 Christmas special " The Time of the Doctor ". A Sontaran appears briefly in the 2015 episode " Face the Raven " as a refugee. The appearance of the Sontarans was redesigned for the Thirteenth Doctor's final season, ' Flux ', where they reappeared in their first major antagonistic role since 2008. First appearing in

16400-614: The Doctor and Peri helping Jacob and his wife fake their deaths so that they can go into hiding on a primitive, isolated planet to get away from their need for revenge on the Sontarans. The Sontarans also feature in the Early Adventures audio The Sontarans , which depicts the First Doctor ( William Hartnell ), Steven Taylor and Sara Kingdom encountering the Sontarans during an invasion of an asteroid colony at some point before Sara's time, prompting Sara to observe that she

16600-525: The Doctor as he adopts the alias of 'Supreme Coordinator', which is shortened to 'Supremo' by his Ogron bodyguards. In 1982, Jean Airey 's novella The Doctor and the Enterprise featured a crossover between the universes of Doctor Who and Star Trek , in which the Fourth Doctor ( Tom Baker ) finds himself on the USS Enterprise . The Enterprise is attacked by a Sontaran fleet (which

16800-405: The Doctor has used his knowledge of their pride in their species to manipulate them. In "The Sontaran Stratagem", the Doctor nevertheless referred to them as "the finest soldiers in the galaxy". Although physically formidable, the Sontarans' weak spot is the "probic vent" at the back of their neck, through which they draw nutrition. It is also part of their cloning process. In Earthlike atmospheres,

17000-462: The Doctor" used a two-man craft with an invisibility field. During rehearsals for their first appearance, Kevin Lindsay , who portrayed the original Sontaran, Linx, pronounced the race's name as " son-TAR-an ." Alan Bromly, the director, tried to correct him by saying it should be pronounced with the stress on the first syllable. Lindsay declared "Well, I think it's "son-TAR-an" , and since I'm from

17200-585: The Doctor's enemies. Series 6 episode " A Good Man Goes to War " (2011) introduces Commander Strax (Starkey), a Sontaran nurse who has been assigned this role as a means of making penance. He fights on the side of the Doctor and his allies, which include the Silurian warrior Madame Vastra ( Neve McIntosh ) and her wife, Jenny Flint ( Catrin Stewart ). Strax then appears alongside Vastra and Jenny in " The Snowmen " (2012), " The Crimson Horror ", " The Name of

17400-512: The Doctor. In The Outsider (DWM #25-26), by Steve Moore and David Lloyd , a Sontaran named Skrant invaded the world of Brahtilis with the unwitting help of Demimon, a local astrologer . The Fourth Doctor faced the Sontarans in Dragon's Claw (DWM #39-#45), by Steve Moore and Dave Gibbons , where a crew of Sontarans menaced China in 1522 AD. In Steven Moffat 's short story "What I Did on My Christmas Holidays by Sally Sparrow" (the basis for

17600-551: The Earth into a new clone world, but their plans are averted by the Tenth Doctor ( David Tennant ). It is also revealed that the race was excluded from the Last Great Time War of the revived series' backstory. In " Turn Left " (2008), the same events are depicted in a parallel universe, where Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) describes their plan as foiled by Torchwood (characters from the spin-off show of that name ), at

17800-626: The Flux ', where they invade and take over earth during the flux crisis thanks to the intervention of their ally the Grand Serpent. In ' Chapter Six: The Vanquishers ', the Doctor and her allies learn the Sontarans plan to trick the Cybermen and Daleks into being consumed by the flux while staying safe themselves by hijacking the Lupari ships, however the Doctor hijacks the ships herself and uses

18000-469: The Master attempts to obtain the power of a Dæmon named Azal. Azal is the last of his kind, and eventually decides to give his power to the Master as he threatens to kill the Third Doctor . The Doctor's companion, Jo Grant , steps in the way in an act of self-sacrifice. This confuses Azal due to its illogical nature, causing his powers to reverse on him, killing him. Another Dæmon later appeared in

18200-567: The Rills, a physically repulsive race, who offered aid but were rejected. The Drahvin attempted to kill the Rills, but were stopped from doing so by the First Doctor , and were killed when the planet was destroyed. The Drahvin appeared in the 2010 spin-off audio drama The Suffering , which detailed the Drahvin's past. The Drahvin were once ruled by a patriarchal shared mind, with one female Drahvin being able to allow other female Drahvin to enter

18400-478: The Solar System at a speed of 50,000 kilometers per hour, if it headed towards the Alpha Centauri system, the closest one to Earth at 4.4 light years, it would reach it in 100,000 years. Under current technology such systems can only be studied by telescopes, which have limitations. It is estimated that dark matter has a larger amount of combined matter than stars and gas clouds, but as it plays no role on

18600-447: The Sontaran armour suit requires a change of gasses every 27 hours, also conducted through the probic vent. The vent also provides an incentive to continue moving forward in battle since retreat would expose this area to their enemies. They have been killed by targeting that location with a knife ( The Invasion of Time ), a screwdriver (" Shakedown: Return of the Sontarans "), and an arrow ( The Time Warrior ). Even something as simple as

18800-560: The Sontarans "), Linx ( The Time Warrior ), Varl ( The Two Doctors ), Jask (" The End of Time ") and Kaagh ( The Sarah Jane Adventures ). Elements of the Sontaran military structure mentioned in the series include the "Sontaran G3 Military Assessment Survey" and the "Grand Strategic Council", the Ninth Sontaran Battle Group, the "Fifth Army Space Fleet of the Sontaran Army Space Corps", and

19000-467: The Sontarans as a defence against a Rutan invasion. They were first developed on Sontar's gravity-heavy moon and quickly proved themselves to be at least on par with the unstoppable Rutan horde. However, believing themselves to be superior, the Sontarans turned on their creators to prevent their knowledge of Sontaran weaknesses being discovered and exploited by their enemies, conquering the planet Sontar and changing it to suit their biology. The audio ends with

19200-478: The Sun. Descartes wrote that there was no means to prove the stars were not inhabited by "intelligent creatures", but their existence was a matter of speculation. When considering the atmospheric composition and ecosystems hosted by extraterrestrial bodies, extraterrestrial life can seem more speculation than reality, due to the harsh conditions and disparate chemical composition of the atmospheres, when compared to

19400-534: The Tenth Doctor in saving the Shadow Architect, head of the Shadow Proclamation, an intergalactic police body who had arrested them before. The Draconian was freed and later attended peace talks with the other delegates. The Drahvin are a group of aggressive female aliens first seen in Galaxy 4 (1965). In the serial, a group of Drahvin were stranded on a planet that was soon to die. They were trapped with

19600-498: The Time Lords alike, with the Doctor the sole survivor. The Doctor eventually comes into contact with Dalek survivors as the series progresses, and the Daleks are eventually revived in the episode " Victory of the Daleks " (2010). The Daleks have since gone on to be recurring antagonists in the series. The Daleks were briefly re-designed following "Victory of the Daleks," gaining six roles with multiple colours. Writer Mark Gatiss

19800-625: The University of Oxford analysed it from the perspective of evolutionary theory and wrote in a study in the International Journal of Astrobiology that aliens may be similar to humans. The planetary context would also have an influence: a planet with higher gravity would have smaller animals, and other types of stars can lead to non-green photosynthesizers . The amount of energy available would also affect biodiversity , as an ecosystem sustained by black smokers or hydrothermal vents would have less energy available than those sustained by

20000-440: The ability to fire a beam which can disarm by knocking the weapon out of the wielder's hand, hypnotise, as well as cutting through wood, disabling limbs and killing. In The Sontaran Experiment , Field Major Styre instead used a small red laser pistol which only killed (although it did not kill the Doctor, because of a small metal plate the Doctor had been keeping in his inside pocket). The Invasion of Time saw Commander Stor using

20200-491: The airing of The Daleks' Master Plan , a twelve part serial. Two movie spin-offs of Dalek serials, starring actor Peter Cushing as the Doctor , titled Dr. Who and the Daleks and Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. , were adaptations of other Dalek serials and produced at the highlight of Dalekmania. The Daleks were created by Terry Nation and designed by the BBC designer Raymond Cusick . Nation's design inspiration for

20400-410: The area surrounding these hydrothermal vents which can suggest that some form of life can be supported even in the harshest of environments like the other planets in the solar system. The aspects of these harsh environments that make them ideal for the origin of life on Earth, as well as the possibility of creation of life on other planets, is the chemical reactions forming spontaneously. For example,

20600-568: The atom speeds, either too fast or too slow, make it difficult for specific ones to meet and start chemical reactions. A liquid medium also allows the transport of nutrients and substances required for metabolism. Sufficient quantities of carbon and other elements, along with water, might enable the formation of living organisms on terrestrial planets with a chemical make-up and temperature range similar to that of Earth. Life based on ammonia rather than water has been suggested as an alternative, though this solvent appears less suitable than water. It

20800-471: The audio book Wraith World , when Clyde Langer ( Daniel Anthony ) remarks he cannot understand why Luke Smith ( Tommy Knight ) and Rani Chandra ( Anjli Mohindra ) would want to read about made up adventures, when they have faced Sontarans. The Sontarans have also appeared several times in the Doctor Who Magazine comic strip, both as adversaries of the Doctor and in strips not involving

21000-535: The back of a Sontaran's neck, suggesting that the vent is not unlike the human navel , albeit clearly more complex. The Tenth Sontaran Battle Fleet in the new series consists of a Command Ship and a number of capsules that can be moved into position when Battle Status is enjoined. Sontaran ships are impervious to nuclear missiles, however in War of the Sontarans they are vulnerable to both ramming by another Sontaran ship and also to explosions of barrels of gunpowder. In both

21200-492: The charge of the Sontaran High Command, each warrior is immediately given a rank and dispatched on a battle mission. From day one, the Sontarans are sent to battle. The audio The King of Sontar introduces a unique occasion where one Sontaran is the only result of a clone batch, the resulting Sontaran being essentially a million Sontarans in one, making him far taller than the average for his species and lacking

21400-414: The classic and new series, Sontarans are depicted using spherical or semi-spherical single-occupant spacecraft known as capsules. Each capsule is small enough to avoid detection by radar and is piloted by an individual Sontaran. The Sontaran Stratagem also saw the introduction of a large mothership from which the small Sontaran capsules could be seen to originate. The Doctor notes that the one ship by itself

21600-402: The cold temperatures would make such chemistry take place at a very slow pace. Water is rock-solid on the surface, but Titan does have a subsurface water ocean like several other moons. However, it is of such a great depth that it would be very difficult to access it for study. The science that searches and studies life in the universe, both on Earth and elsewhere, is called astrobiology . With

21800-483: The communication to free the readers and send the Boneless back to their home dimension. The Carrionites are creatures who hail from "The Dark Times," a time before the universe, and fought against the Time Lords in the past. They appear in " The Shakespeare Code " (2007). Three Carrionites- Bloodtide, Doomfinger, and Lilith- attempt to release their species from a prison using the power of words and witchcraft . They attempt to manipulate William Shakespeare into writing

22000-645: The cost of their lives, with Torchwood leader Captain Jack Harkness ( John Barrowman ) being captured by the Sontarans. In " The Stolen Earth " (2008), UNIT is revealed to have developed a teleportation device based on Sontaran technology. A lone survivor from the events of "The Poison Sky", Commander Kaagh ( Anthony O'Donnell ), next appears in The Last Sontaran (2008), from spin-off series The Sarah Jane Adventures . Kaagh appears again in Enemy of

22200-469: The creation or maintenance of extraterrestrial life. However, there has been much historical evidence that some of the earliest and most basic forms of life on Earth originated in some extreme environments that seem unlikely to have harbored life at least at one point in Earth's history. Fossil evidence as well as many historical theories backed up by years of research and studies have marked environments like hydrothermal vents or acidic hot springs as some of

22400-544: The death of the original Aggedor, it was revealed the Aggedor had a child, which remained hidden for many years. The Fifth Doctor mind-controlled this Aggedor to aid them, after which it gave birth to many baby Aggedors. The golden-skinned humanoid Axons attempt to take over the Earth by distributing Axonite, actually pieces of a single creature named Axos; they were encountered in The Claws of Axos (1971). They pose as

22600-618: The deity. After Kronos destroyed Atlantis, the Third Doctor was able to free Kronos, thwarting the Master's plans. The Chronovores re-appeared in the book The Quantum Archangel , in which Kronos sought revenge against the Master and tricked him into cutting off a point in the dimensions known as the Lux Aeterna. This created the Quantum Archangel, which, in order to satisfy the desires of every human on Earth, created seven billion alternate realities. The Chronovores swarmed

22800-554: The design were considered a large part of what made the Daleks a success. The Daleks use physical props, which are operated from the inside by actors, who manipulated aspects such as the eyestalks and appendages, and physically moved the props. For the 2019 episode " Resolution ," a fully remote controlled prop was created for the Dalek. Notable Dalek operators include John Scott Martin , Barnaby Edwards , Nicholas Pegg , Jon Davey, Tony Starr, and Cy Town. Several variant designs for

23000-444: The difficulty for life to appear was not the temperature, but the scarcity of free heavy elements. Planetary systems emerged, and the first organic compounds may have formed in the protoplanetary disk of dust grains that would eventually create rocky planets like Earth. Although Earth was in a molten state after its birth and may have burned any organics that fell in it, it would have been more receptive once it cooled down. Once

23200-580: The emotions the actors were able to convey, and which she believed particularly weakened the lesbian subtext between Ace and one of the Cheetah People. Chronovores are glowing white creatures that live outside time; the Doctor encountered one, Kronos, in The Time Monster (1972). The Master attempted to use Kronos for one of his schemes, infiltrating the lost kingdom of Atlantis , which worshipped Kronos, in order to revive and control

23400-464: The end of the audio drama. The Faction Paradox short-story anthology, The Book of Peace , released in 2018, depicted the Drashigs' creation in the short story Daring Initiation . The Drashigs in this story were the result of genetic mutation in humans who were exposed to radiation when stranded on an alien planet. Some of these mutated humans' eggs were sent back in time, creating the Drashigs. The book The Eight Doctors , published in 1997, depicted

23600-413: The end, the star blows much of its content back into the stellar medium, where it would join clouds that would eventually become new generations of stars and planets. Many of those materials are the raw components of life on Earth. As this process takes place in all the universe, said materials are ubiquitous in the cosmos and not a rarity from the Solar System. Earth is a planet in the Solar System ,

23800-499: The episode. The original Cybermen were a race of humanoids originating on Earth's twin planet Mondas , first seen in The Tenth Planet (1966). As they implanted more and more artificial parts into their bodies as a means of self-preservation, they became coldly logical and calculating, with emotion all but deleted from their minds. The Cyberman concept was created by Dr. Kit Pedler (the unofficial scientific advisor to

24000-456: The fictional television show "Goruda," causing the children to become Axons. These Axons begin to rampage across Tokyo until the Eleventh Doctor defeats Axos, which causes the children to return to normal. The Bandrils are a reptilian species encountered in the serial Timelash (1985). A villain known as the Borad seeks to start a war between them and the people of Karfel. The Sixth Doctor

24200-403: The first hominids appeared 60 million years ago. Life on other planets may have started, evolved, given birth to extraterrestrial intelligences, and perhaps even faced a planetary extinction event millions or even billions of years ago. The brief times of existence of Earth's species, when considered from a cosmic perspective, may suggest that extraterrestrial life may be equally fleeting under such

24400-466: The first places that life could have originated on Earth. These environments can be considered extreme when compared to the typical ecosystems that the majority of life on Earth now inhabit, as hydrothermal vents are scorching hot due to the magma escaping from the Earth's mantle and meeting the much colder oceanic water. Even in today's world, there can be a diverse population of bacteria found inhabiting

24600-425: The flux event to destroy the Sontaran army as well. The origins of the Sontarans have not been revealed in the television series. The Doctor Who role-playing game published by FASA claimed that they were all descended from the genetic stock of General Sontar (or Sontaris), who used newly developed bioengineering techniques to clone millions of duplicates of himself and annihilated the non-clone population. He renamed

24800-410: The formation of planets, eventually arriving on young planets early in their formation. In December 2023, astronomers reported the first time discovery, in the plumes of Enceladus , moon of the planet Saturn , of hydrogen cyanide , a possible chemical essential for life as we know it, as well as other organic molecules , some of which are yet to be better identified and understood. According to

25000-455: The giant planets themselves are highly unlikely to have life, there is much hope to find it on moons orbiting these planets. Europa , from the Jovian system, has a subsurface ocean below a thick layer of ice. Ganymede and Callisto also have subsurface oceans, but life is less likely in them because water is sandwiched between layers of solid ice. Europa would have contact between the ocean and

25200-526: The greatest of all wars: the Time War . Other appearances by the Sontarans include the spin-off videos Mindgame , Shakedown: Return of the Sontarans and Do You Have A License To Save This Planet? ; three audio plays by BBV : Silent Warrior , Old Soldiers and Conduct Unbecoming ; the Faction Paradox audio The Shadow Play ; and a cameo appearance in Infidel's Comet . Shakedown marks

25400-404: The habitable zones vary according to the type of star, and even the solar activity of each specific star influences the local habitability. The type of star also defines the time the habitable zone will exist, as its presence and limits will change along with the stars stellar evolution. The Big Bang took place 14 billion years ago, the Solar System was formed 4 and a half billion years ago, and

25600-474: The heads. The documentary Destroy All Monsters! , released as part of the 2011 DVD release of Carnival of Monsters , detailed several aspects of the Drashigs' production. The Drashigs' name was an anagram of "dish rag" due to dish rags being used as an eyeline for the actors when filming scenes in which they encountered Drashigs. The Drashigs' roars were created by reversing the sound of a car tire screeching backwards. Drashigs re-appear in spin-off material for

25800-571: The hierarchy of lifeforms from Earth for simplicity, as it is the only one known to exist. The first basic requirement for life is an environment with non-equilibrium thermodynamics , which means that the thermodynamic equilibrium must be broken by a source of energy. The traditional sources of energy in the cosmos are the stars, such as for life on Earth, which depends on the energy of the sun. However, there are other alternative energy sources, such as volcanoes , plate tectonics , and hydrothermal vents . There are ecosystems on Earth in deep areas of

26000-462: The home planet of the Slitheen family. An Abzorbalovian disguised itself as "Victor Kennedy" and infiltrated L.I.N.D.A – a group of people trying to track down The Doctor – although it planned to absorb the Doctor's knowledge. It is killed when Elton Pope, a member of L.I.N.D.A, broke its cane, causing the Earth to absorb it. The Abzorbaloff was created by nine-year old William Grantham, who won

26200-416: The human male and female sexes; Strax routinely addresses young women as "Boy" and vice versa, and claims not to have known that River Song was a woman. In "The Sontaran Stratagem", the Sontarans are seen to create human clones by growing them in tubs of green fluid. Enemy of the Bane confirms that Sontarans are cloned in the same way. In a human clone, the umbilical corresponds to the probic vent on

26400-721: The key to their escape into Love's Labour's Won , but the Tenth Doctor and Shakespeare were able to reverse the process, sending the Carrionites back into their prison and trapping Lilith, Bloodtide, and Doomfinger into a crystal ball . They reappeared, this time facing against the Sixth Doctor , in the audio drama The Carrionite Curse . The Catkind are felines in the future that have evolved into humanoids, first seen in " New Earth " (2006). The Catkind have hair-covered bodies, feline facial features and retractable claws. Their young resemble typical domestic kittens, with humanoid features emerging after ten months. In "New Earth",

26600-508: The latter of whom voices the Daleks in the revived series. Briggs uses a voice modulator to perform the Daleks, and had previously performed as the Daleks in the Big Finish Productions audio dramas featuring them. Upon the airing of The Daleks , Nation received large amounts of letters from children who watched the series, inquiring about the Daleks. The popularity of the Daleks ensured the survival of Doctor Who , which

26800-440: The life-abundant Earth. However, there are many extreme and chemically harsh ecosystems on Earth that do support forms of life and are often hypothesized to be the origin of life on Earth. Hydrothermal vents , acidic hot springs, and volcanic lakes are examples of life forming under difficult circumstances, provide parallels to the extreme environments on other planets and support the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Since

27000-405: The main Sontaran villain, General Staal, as resembling "a talking baked potato", whilst in sequel episode " The Poison Sky ", Colonel Alan Mace likens the Sontarans to "trolls". Sontarans come from a large, dense planet named Sontar in the "southern spiral arm of the galaxy" which has a very strong gravitational field, which explains their compact stocky form. They are far stronger than humans and, in

27200-543: The medium. To create DNA , RNA , or a close analog, such an element should be able to bind its atoms with many others, creating complex and stable molecules. It should be able to create at least three covalent bonds: two for making long strings and at least a third to add new links and allow for diverse information. Only nine elements meet this requirement: boron , nitrogen , phosphorus , arsenic , antimony (three bonds), carbon , silicon , germanium and tin (four bonds). As for abundance, carbon, nitrogen, and silicon are

27400-478: The mid-20th century, active research has taken place to look for signs of extraterrestrial life, encompassing searches for current and historic extraterrestrial life, and a narrower search for extraterrestrial intelligent life . Depending on the category of search, methods range from analysis of telescope and specimen data to radios used to detect and transmit communications. The concept of extraterrestrial life, and particularly extraterrestrial intelligence, has had

27600-642: The mind. The Drahvin was killed, but her shared connection to the female Drahvin let her overthrow the patriarchy and institute a matriarchy . Following her tyrannical rule over the Drahvin, she was deposed and her body was sent into space. In the audio drama, the Drahvin attempted to cause an uprising at a suffragette rally, but was stopped by the First Doctor and his companions. Drashigs are huge, aggressive and hungry creatures with caterpillar bodies and dragon heads, seen in Carnival of Monsters (1973). In

27800-412: The modern Sontarans. Commander Kaagh, a surviving pilot from the Tenth Sontaran Battle Fleet, had slightly different armour due to being from the special forces. His suit featured no gloves, so his bare hands were visible, and on his left arm was a control panel for his suit and ship. His helmet could fold up and retract and both his suit and ship featured cloaking devices, turning them both invisible. While

28000-572: The most abundant ones in the universe, far more than the others. On Earth's crust the most abundant of those elements is silicon, in the Hydrosphere it is carbon and in the atmosphere, it is carbon and nitrogen. Silicon, however, has disadvantages over carbon. The molecules formed with silicon atoms are less stable, and more vulnerable to acids, oxygen, and light. An ecosystem of silicon-based lifeforms would require very low temperatures, high atmospheric pressure , an atmosphere devoid of oxygen, and

28200-638: The name of their planet was given as Sontara. The Sontarans also briefly appear in The Eight Doctors , sent to the Eye of Orion by an agent of the Celestial Intervention Agency to kill the Fifth and Eighth Doctors . The novel Warmonger sees the Sontarans join an alliance of alien races assembled by the Fifth Doctor to defeat the mercenary army of renegade Time Lord Morbius, although the Sontarans are unaware that they follow

28400-504: The native planet that may not be caused by natural causes. There are three main types of techno-signatures considered: interstellar communications , effects on the atmosphere, and planetary-sized structures such as Dyson spheres . Organizations such as the SETI Institute search the cosmos for potential forms of communication. They started with radio waves , and now search for laser pulses as well. The challenge for this search

28600-537: The nineteenth century. The Fifteenth Doctor is able to trap the Chuldur within a sealing device, which banished them to another dimension, but at the sacrifice of Rogue, a bounty hunter the Doctor had fallen in love with. Cryons are a species of alien first seen in Attack of the Cybermen (1985). Cryons appear to be an all female race who cannot exist at temperatures above zero degrees. The Cryons lived on Telos until

28800-526: The novel Mutually Assured Domination , published in 2015, where they set up the company Dominex Industries in order to harness nuclear waste to power their fleets, only to be defeated by Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart . The audio drama Time in Office later depicted the Dominators attempting to conquer the Doctor's home planet of Gallifrey , though they were thwarted. The Draconians (also called Dragons,

29000-418: The ocean that do not receive sunlight, and take energy from black smokers instead. Magnetic fields and radioactivity have also been proposed as sources of energy, although they would be less efficient ones. Life on Earth requires water in a liquid state as a solvent in which biochemical reactions take place. It is highly unlikely that an abiogenesis process can start within a gaseous or solid medium:

29200-611: The only occasion in which the Sontarans and their Rutan foes appear on screen together, and was adapted into a Virgin New Adventures novel where the Seventh Doctor must prevent the Sontarans gained a clear advantage in the conflict. They have also appeared in several spin-off novels, including Lords of the Storm by David A. McIntee , where the Fifth Doctor and Turlough have to stop a Sontaran scheme to take control of

29400-568: The origin of extraterrestrial life. The Solar System has a wide variety of planets, dwarf planets, and moons, and each one is studied for its potential to host life. Each one has its own specific conditions that may benefit or harm life. So far, the only lifeforms found are those from Earth. No extraterrestrial intelligence other than humans exists or has ever existed within the Solar System. Astrobiologist Mary Voytek points out that it would be unlikely to find large ecosystems, as they would have already been detected by now. The inner Solar System

29600-467: The original fifth planet of our solar system, which they eventually wiped of all other life; so dangerous were they that the Time Lords moved the planet into a time loop. Somehow, though, the Fendahl managed to eject a skull, which passed through space (seriously harming life on Mars as it passed) to land on Earth, where its powers helped shape humanity, a new vessel for the Fendahl. Ages later, that skull

29800-468: The others are used in other biological processes. The studies ruled out pollution of the meteorites on Earth, as those components would not be freely available the way they were found in the samples. This discovery suggests that several organic molecules that serve as building blocks of life may be generated within asteroids and comets. In October 2011, scientists reported that cosmic dust contains complex organic compounds ("amorphous organic solids with

30000-640: The parallel universe created in " Turn Left " (2008), in which The Doctor is killed fighting another alien menace prior to encountering the Adipose, the Adipose incident happened in America instead of the United Kingdom, as London was destroyed when the space-faring version of the Titanic crashed into Buckingham Palace and caused much of the southern United Kingdom to become an irradiated wasteland. Over 60 million Americans were killed in this timeline as

30200-576: The park attempted to use it as a ploy to discover what it is like to be a Drashig by connecting to the Drashigs' brain waves. The Drashigs break free, but the Doctor is able to evacuate the survivors before the Drashigs are able to kill everyone. The Eknodine are a parasitic life form seen in " Amy's Choice " (2010). In the dream world created by the Dream Lord , the Eknodine reside in the bodies of elderly residents in Leadworth . The Eknodine attack

30400-401: The people to mutate into more wild creatures. The Cheetah People frequently fought each other, which weakened their home planet and caused it to slowly reach a breaking point. The Master became stranded on the planet, and slowly began to mutate as well. He attempted to use the Cheetah People to escape, kidnapping several of Ace 's friends and mutating them into Cheetah People. The Seventh Doctor

30600-560: The place, I should know." His preferred pronunciation was retained. The Sontarans made their first appearance in 1973 in the serial The Time Warrior by Robert Holmes, where Linx is stranded in the Middle Ages. Linx uses a projector to bring back human scientists from the future to fix his spacecraft. Another Sontaran named Styre appears in The Sontaran Experiment (1975), experimenting on captured astronauts on

30800-571: The planet Catastrophea. They attempted to intervene, but after an uprising by the planet's natives, the Draconians and humans work together to make sure all inhabitants from both sides are able to evacuate the planet, with both choosing to leave the planet alone. The 2009 comic story Fugitive featured a Draconian delegate, who was arrested alongside the Tenth Doctor and delegates from the Ogron and Sontaran species. The Draconian delegate later aided

31000-700: The planet Dulkis utilizing their robotic servants the Quarks , but were thwarted by the Second Doctor . The Dominators later appeared in various pieces of spin-off material. The comic Quiet on the Set , released in 2013 by IDW Publishing , depicted the Tenth Doctor fighting the Dominators in Hollywood, Los Angeles , where they attempted to make a movie that would spread subliminal messaging to turn humanity into an ideal labor force for them. They re-appeared in

31200-564: The planet and began to feed on the Earth, acting like parasites to prolong their meal. Kronos sacrificed itself in order to stop this, freeing the Lux Aeterna and causing the Chronovores to return to their dimension. The Chuldur are a race of shape shifting bird-like aliens who appeared in the Fifteenth Doctor story " Rogue " (2024). The Chuldur appeared in 1813, where they infiltrated a ball in order to "cosplay" as those from

31400-553: The planetary core ceased to generate a magnetic field, solar winds removed the atmosphere and the planet became vulnerable to solar radiation. Ancient life-forms may still have left fossilised remains, and microbes may still survive deep underground. As mentioned, the gas giants and ice giants are unlikely to contain life. The most distant solar system bodies, found in the Kuiper Belt and outwards, are locked in permanent deep-freeze, but cannot be ruled out completely. Although

31600-511: The precise differences that lead to beneficial or harmful conditions for life. And despite the conditions against life on Venus , there are suspicions that microbial life-forms may still survive in high-altitude clouds. Mars is a cold and almost airless desert, inhospitable to life. However, recent studies revealed that water on Mars used to be quite abundant, forming rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans. Mars may have been habitable back then, and life on Mars may have been possible. But when

31800-456: The probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilisations and the lack of evidence for such civilisations is known as the Fermi paradox . Dennis W. Sciama claimed that life's existence in the universe depends on various fundamental constants. Zhi-Wei Wang and Samuel L. Braunstein suggest that a random universe capable of supporting life is likely to be just barely able to do so, giving

32000-476: The probe to study ocean water. Still, Cassini detected complex organic molecules, salts, evidence of hydrothermal activity, hydrogen, and methane. Titan is the only celestial body in the Solar System besides Earth that has liquid bodies on the surface. It has rivers, lakes, and rain of hydrocarbons, methane, and ethane, and even a cycle similar to Earth's water cycle . This special context encourages speculations about lifeforms with different biochemistry, but

32200-438: The problems of survival of life on other planets. However, he also considered that the conditions found on Mars were incompatible with carbon based life. Even if extraterrestrial life is based on carbon and uses water as a solvent, like Earth life, it may still have a radically different biochemistry . Life is generally considered to be a product of natural selection . It has been proposed that to undergo natural selection

32400-438: The production team to find replacement antagonists due to the Daleks being planned to be featured in an American television series at the time. The Cybermen's design would change frequently from episode to episode, and grew more mechanical and bulky in design. Despite their popularity, the Cybermen were not brought back for any episode starring Jon Pertwee as the Third Doctor , and only had one appearance alongside Tom Baker as

32600-588: The programme) and Gerry Davis in 1966, based around the ideas of the ethical issues present in innovations in prosthesis . The Cybermen were portrayed by tall actors in order to portray the Cybermen's menace, with the actors being over six feet in height. The costumes were hot and bulky, and it was difficult for the actors to see. These initial Cybermen used cloth masks, and had a zombie-like appearance, with flesh-based hands. They additionally had individual names. The Cybermen were brought back as recurring antagonists in other serials following this, and were an effort by

32800-535: The race after himself and turned the Sontarans into an expansionist and warlike society set on universal conquest. However, this origin has no basis in anything seen in the television series. The Sontarans have also appeared as a character in the PC game Destiny of the Doctors released on 5 December 1997, by BBC Multimedia. They can be defeated by firing the occupants of an angry beehive at them. The Sontarans appear in

33000-539: The reason why. ( The Two Doctors ) Most of the Sontarans depicted in the television series have had short names, many beginning with an initial 'st' sound. Examples include Styre ( The Sontaran Experiment ), Stor ( The Invasion of Time ), Stike ( The Two Doctors ), Staal (" The Sontaran Stratagem " / " The Poison Sky "), Stark (" The Pandorica Opens "), Strax and Stenck (" The Vanquishers "); others are Skorr ("The Sontaran Stratagem" / "The Poison Sky"), Ritskaw and Kragar (" The Halloween Apocalypse "), Skaak (" War of

33200-471: The recent series, are shorter than the average human male. The Sontarans have an extremely militaristic culture which prizes discipline and honour as its highest virtues; every aspect of their draconian society is geared toward warfare, and every experience is viewed in terms of its martial relevance. In The Sontaran Experiment , the Fourth Doctor comments that "Sontarans never do anything without

33400-433: The researchers, "these [newly discovered] compounds could potentially support extant microbial communities or drive complex organic synthesis leading to the origin of life ." Although most searches are focused on the biology of extraterrestrial life, an extraterrestrial intelligence capable enough to develop a civilization may be detectable by other means as well. Technology may generate technosignatures , effects on

33600-426: The right conditions on Earth were met, life started by a chemical process known as abiogenesis . Alternatively, life may have formed less frequently, then spread – by meteoroids , for example – between habitable planets in a process called panspermia . During most of its stellar evolution stars combine hydrogen nuclei to make helium nuclei by stellar fusion, and the comparatively lighter weight of helium allows

33800-405: The right side of the equation are agreed as speculative and open to substitution: 10,000 = 5 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 0.2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 10,000 {\displaystyle 10{,}000=5\cdot 0.5\cdot 2\cdot 1\cdot 0.2\cdot 1\cdot 10{,}000} The Drake equation has proved controversial since, although it is written as

34000-422: The rocky surface, which helps the chemical reactions. It may be difficult to dig so deep in order to study those oceans, though. Enceladus , a tiny moon of Saturn with another subsurface ocean, may not need to be dug, as it releases water to space in eruption columns . The space probe Cassini flew inside one of these, but could not make a full study because NASA did not expect this phenomenon and did not equip

34200-492: The same of humans. In The Time Warrior , Linx states that "at the Sontaran Military Academy we have hatchings of a million cadets at each muster parade." The Doctor also comments in The Invasion of Time that Sontarans can mass-clone themselves at rates up to a million embryos every four minutes. Thereafter the clones take just ten minutes to grow to adulthood. When the Sontaran reach adulthood, under

34400-532: The same samples suggests that a non-biological reaction is a more likely hypothesis. In February 2005 NASA scientists reported they may have found some evidence of extraterrestrial life on Mars. The two scientists, Carol Stoker and Larry Lemke of NASA's Ames Research Center , based their claim on methane signatures found in Mars's atmosphere resembling the methane production of some forms of primitive life on Earth, as well as on their own study of primitive life near

34600-438: The season premiere, 'Chapter 1: The Halloween Apocalypse', the Sontarans plan to exploit the Flux crisis to take over Earth in its various time periods. They sent a group back in time to Crimean War -era Sevastopol in 'Chapter 2: The War of the Sontarans' as a trial run, only to be defeated by the Doctor while Dan and Karvanista take out the main fleet. The Sontarans reappear in the cliffhanger for ' Chapter Five: Survivors of

34800-445: The second Doctor Who serial. The Daleks were created by a scientist named Davros as a way to survive and win a war between themselves and a species known as the Thals. They are life-long enemies of The Doctor , and he is the only being whom they fear. The Daleks see themselves as the superior lifeforms in the universe, and seek to eliminate all other life for being "impure." The creatures inside of their casings resemble squids, with

35000-496: The serial, the Drashigs were captured inside a "Miniscope," a device which kept various species trapped in miniature versions of their natural environments for entertainment. The Drashigs damage the circuitry of the Miniscope, while a group known as the Tribunal attempts to free them to cause chaos. The Drashigs kill the rogue Tribunal members, and are returned home from the Miniscope at the episode's conclusion. The Drashigs in this episode utilized puppets, with fox skulls being used for

35200-399: The series. The Drashigs, still trapped in the Miniscope following Carnival of Monsters , re-appeared in the 2019 audio drama Peepshow , where recurring character River Song encountered them. Due to the lack of food in the Miniscope, she was able to use the Drashigs to kill several antagonist groups in the Miniscope trying to kill her. The Third Doctor returned the Drashigs to their home at

35400-428: The short, and also judged the monster design competition that created the Krakanord. The Adipose are aliens composed of living fat, featured in the episode " Partners in Crime " (2008). Their breeding world, Adipose 3, was lost, causing them to turn to " Miss Foster " in order to create new Adipose children. She formulated a drug that would cause human fat to morph by parthenogenesis into Adipose children. The process

35600-401: The showrunner of Doctor Who , the Cybermen from the Doctor's universe became the primary antagonists, though they still used the design of the "Cybus" Cybermen. The Cybermen were later re-designed for writer Neil Gaiman 's serial " Nightmare in Silver " (2013) which used a sleeker design. These Cybermen were constantly upgrading to counter-act any threat, which Gaiman cited as being inspired by

35800-467: The small rod again, but also in episode six, a Sontaran trooper uses a short black rifle-like laser to try to burn through a lock on a door inside the TARDIS. The Two Doctors introduced a weapon called the Meson Gun (as named in the Jim'll Fix It sketch, " A Fix with Sontarans "), a large silver rifle with a red fuel tank in the centre which was used by Group Marshal Stike and Varl in the third episode. It seemed to be some kind of flamethrower as it fired

36000-454: The soldiers of the Tenth Fleet were armed with large laser rifles, Kaagh has a smaller laser carbine. Rather than hypnotising humans (as Sarah pointed out they usually do), instead, Kaagh fixed neural control devices to the back of the necks of his human agents. A red light flashes when it is operational, and Kaagh can activate and deactivate them when he wants with his control panel. A pair of Sontarans that tried to invade Trenzalore in "Time of

36200-415: The speed of improvement in modern technology and the Cybermen's own penchant to "upgrade" other lifeforms to be like themselves. The original design seen in The Tenth Planet was later brought back for " World Enough and Time " and " The Doctor Falls " (2017), while the main Cyberman design was redesigned again for the episode " Ascension of the Cybermen " (2020). The Cybermen have several variants, such as

36400-399: The star to release the extra energy. The process continues until the star uses all of its available fuel, with the speed of consumption being related to the size of the star. During its last stages, stars start combining helium nuclei to form carbon nuclei. The higher-sized stars can further combine carbon nuclei to create oxygen and silicon, oxygen into neon and sulfur, and so on until iron. In

36600-482: The stellar evolution of stars and planets, it is usually not taken into account by astrobiology. There is an area around a star, the circumstellar habitable zone or "Goldilocks zone", where water may be at the right temperature to exist in liquid form at a planetary surface. This area is neither too close to the star, where water would become steam, nor too far away, where water would be frozen as ice. However, although useful as an approximation, planetary habitability

36800-549: The strip introduced the concept of "pureblood" Sontarans not born of cloning. The Sontarans also feature in the Kroton solo strip Unnatural Born Killers (DWM #277) and the Tenth Doctor 's comic strip debut The Betrothal of Sontar (DWM #365-#368), by John Tomlinson and Nick Abadzis , where a Sontaran mining rig on the ice planet Serac comes under attack by a mysterious force. This list does not include Strax who has his own list . Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial life , or alien life (colloquially, alien ),

37000-508: The study of Earth's life, the only known form of life, astrobiology seeks to study how life starts and evolves and the requirements for its continuous existence. This helps to determine what to look for when searching for life in other celestial bodies. This is a complex area of study, and uses the combined perspectives of several scientific disciplines, such as astronomy , biology , chemistry , geology , oceanography , and atmospheric sciences . The scientific search for extraterrestrial life

37200-539: The survival and possible origin of life on Earth . With the little amount of information that scientists have found regarding the atmosphere on other planets in the Milky Way galaxy and beyond, the atmospheres are most likely reducing or with very low oxygen levels, especially when compared with Earth's atmosphere. If there were the necessary elements and ions on these planets, the same carbon fixing, reduced chemical compounds occurring around hydrothermal vents could also occur on these planets' surfaces and possibly result in

37400-581: The tendency of technologically advanced human societies to enslave or destroy less advanced societies – argue it may be dangerous to actively draw attention to Earth. Initially, after the Big Bang the universe was too hot to allow life. 15 million years later , it cooled to temperate levels, but the elements that make up living things did not exist yet. The only freely available elements at that point were hydrogen and helium . Carbon and oxygen (and later, water ) would not appear until 50 million years later, created through stellar fusion. At that point,

37600-409: The truth was revealed, the Draconians allied with the humans to combat the Master. The Draconians appear in several pieces of spin-off material. The 2020 online short story The Simple Things depicted a Draconian attempting to repair a battle cruiser in 1896 West Ham with the help of an ironworks company. The 1998 novel Catastrophea depicted the Draconians being unhappy with human colonization of

37800-570: The two-part story " Rise of the Cybermen " and " The Age of Steel " of the second revived series (2006), the Cybermen originate on a parallel-universe version of Earth, where they were created by John Lumic , the head of "Cybus," who was a genius obsessed with immortality. He forcibly 'upgraded' vast numbers of people in the parallel earth before a counter-revolution, initiated by the Tenth Doctor , started fighting back. These Cybermen acted as recurring foes, aiming to "upgrade" other life-forms to be like themselves, but after Steven Moffat took over as

38000-554: The universe. The science of extraterrestrial life is known as astrobiology . Speculation about the possibility of inhabited worlds beyond Earth dates back to antiquity. Early Christian writers discussed the idea of a "plurality of worlds" as proposed by earlier thinkers such as Democritus ; Augustine references Epicurus 's idea of innumerable worlds "throughout the boundless immensity of space" in The City of God . Pre-modern writers typically assumed extraterrestrial "worlds" are inhabited by living beings. William Vorilong , in

38200-481: The unofficial 2004 BBV film Dæmos Rising , which acted as a follow-up to The Dæmons . The same Dæmon later appeared in the spin-off novel Child of Time , where it attempted to harness the powers of a woman named Maria. Maria travelled back in time and committed suicide, thwarting its plans and causing it to be killed. The Daleks are a warmongering, xenophobic race of mutant creatures who live within mobile battle armour first appearing in The Daleks (1963-64),

38400-445: The unusual properties of the meteorite were eventually explained as the result of inorganic processes, the controversy over its discovery laid the groundwork for the development of astrobiology. An experiment on the two Viking Mars landers reported gas emissions from heated Martian soil samples that some scientists argue are consistent with the presence of living microorganisms. Lack of corroborating evidence from other experiments on

38600-409: Was able to stop the Master, leaving him stranded on the Cheetah People's dying planet. The writer of Survival , Rona Munro, was disappointed with how the Cheetah People turned out. Her initial outline only had the Cheetah People have cheetah-like eyes and a pigmentation of the skin, but the final version depicted the Cheetah People with heavy masks that obscured the actors' faces, which Munro weakened

38800-417: Was habitable. It is unclear if life and intelligent life are ubiquitous in the cosmos or rare. The hypothesis of ubiquitous extraterrestrial life relies on three main ideas. The first one, the size of the universe allows for plenty of planets to have a similar habitability to Earth, and the age of the universe gives enough time for a long process analog to the history of Earth to happen there. The second

39000-443: Was imprisoned for causing chaos, and Zellin manipulated the Thirteenth Doctor so that she would free Rakaya. The pair wished to siphon nightmares in order to feed on them. The Doctor is able to trick the pair, imprisoning them once again. The Fendahl are an alien species seen in Image of the Fendahl (1977). A race that never exceeds unlucky number 13 ; it is composed of one Golden Core and 12 Fendahleen. The Fendahl arose on

39200-424: Was in danger of being cancelled due to low viewing figures from the prior serial, An Unearthly Child (1963). The ownership of the Daleks was a co-production between Nation and the BBC, and as a result, Nation received royalties whenever the Daleks appeared in Doctor Who . The Daleks have been described as British cultural icons, and a 2008 survey stated that nine out of ten British children were able to identify

39400-469: Was inspired by the Daleks seen in the 60s Dalek films, and sought to make them big to make them intimidating. A green Dalek was planned but scrapped. These Daleks, dubbed the "New Paradigm," were widely controversial with viewers. They were re-designed for the episode " Asylum of the Daleks ," (2012) but did not re-appear in subsequent episodes. The Dominators are a race of aggressive warlords, first seen in The Dominators (1968). They attempted to capture

39600-625: Was portrayed by actress Anna Hope . Brannigan has several kitten offspring who appear in "Gridlock," who were portrayed by real-life kittens. A short scene, titled " The Secret of Novice Hame" was released as part of a tie-in with a watch-along for "New Earth" held during the COVID-19 pandemic . The scene features Hame on her deathbed in the far future as she awaits the Doctor's arrival. Chameleons are aliens with no features or identities of their own seen in The Faceless Ones (1967), who can imprint on individual humans and take on their appearance. The Chameleons lost their identities and faces in

39800-437: Was released as part of a tie-in with a watch-along for "Love & Monsters" held during the COVID-19 pandemic . The video depicts the Abzorbaloff's father attacking the Tenth Doctor in an attempt to get revenge for the death of his son. The Abzorbaloff summons an alien known as the "Krakanord" to defeat the Doctor, but it kills the Abzorbaloff due to the Abzorbaloff's mistreatment of it. Grantham returned to direct and animate

40000-399: Was reported. Scientists search for biosignatures within the Solar System by studying planetary surfaces and examining meteorites . Some claim to have identified evidence that microbial life has existed on Mars. In 1996, a controversial report stated that structures resembling nanobacteria were discovered in a meteorite, ALH84001 , formed of rock ejected from Mars . Although all

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