A voice type is a group of voices with similar vocal ranges , capable of singing in a similar tessitura , and with similar vocal transition points ( passaggi ). Voice classification is most strongly associated with European classical music , though it, and the terms it utilizes, are used in other styles of music as well.
99-483: (Redirected from Sa ) [REDACTED] Look up S.A in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Sa , SA , S.A. or s.a. may refer to: Arts, media and entertainment [ edit ] Music [ edit ] Initialism for "soprano and alto", voice types for which a piece of music is written SA (Samurai Attack) , a Japanese punk rock band SA Martinez ,
198-592: A castrato in baroque operas . Historically, there is much evidence that the countertenor, in England at least, also designated a very high tenor voice, the equivalent of the French haute-contre . Until about 1830, all male voices used some falsetto-type voice production in their upper range. Countertenor voices span a broad range, covering E 3 to E 5 . Countertenor subtypes: Countertenors are often broken down into three subcategories: sopranist or "male soprano",
297-475: A Marxist political organisation Other businesses and organizations [ edit ] System Architect , an enterprise architecture product Spółka Aukcyjna (" Joint-stock company " in polish) S.A. (corporation) (French: Société Anonyme ) a type of corporation in various countries San Antonio Spurs , a basketball team in the U.S. National Basketball Association The Salvation Army , an international church and charity Sexaholics Anonymous ,
396-464: A Salvation Army Guards and Legions Association (SAGALA). In the United States youth groups that are specifically for girls are known as Girl Guards (older girls) and Sunbeams (younger girls). Adventure Corps serves boys who are enrolled in school for first through eighth grades, and is sometimes separated into Rangers (6th–8th Grade) and Explorers (5th Grade and younger). In the 21st century,
495-486: A few rare voices (such as the American male soprano Michael Maniaci or singers with disorders such as Kallmann syndrome ), countertenors typically have tenor or baritone chest voices and rely on their falsetto register to reach high notes, using their modal voice mostly for the lowest notes. The countertenor voice is therefore more often a product of the application of a specific technical approach, and much less often
594-430: A mainstream Christian format with video screens showing words to music so that the audience can sing along. The early Salvation Army bands were known for their excitement and public appeal, and the modern ensemble keeps to this ideology. Traditional hymns are blended with other musical pieces from Christian Music Publishers such as Vineyard Music , Hillsong , and Planet Shakers to name but a few. The Soldier's Covenant
693-430: A pitch level may lead to the development of vocal disorders such as vocal cord nodules . Increasing tension on the vocal cords is one of the means of raising pitch. Singing above an individual's best tessitura keeps the vocal cords under a great deal of unnecessary tension for long periods of time, and the possibility of vocal abuse is greatly increased. Singing at too low a pitch level is not as likely to be damaging unless
792-637: A plant hormone Spontaneous abortion Sustained action , a longer-acting form of a medication Surface area Sense of agency Computing and telecommunications [ edit ] .sa , the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Saudi Arabia Security association in the IPsec networking protocol Selective availability , a mechanism for degrading the precision of the civilian GPS network Simulated annealing , an optimisation technique Software architect Software architecture Microsoft Software Assurance Structured analysis ,
891-527: A position usually held by investigative officers within certain law enforcement agencies in the United States San Andreas (disambiguation) MG SA , a sporting saloon See also [ edit ] S+A , defunct Philippine TV network Sá , a Portuguese surname Sa (萨), a rare Chinese surname of Semu origin (see 雁门萨氏 ) Semi-automatic (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing sa Topics referred to by
990-630: A religious minister, which was unusual at the time. The Foundation Deed of the Christian Mission states that women had the same rights to preach as men. William Booth described the organisation's approach: "The three 'S's' best expressed the way in which the Army administered to the 'down and outs': first, soup; second, soap; and finally, salvation." In 1880, the Salvation Army started work in three other countries: Australia, Ireland, and
1089-482: A result of the biological factors which have long been credited with determining the other voice types. These factors include vocal-fold length, thickness, and other elements of laryngeal proportions. All countertenors, save those rare examples previously mentioned, also fall into the traditional male voice categories, such as tenor and bass. Countertenor range: The countertenor is the highest male voice. Many countertenor singers perform roles originally written for
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#17327662866431188-463: A service to be a member of the Salvation Army in any capacity (as a Soldier, Adherent, or Officer). Services in Salvation Army churches feature a variety of activities: Local corps usually sing contemporary worship music songs in Sunday worship services as well as traditional hymns from the official Songbook of the Salvation Army. Music is often accompanied by a brass band. Many American corps adopted
1287-559: A sex-addiction recovery group based on the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous Shooting Australia , governing body for target shooting sports in Australia Smokers Anonymous South African Airways (IATA airline designator: SA) Sports Authority , a defunct U.S. sporting goods retailer Success Academy Charter Schools , term commonly abbreviated to 'Success Academy' Places [ edit ] Vehicle registration plate for
1386-404: A similar larynx size and weight and a similar vocal cord structure and color. With the onset of puberty, women's, and particularly men's, voices alter as the vocal ligaments become more defined and the laryngeal cartilages harden. The height of the male larynx becomes much greater than in women. Size and development of adult lungs also changes physical capabilities of the voice. During puberty,
1485-403: A singer tries to force the voice down. Many vocal pedagogues warn of the dangers of "quick identification." Premature concern with classification can result in misclassification, with all its attendant dangers. Vocal pedagogue William Vennard has stated: I never feel any urgency about classifying a beginning student. So many premature diagnoses have been proved wrong, and it can be harmful to
1584-507: A six-month rehabilitation commitment to live and work at the ARC residence. They are unpaid, but provided with room and board. Many ARCs are male-only. The program is primarily to combat addiction. Residents work at the warehouse, store, or residence. This is referred to as "work therapy". They attend classes, twelve-step programs , and chapel services as a part of their rehabilitation. The Army advertises these programs on their collection trucks with
1683-416: A software engineering technique Suffix array , a sorted array of all suffixes of a string System administrator System architecture Systems analysis Systems analyst System agent Other uses in science, technology, and mathematics [ edit ] Sa (Islamic measure) , Arabic measure of volume Samarium (former chemical symbol: Sa), a rare earth metal Single action ,
1782-481: A type of Mandaean sacramental bread that is rolled up Seaman apprentice , a U.S. Navy and Coast Guard rank Secrecy agreement , a legal contract for confidentiality Sex appeal , attraction on the basis of sexual desire Sexual assault , the intentional act of sexually touching another person without their consent Share-alike , a term used in Creative Commons licensing Second Amendment to
1881-417: A type of firearm trigger Situation awareness , a component of aviation safety and other socio-technical systems Spectral acceleration , in seismology and earthquake engineering Superabundant number , a type of number (mathematical concept) Unbarred spiral galaxy Short axis, in single-photon emission computed tomography Surface area Other uses [ edit ] Sa (Mandaeism) ,
1980-580: A uniform tailored to the country in which they work; the uniform can be white, grey, navy, or fawn and are even styled like a sari in some areas. Any member of the public is welcome to attend their meetings. As the Salvation Army grew rapidly in the late 19th century, it generated opposition in England. Opponents, grouped under the name of the Skeleton Army , disrupted Salvation Army meetings and gatherings with tactics such as throwing rocks, bones, rats, and tar as well as physical assaults on members of
2079-416: A variety of voice classification systems. Most of these types, however, are grouped into seven or eight major voice categories that are, for the most part, acknowledged across the major voice classification systems. Women are typically divided into three groups: soprano , mezzo-soprano , and contralto . Men are usually divided into four groups: countertenor , tenor , baritone , and bass . When considering
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#17327662866432178-550: A video game from the Touhou series by ZUN Siragadikka Aasai (TV series) , an Indian TV series Language and writing [ edit ] Sa (cuneiform) , a cuneiform sign sa (hieroglyph) , an Egyptian hieroglyph meaning "protection" Sa (kana) (さ and サ), characters (kana) in the two Japanese syllabaries Saa language , spoken in Vanuatu Sanskrit (ISO 639-1 code: sa), a historical Indo-Aryan language,
2277-455: A vocalist and DJ for the band 311 Soziedad Alkoholika , a Spanish punk rock band SA , a 2018 album by Jonathan Richman Strike Anywhere , a hardcore punk band from Richmond, Virginia Other media [ edit ] Sa (film) , a 2016 Indian film S.A (manga) , a manga series by Maki Minami Something Awful , a comedy website Star Awards , an annual Singaporean television award ceremony Subterranean Animism ,
2376-431: A volunteer army." Bramwell Booth heard his father and said, "Volunteer! I'm no volunteer, I'm a regular!" Railton was instructed to cross out the word "volunteer" and substitute the word "salvation". The Salvation Army was modelled after the military, with its own flag (or colours) and its own hymns, often with words set to popular and folkloric tunes sung in the pubs. Booth and the other soldiers in "God's Army" would wear
2475-594: Is a Protestant Christian church and an international charitable organisation headquartered in London , England . It is aligned with the Wesleyan-Holiness movement . The organisation reports a worldwide membership of over 1.7 million, consisting of soldiers, officers, and adherents who are collectively known as salvationists. Its founders sought to bring salvation to the poor, destitute, and hungry by meeting both their "physical and spiritual needs". It
2574-514: Is a darker-colored soprano drammatico. Mezzo-soprano range: The mezzo-soprano voice is the middle-range voice type for females; it lies between the soprano and contralto ranges, over-lapping both of them. The typical range of this voice is between A 3 (the A below middle C) to A 5 (two octaves higher). In the lower and upper extremes, some mezzo-sopranos may extend down to F 3 (the F below middle C) and as high as C 6 ( high C ). Mezzo-soprano tessitura: Although this voice overlaps both
2673-690: Is a member of the National Council for Voluntary Youth Services ( NCVYS ). The Salvation Army works with a specialist team in partnership with the UK service Modern Slavery Helpline (telephone 0800 0121 700) to help people who have been exploited for labor or profits. The organisation also assists homeless people by running 461 hostels and 20 refugee programmes. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, The Salvation Army donated 224,603,024 meals and 1,822,412 personal protective equipment supply kits in
2772-524: Is an evangelical part of the universal Christian church. Its message is based on the Bible. Its ministry is motivated by the love of God. Its mission is to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ and to meet human needs in His name without discrimination. Early beliefs of the Salvation Army were influenced by the book Helps to Holiness , which influenced spiritual life in the Army for a generation. The sacred text of
2871-932: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Voice type A singer will choose a repertoire that suits their voice. Some singers such as Enrico Caruso , Rosa Ponselle , Joan Sutherland , Maria Callas , Jessye Norman , Ewa Podleś , and Plácido Domingo have voices that allow them to sing roles from a wide variety of types; some singers such as Shirley Verrett and Grace Bumbry change type and even voice part over their careers; and some singers such as Leonie Rysanek have voices that lower with age, causing them to cycle through types over their careers. Some roles are hard to classify, having very unusual vocal requirements; Mozart wrote many of his roles for specific singers who often had remarkable voices, and some of Verdi 's early works make extreme demands on their singers. Many different voice types are used in vocal pedagogy in
2970-425: Is less likely to mis-classify or damage the voice. Unlike other classification systems, choral music divides voices solely on the basis of vocal range. Choral music most commonly divides vocal parts into soprano, alto , tenor and bass ( SATB ). As a result, the typical chorus is highly prone to misclassification. Since most people have "medium" voices (men tend to be baritones and women tend to be mezzo-sopranos),
3069-399: Is not conferred, nor can it be taken away by human agreement." The Salvation Army official stance admitted in 2010 exceptions in cases such as rape and incest: "In addition, rape and incest are brutal acts of dominance violating women physically and emotionally. This situation represents a special case for the consideration of termination as the violation may be compounded by the continuation of
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3168-426: Is not in itself blameworthy nor is the disposition seen as rectifiable at will.... Homosexual practice however, is, in the light of Scripture, clearly unacceptable. Such activity is chosen behaviour and is thus a matter of the will. It is therefore able to be directed or restrained in the same way heterosexual urges are controlled. Homosexual practice would render any person ineligible for full membership (soldiership) in
3267-485: Is not sold on location is often sold wholesale on the global secondhand clothing market . The Salvation Army's fundraising shops in the United Kingdom participated in the UK government's Work Programme , a workfare programme in which benefit claimants had to work for no compensation for 20 to 40 hours per week over periods as long as six months. When people buy items at Salvation Army thrift stores, part of
3366-484: Is present in 133 countries, running charity shops , operating shelters for the homeless , and disaster relief and humanitarian aid to developing countries . The theology of the Salvation Army derives from Methodism , although it differs in institution and practice; an example is that the Salvation Army does not observe sacraments . As with other denominations in the Holiness Methodist tradition,
3465-438: Is rare, so much so that often roles intended for contralto are performed by mezzo-sopranos. The typical contralto range lies between F 3 (the F below middle C) to F 5 (the second F above middle C). In the lower and upper extremes some contralto voices can sing from D 3 (the D below middle C) to B 5 (the second B-flat above), one whole step short of the soprano high C . Contralto tessitura: The contralto voice has
3564-400: Is rarely called for in performance. Vocal pedagogues generally consider four main qualities of a human voice when attempting to classify it: vocal range , tessitura , timbre , and vocal transition points known as passaggio . However, teachers may also consider physical characteristics, speech level, scientific testing, and other factors such as vocal register . Voice classification into
3663-519: Is sacred and that each human being, however wretched, can become a new person in Christ." In 2012, the Salvation Army, Australian Territories published a "Positional Statement on Homosexuality" after receiving adverse publicity about their position on homosexuality . The Bible teaches that God's intention for humankind is that society should be ordered on the basis of lifelong, legally sanctioned heterosexual unions.... A disposition towards homosexuality
3762-463: Is that enrollment as a Soldier by accepting the call to discipleship should be followed by a lifetime of continued obedient faith in Christ. The Commission's considered opinion of Holy Communion is that God's grace is readily accessible in all places and at all times, although Salvationists may participate in Holy Communion if attending a service of worship in another Christian denomination if
3861-449: Is the creed of the Salvation Army. All members of the church are allowed to subscribe to this creed; every person has to sign the document before they can become enrolled as a Soldier. Members have traditionally been referred to as "soldiers" of Christ. These were formerly known as the "Articles of War", and include "Having received with all my heart the salvation offered to me by the tender mercy of God, I do here and now acknowledge God
3960-452: Is the lowest singing voice. The bass voice has the lowest tessitura of all the voices. The typical bass range lies between E 2 (the second E below middle C) to E 4 (the E above middle C). In the lower and upper extremes of the bass voice, some basses can sing from C 2 (two octaves below middle C) to G 4 (the G above middle C). Bass subtypes: Basses are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre,
4059-437: Is the middle-range voice type for males and the most common male voice type; it lies between the bass and tenor ranges, overlapping both of them. The typical baritone range is from A 2 (the second A below middle C) to A 4 (the A above middle C). A baritone's range might extend down to F 2 (the second F below middle C) or up to C 5 (one octave above middle C). Baritone tessitura: Although this voice range overlaps both
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4158-650: Is to restore (or to sustain) family relationships where contact has been lost, whether recently or in the distant past. Thousands of people are traced every year on behalf of their relatives. The Salvation Army includes many youth groups, which primarily consist of its Sunday schools and the Scout and Guide packs. The Scout and Guide packs are affiliated with and sponsored by the Salvation Army but are open units that allow anyone to join. These units/packs observe Christian standards and encourage young people to investigate and develop in their Christian faith. Some territories have
4257-900: The American National Red Cross , Southern Baptist Convention , and other disaster relief organisations, are members of the National Voluntary Organisations Active in Disaster (NVOAD). Around the world, the Salvation Army have emergency services support emergency disaster services in the United States. These are mobile canteen vehicles that provide food and other welfare to members of the Emergency Services at bushfires , floods , land search , and other large- and small-scale emergency operations undertaken by Police, Fire, Ambulance, and State Emergency Service members, and to
4356-709: The United Kingdom , the Salvation Army is no longer the largest non-governmental provider of social services; however, it still provides a significant service to people in need. The Salvation Army is the fourth largest charity in the United States , with private donations in excess of US$ 2 billion in 2022. It is a member of many national interdenominational groups, including the American organisation Christian Churches Together . The Salvation Army refers to its ministers as "officers". When they are acting in their official capacities, they can often be recognised by
4455-512: The haute-contre , and the castrato . The last "true" castrato singer, Alessandro Moreschi , died in 1922. Tenor range: The tenor is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between C 3 (one octave below middle C) to C 5 (one octave above middle C). The low extreme for tenors is roughly A 2 (the second A-flat below middle C). At the highest extreme, some tenors can sing up to F 5 (the second F above middle C). Tenor tessitura: The tessitura of
4554-449: The ordination of women . Salvation Army officers were previously allowed to marry only other officers (this rule varied in different countries); but this rule has been relaxed in recent years. Husbands and wives usually share the same rank and have the same or similar assignments. Such officer-couples are assigned together to act as co- pastors and to administer corps, Adult Rehabilitation Centres, and such. The Army has churches throughout
4653-503: The province of Salerno , Italy SA postcode area , a group of postal districts near Swansea, Wales, UK Sakha Republic , a federal Russian republic Saline County, Kansas , U.S. San Antonio , Texas, U.S. Sarajevo (official city abbreviation) Saudi Arabia (two-letter country code) South Asia South Africa South America South Australia Science, technology, and mathematics [ edit ] Biology and medicine [ edit ] Salicylic acid ,
4752-863: The tragedies of the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 and the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . General Evangeline Booth offered the services of Salvationists to President Woodrow Wilson during the First World War. The Salvation Army is a nongovernmental relief agency . After the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, they arrived at the disaster sites to help retrieve and bury the dead. Since then they have helped rebuild homes and construct new boats for people to recover their livelihood. Members were prominent among relief organisations after Hurricane Hugo and Hurricane Andrew . In August 2005, they supplied drinking water to poor people affected by
4851-569: The Army's own uniform for meetings and ministry work. He became the " General " and his other ministers were given appropriate ranks as " officers ". Other members became " soldiers ". When William Booth became known as the General, Catherine was known as the "Mother of The Salvation Army". William was motivated to convert poor Londoners such as prostitutes, gamblers, and alcoholics to Christianity , while Catherine spoke to wealthier people, gaining financial support for their work. She also acted as
4950-517: The Army. On 8 December 2017, the Salvation Army released an International Positional Statement on racism which says that racism is "fundamentally incompatible with the Christian conviction that all people are made in the image of God and are equal in value. The Salvation Army believes that the world is enriched by a diversity of cultures and ethnicities." In the United States, the Salvation Army's first major forays into disaster relief resulted from
5049-514: The Booths to start their own church. The Booths did not include the use of sacraments (mainly baptism and Holy Communion ) in the Army's form of worship, believing that many Christians had come to rely on the outward signs of spiritual grace rather than on grace itself. Other beliefs are that its members should completely refrain from drinking alcohol (Holy Communion is not practised), smoking, taking illegal drugs, and gambling. Its soldiers wear
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#17327662866435148-524: The Christian religion... of education, the relief of poverty, and other charitable objects beneficial to society or the community of mankind as a whole". The Salvation Army was founded in 1865 as the "East London Christian Mission" in London by one-time Methodist preacher William Booth and his wife Catherine . It can trace its origins to the Blind Beggar Tavern. In 1878, Booth reorganised
5247-701: The Father to be my King; God the Son, Jesus Christ our Lord, to be my Saviour; and God the Holy Spirit to be my Guide, Comforter and Strength, and I will, by His help, love, serve, worship and obey this glorious God through time and in eternity." Positional Statements describe Salvation Army policy on various social and moral issues. They are carefully considered by the International Headquarters of The Salvation Army . They are derived from work by
5346-522: The International Moral and Social Issues Council. The Salvation Army opposes euthanasia and assisted suicide . Its official stance on abortion is that "The Salvation Army believes in the sanctity of all human life and considers each person to be of infinite value and each life a gift from God to be cherished, nurtured and redeemed. Human life is sacred because it is made in the image of God and has an eternal destiny. (Genesis 1:27) Sacredness
5445-460: The Salvation Army in a new country; sometimes Salvationists emigrated to countries and started operating as "the Salvation Army" on their own authority. When the first official officers arrived in Australia and the United States, they found groups of Salvationists already waiting for them and started working with each other. The Army's organised social work began in Australia on 8 December 1883 with
5544-456: The Salvation Army in the United Kingdom created a branch for the youth, called Alove: the Salvation Army for a new generation. Its purpose is to free the youth of the church and their communities to express themselves and their faith in their own ways. Its mission statement is "Calling a generation to dynamic faith, radical lifestyle, adventurous mission and a fight for justice". It emphasises worship, discipleship, missions, and social action. Alove
5643-558: The Salvation Army is the Bible , and the beliefs of the Salvation Army rest upon these eleven doctrines: The denomination does not celebrate sacraments , such as Baptism and Holy Communion . The position of the International Spiritual Life Commission, which is convened by the general to examine and identify aspects of the Army's life which are essential or integral to the spiritual growth, opinion
5742-537: The Salvation Army lays emphasis on the New Birth (first work of grace) and entire sanctification (second work of grace). A distinctive characteristic of the Salvation Army is its use of titles derived from military ranks , such as " lieutenant " or " major ". The Army's doctrine is aligned with the Wesleyan–Arminian tradition, particularly the holiness movement . The Army's purposes are "the advancement of
5841-511: The Salvation Army. Much of this was led by pub owners who were losing business because of the Army's opposition to alcohol and its targeting of the frequenters of saloons and public houses. In 1882, the Salvation Army was established in Asia with the first outpost in India. The Army also established outposts in Australia in 1879, Japan in 1895, and China in 1915. The Salvation Army's reputation in
5940-714: The Soviet Union Sturmabteilung (SA), a paramilitary wing of the German Nazi Party (NSDAP), also known as the Brownshirts Political organisations [ edit ] Socialist Action (disambiguation) , several organisations Socialist Alliance (Australia) , a Socialist political party Socialist Alliance (England), a political party in England Socialist Alternative (Australia) ,
6039-463: The United States and one of the largest in the world, with expenditures including operating costs of US$ 3.6 billion in 2022, assisting more than 32 million people in the U.S. alone. In addition to funding feeding centres, homeless shelters, rehabilitation centres , community centres , and disaster relief, the organisation also establishes refugee camps , especially among displaced people in Africa. In
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#17327662866436138-413: The United States improved as a result of its disaster relief efforts following the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 and the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Today, in the U.S. alone, over 25,000 volunteer bell ringers with red kettles are stationed near retail stores during the weeks preceding Christmas for fundraising. The church remains a highly visible and sometimes controversial presence in many parts of
6237-514: The United States. The Salvation Army was founded in London's East End in 1865 by one-time Methodist Reform Church minister William Booth and his wife Catherine Booth as the East London Christian Mission, and this name was used until 1878. The name "The Salvation Army" developed from an incident on 19 and 20 May 1878. William Booth was dictating a letter to his secretary George Scott Railton and said, "We are
6336-565: The United States. Salvationists set out for the U.S. in 1880. George Scott Railton and his team started work in Harry Hill's Variety Theatre on 14 March 1880. The first notable convert was Ashbarrel Jimmie who had so many convictions for drunkenness that the judge sentenced him to attend the Salvation Army. The corps in New York were founded as a result of Jimmys' rehabilitation. It was not always an Officer of The Salvation Army who started
6435-576: The colour-coded epaulettes on their white uniform dress shirts. The epaulettes have the letter " S " embroidered on them in white. Officer ranks include Lieutenant, Captain, Major, Lieutenant Colonel, Colonel, Commissioner, and General. Promotion in rank from Lieutenant to Major depends primarily on years of service. Officers are given Marching Orders to change ministries within the Salvation Army. Usually, officers are given new marching orders every two to five years and reassigned to different posts, sometimes moving great distances. The Salvation Army permits
6534-542: The constitutions of several sovereign states and subnational entities Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , the most common meaning of "Second Amendment" Single adult (LDS Church) , a designation in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for unmarried individuals 18 and older; sometimes used specifically to refer to unmarried individuals over 30 Special agent ,
6633-400: The contralto and soprano voices, the tessitura of the mezzo-soprano is lower than that of the soprano and higher than that of the contralto. Mezzo-soprano subtypes: Mezzo-sopranos are often broken down into three subcategories: lyric mezzo-soprano, coloratura mezzo-soprano and dramatic mezzo-soprano. Contralto range: The contralto voice is the lowest female voice. A true operatic contralto
6732-402: The correct natural range of the voice is of great importance in singing since the outer ends of the singing range need very careful production and should not be overworked, even in trained voices." Singing at either extreme of the range may be damaging, but the possibility of damage seems to be much more prevalent in too high a classification. Medical evidence indicates that singing at too high of
6831-422: The correct voice type is important for vocal pedagogues and singers as a guiding tool for the development of the voice. Misclassification of a singer's voice type is dangerous. It can damage the vocal cords, shorten a singing career, and lead to the loss of both vocal beauty and free vocal production. Some of these dangers are not immediate ones; the human voice is quite resilient, especially in early adulthood, and
6930-487: The damage may not make its appearance for months or even years. Unfortunately, this lack of apparent immediate harm can cause singers to develop bad habits that will over time cause irreparable damage to the voice. Singing outside the natural vocal range imposes a serious strain upon the voice. Clinical evidence indicates that singing at a pitch level that is either too high or too low creates vocal pathology. According to vocal pedagogue Margaret Greene , "The need for choosing
7029-526: The emotional and spiritual needs of 277,000 individuals. As part of the effort, Salvation Army officers, employees, and volunteers contributed more than 900,000 hours of service. The Salvation Army was one of the first relief agencies on the scene of the September 11 attacks in New York City in 2001. They also provided prayer support for families of missing people. The Salvation Army, along with
7128-576: The establishment of a home for ex-convicts. In 1891, William Booth established a farm colony in Hadleigh, Essex, which allowed people to escape the overcrowded slums in London's East End. A fully working farm with its own market-gardens, orchards, and milk production, it provided training in basic building trades and household work. The Salvation Army's main converts were at first alcoholics, morphine addicts, prostitutes, and other "undesirables" unwelcome in polite Christian society, which helped prompt
7227-534: The general public affected by such events. Volunteers and officers run the canteen service. They respond when emergency services have been on the scene for more than four hours or where four or more Fire vehicles are responding. The Family Tracing Service (sometimes known as the Missing Persons Service) was established in 1885, and the service is now available in most of the countries where The Salvation Army operates. The Tracing Service's objective
7326-583: The heat wave in the United States. Later in 2005 they responded to hurricanes Katrina and Rita . They helped the victims of an earthquake in Indonesia in May 2006. Since Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, the Salvation Army has allocated donations of more than US$ 365 million to serve more than 1.7 million people in nearly every American state. The Army's immediate response to Hurricane Katrina included
7425-449: The highest extreme, some coloratura soprano roles may reach to G 6 (the G above high C ). Soprano tessitura: The tessitura of the soprano voice lies higher than all the other voices except the sopranino . In particular, the coloratura soprano has the highest tessitura of all the soprano subtypes. Soprano subtypes: As with all voice types, sopranos are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre,
7524-455: The host Church allows. Although its officers conduct marriages, the Salvation Army holds a traditional Protestant belief that marriage was not instituted by Christ and therefore is not a sacrament. The mercy seat is a focal point in a Salvation Army Church, symbolizing God's call to his people, and a place for commitment and communion, and is available for anyone to kneel at in prayer. The Salvation Army does not require anyone attending
7623-412: The human voice is in an in-between phase where it is not quite a child's voice nor an adult one yet. This is not to suggest that the voice stops changing after puberty. Different singers will reach adult development earlier or later than others, and as stated above, there are continual changes throughout adulthood. Treble can refer to either a young female or young male singer with an unchanged voice in
7722-498: The liturgical language of Hinduism Sine anno , Latin term for "without year" used in bibliographies to indicate items which do not record the year of publication Sub anno (s.a. or sa), Latin term for "under the year" in annals which record by year Sa (Javanese) (ꦱ), a character in the Javanese script Businesses and organizations [ edit ] Military and paramilitary [ edit ] Soviet Army , army of
7821-421: The lowest tessitura of the female voices. Contralto subtypes: Contraltos are often broken down into three subcategories: coloratura contralto, lyric contralto, and dramatic contralto. A soprano sfogato is a contralto who has an extended high range reaching the soprano high C . While the countertenor is almost universally recognized as a voice category, it is not a voice type in the strictest sense. Except for
7920-499: The mezzo-soprano range. Initially, the term was associated with boy sopranos but as the inclusion of girls into children's choirs became acceptable in the 20th century the term has expanded to refer to all pre-pubescent voices. The lumping of children's voices into one category is also practical, as boys and girls share a similar range and timbre. Most trebles have an approximate range from A 3 (the A below middle C) to C 6 ( top C ) or above. For high notes see, for example,
8019-407: The mission, becoming its first general and introducing the military structure, which it has retained as a matter of tradition. The Salvation Army's highest priority is its Christian principles. As of 2023 the international leader and chief executive officer (CEO) of The Salvation Army is General Lyndon Buckingham . The Salvation Army is the largest non-government provider of social services in
8118-430: The mobilization of more than 178 canteen feeding units and 11 field kitchens which together served more than 5.7 million hot meals, 8.3 million sandwiches, snacks, and drinks. Its SATERN ( Salvation Army Team Emergency Radio Network ) network of amateur ham-radio operators picked up where modern communications left off to help locate more than 25,000 survivors. Salvation Army pastoral care counselors were on hand to comfort
8217-455: The parts they are assigned are often too high or too low for them; often mezzo-sopranos must sing soprano or alto and baritones sing tenor or bass. Either option can present problems for the singer, where the singers strain their voices to reach the high or low notes, but for most singers there are fewer dangers in singing too low than in singing too high. The Salvation Army Wesleyan Holiness Connection The Salvation Army ( TSA )
8316-417: The pre-pubescent voice, an eighth term, treble , is applied. Within each of these major categories, subcategories identify specific vocal qualities such as coloratura facility and vocal weight to differentiate between voices. The vocal range of classical performance covers about five octaves, from a low G 1 (in scientific pitch notation ) to a high G 6 , although the extremes are rare. More commonly
8415-432: The pregnancy." It is also against the death penalty : "The Salvation Army recognises that the opinions of Salvationists are divided on the moral acceptability of capital punishment and its effectiveness as a deterrent. However, to advocate in any way the continuance or restoration of capital punishment in any part of the world would be inconsistent with the Army's purposes and contrary to the Army's belief that all human life
8514-444: The proceeds go toward The Salvation Army's emergency relief efforts and programs. Textile items not sold are recycled and turned into other items such as carpet underlay. The Salvation Army also helps their employees by hiring ex-felons, depending on the circumstances, because they believe in giving people second chances. Some Salvation Army locations are associated with an Adult Rehabilitation Centre (ARC) in which men and women make
8613-540: The range is from a low C 2 to a high D 6 . Vocal ranges are grouped into overlapping types that each span about two octaves. Many singers fall between groups and can perform some parts in either type. Soprano range: The soprano is the highest singing voice. The typical soprano voice lies between C 4 (middle C) and C 6 ( high C ). The low extreme for sopranos is roughly A 3 (just below middle C). Most soprano roles do not extend above C 6 although there are several standard soprano roles that call for D 6 . At
8712-493: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title SA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SA&oldid=1258644332 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing German-language text Articles containing French-language text Short description
8811-511: The slogan "Doing the Most Good". An ARC is typically associated with a main store and warehouse. Donations are consolidated from other stores and donation sites, sorted and priced, and then distributed back out to the branch stores. Low-quality donated items are sold at the warehouse dock in a "dock sale". Farmland at Hadleigh in Essex featured market gardens, orchards, and two brickfields. It
8910-496: The student and embarrassing to the teacher to keep striving for an ill-chosen goal. It is best to begin in the middle part of the voice and work upward and downward until the voice classifies itself. Most vocal pedagogues believe that it is essential to establish good vocal habits within a limited and comfortable range before attempting to classify the voice. When techniques of posture, breathing, phonation , resonation, and articulation have become established in this comfortable area,
9009-501: The tenor and bass ranges, the tessitura of the baritone is lower than that of the tenor and higher than that of the bass. Baritone subtypes: Baritones are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Baritones are often broken down into seven subcategories: baryton-Martin, lyric baritone, kavalierbariton , Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, baryton-noble , and bass-baritone . Bass range: The bass
9108-715: The tenor voice lies above the baritone voice and below the countertenor voice. The Tenorino has the highest tessitura of all the tenor subtypes. Tenor subtypes: Tenors are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Tenors are often broken down into eight subcategories: Tenorino , tenore contraltino , leggero tenor or tenore di grazia , lyric tenor, spinto tenor or tenore spinto , dramatic tenor, heldentenor, and baritenor . Famous tenors include Enrico Caruso , Juan Diego Flórez , Alfredo Kraus , Luciano Pavarotti , Placido Domingo and José Carreras . Baritone range: The baritone voice
9207-402: The treble solo at the beginning of Stanford 's Magnificat in G, David Willcocks ' descant to Mendelssohn 's tune for the carol " Hark! The Herald Angels Sing ", and the even higher treble solo in the " Nunc dimittis " from Tippett 's evening canticles written for St John's College, Cambridge . Many trebles are also able to reach higher notes by use of the whistle register but this practice
9306-462: The true quality of the voice will emerge and the upper and lower limits of the range can be explored safely. Only then can a tentative classification be arrived at, and it may be adjusted as the voice continues to develop. Many vocal pedagogues suggest that teachers begin by assuming that a voice is of a medium classification until it proves otherwise. The reason for this is that the majority of individuals possess medium voices and therefore this approach
9405-445: The weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Basses are often broken down into six subcategories: basso profondo , basso buffo, bel canto bass, basso cantante, dramatic bass, and bass-baritone . A human voice will alter as a person gets older. The vocal range and timbre of children's voices do not have the variety that adults' voices have. Both sexes before puberty have a similar vocal range and timbre because both groups have
9504-527: The weight of voice, and dexterity of the voice. Sopranos are often broken down into five subcategories: coloratura soprano , soubrette , lyric soprano , spinto soprano , and dramatic soprano . Two types of soprano especially dear to the French are the Dugazon and the Falcon , which are intermediate voice types between the soprano and the mezzo-soprano. A Dugazon is a darker-colored soubrette. A Falcon
9603-725: The world, known as Salvation Army corps . These serve as churches and community centres. Traditionally, many corps buildings are also called temples or citadels. The Salvation Army is well known for its network of thrift stores or charity shops—colloquially referred to as "the Sally Ann" in Canada and the United States, "Salvos Stores" in Australia, and "Sally's" in New Zealand—which raise money for its rehabilitation programs by selling donated used items such as clothing, housewares, and toys. Clothing collected by Salvation Army stores that
9702-507: The world. The Salvation Army was one of the original six organisations that made up the USO , along with the YMCA , YWCA , National Catholic Community Services , National Jewish Welfare Board , and National Travelers Aid Association . National Salvation Army week was created by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on 24 November 1954, encouraging people to honour the Salvation Army for its work in
9801-573: Was mentioned in the Royal Commission report of 1909, which was appointed to consider Poor Laws. 7,000 trainees had passed through its doors by 1912 with more than 60% subsequently finding employment. The Salvation Army operates children's summer camps and adult day care centres. It has headquarter offices internationally, nationally, and for each territory and division. Some of its other facilities include: The official mission statement reads: The Salvation Army, an international movement,
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