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39-603: The name of the mountain was adopted 13 March 1947 on topographic map 93/SW. Prior to this, the mountain was given the name Mount Lion which appeared on 2T268, a plan drawn in 1923 by W. Merston who was a member of the Association of British Columbia Land Surveyors (BCLS). The name Satah is Chilcotin in origin, meaning "Of the Sun and Moon". Merston made some land surveys in the Upper Chilcotin Valley and

78-403: A free license that allows re-use, such as a Creative Commons license. Topography as the study of place Local history is the study of history in a geographically local context, often concentrating on a relatively small local community . It incorporates cultural and social aspects of history. Local history is not merely national history writ small but a study of past events in

117-461: A stereoplotter . Modern mapping also employs lidar and other Remote sensing techniques. Older topographic maps were prepared using traditional surveying instruments. The cartographic style (content and appearance) of topographic maps is highly variable between national mapping organizations. Aesthetic traditions and conventions persist in topographic map symbology, particularly amongst European countries at medium map scales. Although virtually

156-455: A country or continent. Many local histories are recorded as oral tales or stories and so are more vulnerable than more well known issues. Artifacts of local history are often collected in local history museums, which may be housed in a historic house or other building. Individual historic sites are inherently local, although they may have national or world history importance as well. Many however have little overall historical impact but add depth to

195-496: A crucial component to policy-making and serve as a marketable resource and this is demonstrated in the case of Northern Ireland . Aside from its contribution to local development, local history is being used as a non-contentious meeting ground in addressing conflicting traditions by reinforcing shared past rather than adversarial political history. In the United States, local history is usually concentrated on any history of

234-598: A given geographical area which is based on a wide variety of documentary evidence and placed in a comparative context that is both regional and national. Historic plaques are one form of documentation of significant occurrences in the past and oral histories are another. Local history is often documented by local historical societies or groups that form to preserve a local historic building or other historic site. Many works of local history are compiled by amateur historians working independently or archivists employed by various organizations. An important aspect of local history

273-523: A more general department of history or in continuing education. Local history is rarely taught as a separate subject in British schools. In 1908, a Board of Education circular had urged that schools should pay attention "to the history of the town and district" in which they were situated. In 1952, the Ministry of Education suggested schools should use local material to illustrate national themes. Within

312-402: A topographic map to show both natural and artificial features. A topographic survey is typically based upon a systematic observation and published as a map series , made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A topographic map series uses a common specification that includes the range of cartographic symbols employed, as well as a standard geodetic framework that defines

351-446: A topographic map. This includes not only how to identify map features, but also how to interpret contour lines to infer landforms like cliffs, ridges, draws, etc. Training in map reading is often given in orienteering, scouting, and the military. The various features shown on the map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. These signs are usually explained in

390-499: A triangulation and topographical survey over an area extending eastward from Anahim Peak to the 124th meridian . The topographical work extended over the Itcha Range , which lies 25 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Satah Mountain. Satah Mountain is a complex volcanic cone of trachyte , benmoreite and basaltic trachyandesite . It contains two summits that rise between 300 and 400 m (980 and 1,310 ft) above

429-424: A volcanic cone 7 km (4.3 mi) west-northwest of Satah Mountain. Topographic map In modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large- scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but historically using a variety of methods . Traditional definitions require

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468-406: Is a related study which may be translated from the local languages as "country lore" or "local lore". In addition to history, it also incorporates other local studies, such as local geography, nature, and ethnography. In Russia local lore is known as krayevedenie ( ru:Краеведение ). It is taught in primary schools. There are also local lore museums known as krayevedcheskie muzei . In modern Russia

507-571: Is the movement of " If This House Could Talk " projects in various urban neighborhoods in the United States. These small scale locally generated history events encourage an interest in history and provide for open-ended participation by the general public. However, there is often no vetting or third-party review of the factual evidence that is presented, and therefore such presentations may require oversight by professional third-party history organizations if they are to be transcribed into ongoing collections of local history. In several Slavic countries there

546-431: Is the publication and cataloguing of documents preserved in local or national records which relate to particular areas. In a number of countries a broader concept of local lore is known, which is a comprehensive study of everything pertaining to a certain locality: history, ethnography, geography, natural history, etc. Local history tends to be less documented than other types, with fewer books and artifacts than that of

585-657: The Carte géométrique de la France , was completed in 1789. The Great Trigonometric Survey of India, started by the East India Company in 1802, then taken over by the British Raj after 1857 was notable as a successful effort on a larger scale and for accurately determining heights of Himalayan peaks from viewpoints over one hundred miles distant. Topographic surveys were prepared by the military to assist in planning for battle and for defensive emplacements (thus

624-622: The State Library of NSW and other state and local libraries and archives. Historians have examined the ways local history has been written in Australia since the nineteenth century. Early on, the emphasis was on pioneer and settler history. The creative ways that local history contributed to making community has also been argued. Subsequently, local history, urban history , public history and heritage were closely connected in Australia. The British Association for Local History in

663-763: The State Library of Victoria holds extensive local history records for Melbourne and other places in Victoria . Many other Melbourne libraries have local history collections, along with the Public Record Office Victoria and the Royal Historical Society of Victoria . In New South Wales , the Royal Australian Historical Society has studied local history as part of its remit since its founding in 1901. It holds local history records along with

702-688: The federal government of the United States ' TIGER initiative compiled interlinked databases of federal, state and local political borders and census enumeration areas , and of roadways, railroads, and water features with support for locating street addresses within street segments. TIGER was developed in the 1980s and used in the 1990 and subsequent decennial censuses . Digital elevation models ( DEM ) were also compiled, initially from topographic maps and stereographic interpretation of aerial photographs and then from satellite photography and radar data . Since all these were government projects funded with taxes and not classified for national security reasons,

741-773: The map projection , coordinate system , ellipsoid and geodetic datum . Official topographic maps also adopt a national grid referencing system. Natural Resources Canada provides this description of topographic maps: These maps depict in detail ground relief (landforms and terrain), drainage (lakes and rivers), forest cover , administrative areas, populated areas, transportation routes and facilities (including roads and railways), and other man-made features. Other authors define topographic maps by contrasting them with another type of map; they are distinguished from smaller-scale " chorographic maps" that cover large regions, " planimetric maps" that do not show elevations, and " thematic maps " that focus on specific topics. However, in

780-628: The 18th and 19th centuries, it was widely regarded as an antiquarian pursuit, suitable for country parsons. The Victoria History of the Counties of England project begun in 1899 in honour of Queen Victoria with the aim of creating an encyclopaedic history of each of the historic counties of England . The project is coordinated by the Institute of Historical Research at the University of London . The first academic post related to local history

819-585: The Interior migrated to the newly created United States Geological Survey in 1879, where it has remained since. 1913 saw the beginning of the International Map of the World initiative, which set out to map all of Earth's significant land areas at a scale of 1:1 million, on about one thousand sheets, each covering four degrees latitude by six or more degrees longitude. Excluding borders, each sheet

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858-599: The United Kingdom encourages and assists in the study of local history as an academic discipline and as a leisure activity by both individuals and groups. Most historic counties in England have record societies and archaeological and historical societies which coordinate the work of historians and other researchers concerned with that area. Local history in the UK took a long time to be accepted as an academic discipline. In

897-407: The United States, 79,000 historic sites are identified as listings on its National Register of Historic Places . State and local municipalities often have additional landmark designations to cover sites of more purely local interest. In addition, many regional and state historical societies maintain regional history and actively seek out missing historical collections. A new form of local history

936-532: The concept of "regional studies" ( ru:Регионоведение ) is also considered. In Ukraine , the study of local history and regional ethnography is known as krayeznavstvo ( uk:краєзнавство ). The National Union of Local Lore Researchers of Ukraine is a professional society for researchers of ethnology and local studies in Ukraine. It was founded in 1925 and has 3,000 members in 17 chapters. The society has published its journal Краєзнавство since 1927. In Poland ,

975-459: The current National Curriculum , pupils at level 4 are expected to "show their knowledge and understanding of local, national and international history". The Alan Ball Local History Awards were established in the 1980s to recognize outstanding contributions in local history publishing in the UK (both in print and in new media ), and to encourage the publishing of such works by public libraries and local authorities . Local history can become

1014-528: The datasets were in the public domain and freely usable without fees or licensing. TIGER and DEM datasets greatly facilitated geographic information systems and made the Global Positioning System much more useful by providing context around locations given by the technology as coordinates. Initial applications were mostly professionalized forms such as innovative surveying instruments and agency-level GIS systems tended by experts. By

1053-528: The entire terrestrial surface of Earth has been mapped at scale 1:1,000,000, medium and large-scale mapping has been accomplished intensively in some countries and much less in others. Several commercial vendors supply international topographic map series. According to 2007/2/EC European directive , national mapping agencies of European Union countries must have publicly available services for searching, viewing and downloading their official map series. Topographic maps produced by some of them are available under

1092-440: The first artifacts to record observations about topography. Topographic maps are based on topographical surveys. Performed at large scales, these surveys are called topographical in the old sense of topography , showing a variety of elevations and landforms. This is in contrast to older cadastral surveys , which primarily show property and governmental boundaries. The first multi-sheet topographic map series of an entire country,

1131-582: The local area. In Australia, local history is focussed on specific cities and suburbs or country towns and regions. In cities, local history might concentrate on a CBD and its bordering suburbs, on a specific suburb or municipality , or on an agglomeration of suburbs and municipalities (because local government boundaries have changed over time). Outside the larger cities, local history often examines regional towns and surrounding areas. Records are typically stored at state libraries, public libraries , historical societies and public record offices. For example,

1170-603: The main edifice. Satah Mountain is one of the largest volcanoes in the Satah Mountain volcanic field (SMVF). Polygenetic in nature, the volcano was sporadically active 1.83–1.77 million years ago during the Early Pleistocene . This contrasts with most SMVF volcanoes, which are smaller in volume and likely had episodic and short-lived activity. The only other polygenetic volcano in the SMVF is Mount Punkutlaenkut,

1209-459: The margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet. Topographic maps are also commonly called contour maps or topo maps . In the United States, where the primary national series is organized by a strict 7.5-minute grid, they are often called or quads or quadrangles. Topographic maps conventionally show topography , or land contours, by means of contour lines . Contour lines are curves that connect contiguous points of

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1248-659: The mid-1990s, increasingly user-friendly resources such as online mapping in two and three dimensions, integration of GPS with mobile phones and automotive navigation systems appeared. As of 2011, the future of standardized, centrally printed topographical maps is left somewhat in doubt. Topographic maps have many multiple uses in the present day: any type of geographic planning or large-scale architecture ; Earth sciences and many other geographic disciplines; mining and other Earth-based endeavours; civil engineering and recreational uses such as hiking and orienteering . It takes practice and skill to read and interpret

1287-581: The name and history of the United Kingdom 's Ordnance Survey ). As such, elevation information was of vital importance. As they evolved, topographic map series became a national resource in modern nations in planning infrastructure and resource exploitation. In the United States, the national map-making function which had been shared by both the Army Corps of Engineers and the Department of

1326-461: The place and people from a particular village or township . Several villages and townships would comprise one county or county history. Library records are often divided by State, then county, then township/local history. The American Association for State and Local History is the professional association for history professionals, volunteers, museums, historical societies, and other history-related organizations and public history professionals In

1365-530: The same altitude ( isohypse ). In other words, every point on the marked line of 100 m elevation is 100 m above mean sea level. These maps usually show not only the contours, but also any significant streams or other bodies of water , forest cover, built-up areas or individual buildings (depending on scale), and other features and points of interest such as what direction those streams are flowing. Most topographic maps were prepared using photogrammetric interpretation of aerial photography using

1404-399: The surrounding plateau. The western summit is flat-topped and resembles a tuya whereas the eastern summit retains the morphology of a cone with its southwestern rim having been breached by a 180 m (590 ft) in diameter crater . A small breached scoria ring on the northern flank of Satah Mountain appears largely unmodified by glacial erosion , implying that it might be younger than

1443-407: The vernacular and day to day world, the representation of relief (contours) is popularly held to define the genre, such that even small-scale maps showing relief are commonly (and erroneously, in the technical sense) called "topographic". The study or discipline of topography is a much broader field of study, which takes into account all natural and human-made features of terrain. Maps were among

1482-428: Was 44 cm high and (depending on latitude) up to 66 cm wide. Although the project eventually foundered, it left an indexing system that remains in use. By the 1980s, centralized printing of standardized topographic maps began to be superseded by databases of coordinates that could be used on computers by moderately skilled end users to view or print maps with arbitrary contents, coverage and scale. For example,

1521-432: Was at Reading University which appointed a research fellow in local history in 1908. There was a department of local history (but without a professor) at Leicester University from 1947. H. P. R. Finberg was the first Professor of English Local History. He was appointed by Leicester in 1964. Local history continues to be neglected as an academic subject within universities. Academic local historians are often found within

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