Lushootseed ( / l ʌ ˈ ʃ uː t s iː d / luh- SHOOT -tseed ), historically known as Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish , or Skagit-Nisqually , is a Central Coast Salish language of the Salishan language family. Lushootseed is the general name for the dialect continuum composed of two main dialects, Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed , which are further separated into smaller sub-dialects.
111-525: The Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe ( Lushootseed : saʔqʷəbixʷ-suyaƛ̕bixʷ ; Commonly known as the Sauk-Suiattle Tribe ) is a federally-recognized tribe of Sauk people located in western Washington state . The tribe historically lived along the banks of the Sauk , Suiattle , Cascade , Stillaguamish , and Skagit rivers, in the area known as Sauk Prairie at the foot of Whitehorse Mountain in
222-693: A large number of Indigenous peoples , numbering 12,000 at its peak. Today, however, it is primarily a ceremonial language, spoken for heritage or symbolic purposes, and there are about 472 second-language speakers. It is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger and classified as Reawakening by Ethnologue. Despite this, many Lushootseed-speaking tribes are attempting to revitalize their language in daily use, with several language programs and classes offered across
333-642: A mayor–council form of government. It is one of two towns within Snohomish County, the other being Index , the only incorporated place in the county with a smaller population than Darrington. The five town council members regularly meet twice per month and are elected to four-year terms alongside the mayor. The current mayor, Dan Rankin, a sawmill owner and former councilmember, was elected in 2011; he has twice been re-elected. The town government handles and manages public safety, public works, administration, and parks and recreation. It also operates
444-543: A morphophonemic writing system meaning that it is a phonemic alphabet which does not change to reflect the pronunciation such as when an affix is introduced. The chart below is based on the Lushootseed Dictionary. Typographic variations such as ⟨p'⟩ and ⟨pʼ⟩ do not indicate phonemic distinctions. Capital letters are not used in Lushootseed. Some older works based on
555-549: A public library branch operated by the Sno-Isle Libraries system and located in the town hall complex, which was built in 1990 and expanded in 2008. The town lacks home delivery of mail, requiring residents to use the local post office . At the federal level, Darrington is part of the 8th congressional district , which encompasses the eastern portions of the Snohomish, King , and Pierce counties as well as
666-464: A community events complex and park located 3 miles (4.8 km) west of the town, which is home to several annual events, including a rodeo and a Bluegrass festival . The Darrington Timberbowl Rodeo began in 1964 and typically draws over a thousand spectators during its two-day run in late June. The rodeo was cancelled in 2013 after an inspection found the venue's bleachers to be unsafe, but $ 25,000 in repairs funded by state grants allowed it to resume
777-482: A culture that is seen in the town's annual bluegrass festival and rodeo . Darrington was incorporated as a town in 1945, under a mayor–council government . Its economy has transitioned away from logging and towards tourism, particularly outdoor activities such as hiking, mountain climbing, and fishing, due to its proximity to the Mount Baker–Snoqualmie National Forest . The Darrington area
888-611: A distinct tribal entity, separate from the Upper Skagit Indian Tribe (with whom they were currently affiliated). They were included in the Upper Skagit claim, which was allowed. In 1946, the Sauk separated from the Upper Skagit, forming their own government and seeking federal recognition as a sovereign nation. They received this on September 17, 1975. They also received a reservation in 1984, which, as of 2008,
999-467: A family experience. Wa He Lut Indian School teaches Lushootseed to Native elementary school children in their Native Language and Culture program. As of 2013 , an annual Lushootseed conference is held at Seattle University . A course in Lushootseed language and literature has been offered at Evergreen State College . Lushootseed has also been used as a part of environmental history courses at Pacific Lutheran University . It has been spoken during
1110-436: A household in the town was $ 32,813, and the median income for a family was $ 44,063. Males had a median income of $ 36,429 versus $ 25,625 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 17,384. About 4.7 percent of families and 8.9 percent of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9 percent of those under age 18 and 6.6 percent of those age 65 or over. Darrington is an incorporated town that operates under
1221-523: A hundred residents; a second hotel and the town's first social club had been built. The U.S. Lumber Company, which began in 1901 as the Allen Mill, was the largest employer in Darrington during the early 1910s, producing 23,000 board feet (54.28 m ) of wood per day. U.S. Lumber angered the townspeople by hiring 21 Japanese laborers at similar wages to their white counterparts. In June 1910,
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#17327931470221332-685: A local cooperative association in 1935 to create jobs, including 33 at an independent sawmill, and provide services at a shared cost. Camp Darrington was primarily used to fight wildfires and develop infrastructure in the Darrington district of the Mount Baker National Forest , including roads, trails, and a series of fire lookout towers atop nearby mountains. Among its projects was the Mountain Loop Highway , which provided connections between ranger stations in Darrington and Granite Falls and also opened up
1443-552: A mob of white men rioted and drove the Japanese out of town after little resistance, paying for their train fare to Everett after allowing them to retrieve their belongings. A report by Seattle-based vice-consul Kinjiro Hayashi was forwarded to the Japanese ambassador and state government. The company filed for an injunction after rioters had threatened to burn its Darrington mill and other properties should it attempt to return
1554-541: A name was held by several pioneer residents in July 1891 in advance of the establishment of a post office . The vote was tied between two options, Portage (in some accounts, Norma) and Darrington, the maiden name of settler W. W. Cristopher's mother. According to some reports, the name was originally to be "Barrington" but was changed due to a mistake from the Postal Department or by the townspeople to resemble
1665-623: A permanent replacement was opened in September. The increased costs to local businesses resulting from the long detour via State Route 20 were mitigated with low-interest loans from the Small Business Administration and recovery funds, including $ 9.5 million in private donations. The tourism industry in Darrington also received a state-funded advertising campaign, keeping revenue and visitation for local events at pre-slide levels. The state government, together with
1776-500: A proclitic lə- must be added to the sentence on the next adverb. If there are no further adverbs in the sentence, the proclitic attaches to the head word of the predicate, as in the sentence xʷiʔ čəxʷ sixʷ ləbakʷɬ 'Don't get hurt again'. Almost all instances of a verb in Lushootseed (excluding the zero copula) carry a prefix indicating their tense and/or aspect . Below is a (non-exhaustive) list of these prefixes, along with their meanings and applications. The prefix ʔəs -
1887-536: A public cemetery , the municipal airport , and contracts for utility services . The mayor and town council appoint a clerk treasurer and the heads of various government departments. As of 2016 , the town government employs seven people and has an annual budget of $ 3 million. The town has an independent fire department with two stations, but contracts with the Snohomish County Sheriff for policing and emergency services. The town also has
1998-473: A short burst of energy', and is correctly used with ʔu -. In contrast, the verb təlawil , which means 'to jump or run for an extended period of time', is used with lə -: lə təlawil čəxʷ. 'You are jumping.' There are five possessive affixes, derived from the pronouns: The third person singular -s is considered marginal and does not work with an actual lexical possessor. Lushootseed, like its neighbors Twana , Nooksack , Klallam , and
2109-572: A smokeshop and a country store through its economic development group. It opened a casino and bingo hall located on Washington State Route 530 in September 2018 It closed less than a year later. In early 2021 they opened a Marijuana Store. The tribe has a police department (with six members on the force) and natural resources enforcement (nine members). Under the Point Elliot Treaty, the Sauk-Suiattle has fishing rights on
2220-493: A source published in 1990 (and therefore presumably reflecting the situation in the late 1980s), according to which there were 60 fluent speakers of Lushootseed, evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects. On the other hand, the Ethnologue list of United States languages also lists, alongside Lushootseed's 60 speakers, 100 speakers for Skagit, 107 for Southern Puget Sound Salish, and 10 for Snohomish (a dialect on
2331-555: A valley between foothills of the Cascade Mountains , including the 6,852-foot (2,088 m) Whitehorse Mountain . The plain was formed by lahar deposits from several eruptions of Glacier Peak , 25 miles (40 km) to the southeast. The area remains in the volcano's lahar hazard zone and also lies on a fault line that last produced a major earthquake less than 500 years ago. Soil in The Darrington area
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#17327931470222442-510: A verb, with no subject or object. All information beyond the action is to be understood by context. This can be demonstrated in ʔuʔəy’dub '[someone] managed to find [someone/something]'. Sentences which contain no verb at all are also common, as Lushootseed has no copula . An example of such a sentence is stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ 'What [is] that?'. Despite its general status as VSO, Lushootseed can be rearranged to be subject-verb-object (SVO) and verb-object-subject (VOS). Doing so does not modify
2553-638: A village site and burial ground near modern-day Darrington, while the Skagit used the plain between the Stillaguamish and Sauk rivers as a portage for overland transport of canoes. The portage, Anglicized as Kudsl Kudsl or Kuds-al-kaid, was also used as a transiting point for travelers from Eastern Washington on their way to and from the Puget Sound coast. The area was known as Burn or Sauk Portage to early surveyors and visitors from towns along
2664-583: A whole favors the Democratic Party in elections, Darrington has generally supported Republican candidates. During the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Darrington had the highest percentage of votes in Snohomish County for Republican Donald Trump , at 61 percent compared to 33 percent for Democrat Hillary Clinton , who carried the county. Similarly, in the same year's gubernatorial election , 59 percent of Darrington voters preferred Republican Bill Bryant over incumbent Democrat Jay Inslee , who
2775-617: A workforce population of 1,138 and an unemployment rate of 9.3 percent. The most common employers for Darrington residents are in manufacturing (23.8 percent), followed by educational and health services (17.6 percent), retail (13.7 percent), and public administration (10.5 percent). Approximately 9.9 percent of Darrington residents also work within the town, while 13 percent commute to Everett , 6.4 percent work in Seattle , and 5.7 percent work in Arlington. The average one-way commute for
2886-601: Is 554 feet (169 m) above sea level and receives significantly more precipitation and snowfall than the Puget Sound lowlands . The upper Stillaguamish and Sauk valleys on the Sauk , Suiattle , and White Chuck rivers were historically inhabited by various Native American Coast Salish groups, including the Stillaguamish , the Sauk-Suiattle , and the Upper Skagit . The Sauk-Suiattle maintained
2997-518: Is as follows. The Sauk-Suiattle Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation belonging to the Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe , located in western Washington state . The reservation was established on July 9, 1984, and was originally 15 acres. By 2008, the reservation had grown to 84 acres. 23 acres are in trust , while the rest is in the process of gaining trust status. The tribe also holds additional lands in trust jointly with
3108-471: Is not an ethnic identifier. However, due to the closeness of the two groups, they are commonly known together as the "Sauk-Suiattle." The name for the Sauk-Suiattle in Lushootseed is saʔqʷəbixʷ-suyaƛ̕bixʷ . The first part of the name, saʔqʷəbixʷ (also spelled saʔkʷbixʷ or saʔkʷəbixʷ ) was recorded on the Treaty of Point Elliott as "Sah-ku-méhu" or "Sah-ku-me-hu." The Sauk were also recorded as
3219-588: Is now Mukilteo, Washington. The Sauk were listed on the treaty as the Sah-ku-mehu (spelled also Sah-ku-me-hu). The man appointed as "chief," Wawsitkin, refused to sign the treaty, because he feared they would not receive a reservation. Thus, Dahtldemin, an appointed "sub-chief," was the signatory for the Sah-ku-me-hu. The Sauk had an important village at Sauk Prairie, near the confluence of the Sauk and Suiattle rivers, which had eight longhouses. This village
3330-420: Is one of the most common. It indicates an imperfective aspect-present tense (similar to English '-ing') for verbs that do not involve motion. More specifically, a verb may use ʔəs - if it does not result in a change of position for its subject. It is commonly known as a "state of being": ʔəs ƛ̕ubil čəd. 'I am feeling fine.' or 'I am in good health.' If a verb does involve motion, the ʔəs - prefix
3441-510: Is placed on the penultimate syllable. Some words do not fit the pattern, but generally, pronunciation is consistent in those ways. Northern Lushootseed also was affected by progressive dissimilation targeting palatal fricatives and affricates, whereas Southern Lushootseed was not, leading to some words like čəgʷəš ("wife") being pronounced čəgʷas in Northern dialects. Different dialects often use completely different words. For example,
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3552-709: Is primarily composed of glacial sands and gravels that have deposits of various mineral ores, including gold , silver , copper , lead , zinc , antimony , arsenic , mercury , and iron . Darrington has a general climate similar to most of the Puget Sound lowlands and the Cascades foothills, with dry summers and mild, rainy winters moderated by a marine influence from the Pacific Ocean . Temperatures in Darrington typically differ by approximately 10 °F (5.6 °C) from Everett and other coastal cities in
3663-496: Is pronounced xʷəlšucid . The southern pronunciation txʷəlšucid is derived from the original by de-voicing d into t and switching the position of l and ə . The English name "Lushootseed" is derived from dxʷləšucid . The prefix dxʷ- along with the suffix -ucid means "language." The root word , ləš , is an archaic word for the Puget Sound region. Some scholars, such as Wayne Suttles , believe it may be an old word for "people," possibly related to
3774-423: Is replaced with lə -: lə ƛ̕a čəd ʔálʔal. 'I'm going home.' Completed or telic actions use the prefix ʔu -. Most verbs without ʔəs - or lə - will use ʔu -. Some verbs also exhibit a contrast in meaning between lə - and ʔu -, and only one of them is correct: ʔu saxʷəb čəxʷ. 'You jump(ed).' The verb saxʷəb literally means 'to jump, leap, or run, especially in
3885-716: Is scheduled to be offered in August 2019, with the instructors Danica Sterud Miller, Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Washington Tacoma , and Zalmai Zahir, a PhD student of theoretical linguistics at the University of Oregon . Lushootseed consists of two main dialect groups, Northern Lushootseed ( dxʷləšucid ) and Southern Lushootseed ( txʷəlšucid ~ xʷəlšucid ). Both of these dialects can then be broken down into subdialects: The Lower and Upper Skagit dialects have variously been categorized as being different from one another, or one in
3996-649: The Herald , a daily publication from Everett, and the weekly Arlington Times . The town's first newspaper, named The Wrangler , was published from 1907 to 1915 by the Darrington Literary Society. A second newspaper, The Darrington News , was published for two years from 1947 to 1949 and was followed by the Timber Bowl Tribune , which was printed in Darrington and Concrete using a plant owned by The Concrete Herald . The Tribune
4107-495: The 2000 census , there were 1,136 people, 473 households, and 292 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,171.9 people per square mile (452.2/km ). There were 505 housing units at an average density of 520.9 per square mile (201/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 94.98 percent White, 1.67 percent Native American, 0.35 percent Asian, 0.26 percent from other races, and 2.73 percent from two or more races. Hispanic of Latino residents of any race were 1.23 percent of
4218-480: The COVID-19 pandemic . The town also has several other annual events, including Darrington Day in late May, a Fourth of July parade, and a street fair in July. Darrington formerly hosted an annual wildflower festival and an annual Christian music festival in the 1990s during the transition to a tourism-based economy. With no local newspaper, events in Darrington are covered by Everett's daily newspaper,
4329-646: The Economic Alliance Snohomish County and Washington State University , drafted a $ 65 million economic recovery plan that was put into effect in 2016. Darrington is located in the northeastern reach of Snohomish County in Western Washington , just south of the Skagit County border. It is 28 miles (45 km) east of Arlington , the nearest city, and 74 miles (119 km) northeast of Seattle . According to
4440-604: The Everett and Monte Cristo Railway to the south; until that time, the Sauk Prairie at the modern site of Darrington was an overnight camping spot for prospectors. Nearby areas were explored by prospectors who made over a hundred claims to tracts of land in the highlands around the valley, including Gold Hill. The Sauk Prairie campsite evolved into a settlement that was known as "The Portage" and developed around several homesteads established between 1888 and 1891. A vote on
4551-621: The Gibson Brothers , and Rural Delivery, have performed at Darrington's Whitehorse Mountain Amphitheater. From 2006 to 2019, the amphitheater also hosted the Summer Meltdown jam festival in early August, which attracted a wide variety of musical acts. The four-day event typically drew 4,000 visitors and 40 acts, as well as art pieces that were installed around the campgrounds. Both festivals were cancelled in 2020 due to
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4662-583: The Great Depression led several small sawmills in the Darrington area to suspend operations for a full year and laying off most of the town's workforce in late 1930. The town suffered outbreaks of scarlet fever and smallpox in 1931, followed by winter storms that damaged bridges and roads in the Sauk valley. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) work program established Camp Darrington on May 20, 1933, to provide employment for up to 200 men from northern Snohomish County. The townspeople established
4773-637: The Köppen climate classification system, Darrington has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb). Darrington's largest industry remains logging , centered around several small companies and the Hampton sawmill , the town's largest employer at 160 jobs. Hampton acquired the disused sawmill from Summit Timber in 2002 and reopened it the following year after $ 15 million in renovations. The sawmill primarily processes western hemlock and Douglas fir from nearby state and local lands. Other major industries in
4884-726: The Monte Cristo area in 1889 lured prospectors into the North Cascades and stimulated the development of the surrounding valleys. A 45-mile (72 km) wagon road along the Sauk River connecting Monte Cristo to Sauk Prairie and the settlement of Sauk City on the Skagit River was built in 1891, later forming part of the modern Mountain Loop Highway . It was only used for three years before being replaced by
4995-721: The North Straits Salish languages , are in the Central Coast Salish subgroup of the Salishan family of languages. The language is spoken by many peoples in the Puget Sound region, including the Duwamish , Suquamish , Squaxin , Muckleshoot , Snoqualmie , Nisqually , and Puyallup in the south and the Snohomish , Stillaguamish , Upper Skagit , and Swinomish in the north. Ethnologue quotes
5106-541: The Puyallup Tribe . By their definition, a "speaker" includes anyone who speaks in Lushootseed for at least an hour each day. As of 2013 , the Tulalip Tribes ' Lushootseed Language Department teaches classes in Lushootseed, and its website has Lushootseed phrases with audio. The Tulalip Montessori School also teaches Lushootseed to young children. Tulalip Lushootseed language teachers also teach at
5217-595: The U.S. Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 1.67 square miles (4.33 km ), of which, 1.65 square miles (4.27 km ) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km ) is water. Darrington is situated on a plain between the North Fork Stillaguamish River to the west and the Sauk River to the east. The plain is 5 miles (8.0 km) long and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide, at approximately 554 feet (169 m) above sea level in
5328-648: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Darrington, Washington Darrington is a town in Snohomish County , Washington , United States. It is located in a North Cascades mountain valley formed by the Sauk and North Fork Stillaguamish rivers. Darrington is connected to nearby areas by State Route 530 , which runs along the two rivers towards the city of Arlington , located 30 miles (48 km) to
5439-435: The deadliest landslide in U.S. history and the deadliest natural disaster in state history since the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . Darrington was one of the main staging areas for disaster response workers and supplies; the community center was used as an emergency shelter for victims and the rodeo grounds became an animal shelter and housing for workers. State Route 530 was partially reopened by early June and
5550-461: The 1960s, and the passenger depot was demolished in 1967. The railroad was eventually abandoned in 1990 and its right-of-way was acquired by the county for conversion into a rail trail . The gyppo operations gave way to a small local timber company, Summit Timber, which acquired the largest sawmill in Darrington, now the Hampton mill. Several smaller mills in Darrington and surrounding communities, including four for cedar shakes , closed during
5661-452: The 1960s, declining by 230 residents by 1990 and rebounding since then. Darrington predominantly has single-family residences, with only 36 multi-family units reported in 2010. According to 2012 estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau, Darrington has a median family income of $ 60,750, and a per capita income of $ 18,047, ranking 227th of 281 areas within the state of Washington. Approximately 16.7 percent of families and 20.9 percent of
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#17327931470225772-545: The 1960s, leading to further population decline. The area's timber industry was also adversely affected by tighter logging restrictions on federal lands during the 1980s and 1990s meant to protect the mountain habitats of threatened and endangered species, including the northern spotted owl . In response, Summit transitioned to processing private forests and lands managed by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources , maintaining its position as
5883-455: The 1970s, which prevented new development until 2002. Darrington subsequently developed into a bedroom community for commuters working in Everett and Marysville . Opposition from residents forced the town government to drop plans for a 400-bed minimum-security prison work camp in 1990. The town government unsuccessfully campaigned for a NASCAR racetrack and regional swimming center in
5994-416: The 20th century. The Northern Pacific Railway built a branch line to the town in 1901 and ushered in several years of growth. During the Great Depression , Darrington hosted a Civilian Conservation Corps camp that improved roads, trails, and firefighting infrastructure in the nearby Mount Baker National Forest . Several waves of Appalachian emigrants arrived in the area from North Carolina , forming
6105-448: The Cascades backcountry to logging and recreation. The camp employed the first wave of Appalachian emigrants from North Carolina , who would eventually form a majority of the town's population. Camp Darrington workers also assisted in the creation of two winter sports areas that were equipped with ski runs , toboggan trails, and a ski jump . The Works Progress Administration , another federal jobs program, provided funds to replace
6216-534: The Dictionary of Puget Salish distinguishes between schwas that are part of the root word and those inserted through agglutination which are written in superscript. The Tulalip Tribes of Washington's Lushootseed Language Department created a display with nearly all the letters in the Lushootseed alphabet , sans the letter b̓, which is a rare sound which no words begin with. See the external links below for resources. The Lushootseed language originates from
6327-456: The Japanese laborers. The injunction was denied, but the townspeople relented and allowed 20 Japanese laborers to return to the mill a week later following Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu 's visit to Seattle. Darrington's residents resisted the county government's dry plan to prohibit the sale of alcohol and close the town's saloons. They circulated a petition to incorporate Darrington as a fourth-class city in order to continue alcohol sales, but
6438-537: The North Cascade Range . The name "Sauk-Suiattle" is a combination of the names for two groups of people. The Sauk are the ethnic group who make up the majority of the population of the tribe today, while "Suiattle" ( Lushootseed : suyaƛ̕bixʷ , lit. 'fetching-water people') is a term used for those among the Sauk who travelled to the Suiattle River during the summer, and
6549-603: The Puget Sound coastline. A group of railroad surveyors for the Northern Pacific Railway arrived in modern-day Darrington in 1870 while plotting the potential route for a railroad crossing the Cascades to Lake Chelan , but ultimately chose Stampede Pass to the south. The North Stillaguamish Valley was nicknamed "Starve Out" by early settlers, who arrived alone and underprepared for the area's conditions, leading to several difficult winters. Soldiers sent to
6660-526: The Sabbu-uqu. For generations, the Sauk ( Lushootseed : saʔqʷəbixʷ ) lived in the Sauk River valley, fishing, hunting, and gathering along the waterways of the Sauk, Suiattle, Cascade, Skagit, and Stillaguamish rivers. The people traveled to Puget Sound and across the mountains as well, using horses and canoes for travel. In 1855, the aboriginal Sauk people were party to the Treaty of Point Elliot at what
6771-451: The Sauk-Suiattle is Lushootseed , a Coast Salish language historically spoken by a number of peoples from roughly modern-day Bellingham to Olympia . The last native speaker of the Lushootseed language within the Sauk-Suiattle community, Katherine Brown Joseph, died in 2007. Lushootseed language Lushootseed was historically spoken across southern and western Puget Sound roughly between modern-day Bellingham and Olympia by
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#17327931470226882-671: The Tulalip Early Learning Academy, Quil Ceda-Tulalip Elementary in the Marysville School District, Totem Middle School, and Marysville-Getchell, Marysville-Pilchuck and Heritage High Schools. Since 1996, the Tulalip Lushootseed Department has hosted the annual dxʷləšucid sʔəsqaləkʷ ʔə ti wiw̓suʔ , a summer language camp for children. Teachers also offer family classes in the evening every year, making Lushootseed
6993-415: The Upper Skagit Indian Tribe, and individual citizens own public-domain allotments. The reservation is located near the present-day town of Darrington . It lies in two non-contiguous sections: the largest ( 48°19′16″N 121°32′59″W / 48.32111°N 121.54972°W / 48.32111; -121.54972 ) is in southern Skagit County , comprising 33.5 acres (13.6 hectares), or 73.5 percent of
7104-407: The age of 18 living with them, 44.8 percent were married couples living together, 9.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present, 7.2 percent had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.4 percent were non-families. Individuals made up 32.6 percent of all households; and 13.1 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and
7215-596: The annual Tribal Canoe Journeys that takes place throughout the Salish Sea . There are also efforts within the Puyallup Tribe. Their website and social media, aimed at anyone interested in learning the language, are updated often. To facilitate the use of Lushootseed in electronic files, in 2008 the Tulalip Tribes contracted type designer Juliet Shen to create Unicode -compliant typefaces that met
7326-403: The area began to leave in the 1960s, leading to the rise of independent " gyppo " loggers who salvaged discarded timber while under contract to regional paper mills. A large open-pit mine on Miners Ridge planned by Kennecott in the late 1960s was halted after intervention from environmental activists and local politicians. Northern Pacific ended passenger rail service to the Darrington area in
7437-475: The area by the valley settlers threatened to evict the Sauk-Suiattles; this did not occur as the settlers' claim that the Sauk-Suiattle were hostile and had attacked them was determined to be unfounded. The tribe later hired surveyors to record their claims to the eastern side of the Sauk River, lands that currently comprise their Indian reservation . The discovery of gold and other valuable minerals in
7548-519: The area's extracted ores . The railroad agreed to the offer and began construction in 1900. It later merged with the Northern Pacific Railway, outpacing Great Northern and their plans to build a railroad to their timber holdings in the Sauk River valley. Railway crews arrived in the Darrington area by the following year and the first train arrived at the town's depot in 1901. Several sawmills and other timber industries began in
7659-522: The attempt was thwarted after protests by U.S. Lumber and several civic leaders. On July 5, 1910, the town voted 46–35 in favor of remaining a "wet" settlement, but the countywide plebiscite the same day passed in favor of prohibition. The town grew substantially in the early 1920s, with new sawmills attracting more residents and businesses. The wagon road along the North Fork Stillaguamish River (now part of State Route 530 )
7770-402: The average family size was 2.96. The median age in the town was 41.4 years. Residents under the age of 18 accounted for 22.7 percent of the population, 7.7 percent were between the ages of 18 and 24, 24.9 percent were from 25 to 44, 28.1 percent were from 45 to 64 and 16.6 percent were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.9 percent male and 49.1 percent female. As of
7881-433: The boundary between the northern and southern varieties). Some sources given for these figures, however, go back to the 1970s when the language was less critically endangered. Linguist Marianne Mithun has collected more recent data on the number of speakers of various Native American languages, and could document that by the end of the 1990s there were only a handful of elders left who spoke Lushootseed fluently. The language
7992-627: The coastal region of Northwest Washington State and the Southwest coast of Canada. There are words in the Lushootseed language which are related to the environment and the fishing economy that surrounded the Salish tribes. The following tables show different words from different Lushootseed dialects relating to the salmon fishing and coastal economies. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lushootseed: Article 1 of
8103-418: The county, with colder winters and warmer summers. The majority of the region's precipitation arrives during the winter and early spring, and Darrington averages 152 days of precipitation annually that totals 79.35 inches (201.5 cm) on average—significantly higher than areas in lowland Snohomish County. Darrington also receives significantly more snowfall than other cities in the county due to being in
8214-517: The early 2000s, aiming to become an all-year destination for the county. Several major floods in the late 1990s and early 2000s damaged properties along the rivers; in 2003, a flood washed out part of the Mountain Loop Highway. The highway was not restored until 2008, costing Darrington approximately $ 750,000 in tourist revenue and forcing several businesses to close. Darrington's main lumber mill laid off 67 workers in 2011, citing
8325-420: The early 20th century during the heyday of logging in the area, which also attracted Scandinavian and Western European immigrants. The town saw an influx of Appalachian transplants from North Carolina (particularly the area around Sylva ) in the 1940s and 1950s, whose families remain in the Darrington area, influencing traditions and local culture. The town's population has remained relatively stable since
8436-580: The effects of the Great Recession and declining demand. The town government, running on a small budget of $ 1.6 million, accepted several grants from the state to upgrade its water system and repair streets during the recession. On March 22, 2014, a major mudslide on a hillside near Oso , 12 miles (19 km) west of Darrington, destroyed dozens of homes and a section of State Route 530, cutting off direct road access between Arlington and Darrington for two months. It killed 43 people, becoming
8547-492: The entirety of Chelan and Kittitas counties. The town was part of the 1st congressional district until 2022. At the state level, Darrington shares the 39th legislative district with Lake Stevens, Granite Falls , and eastern Skagit County . The city lies in the Snohomish County Council 's 1st district, which includes most of the county north of Everett and Lake Stevens. While Snohomish County as
8658-420: The first position, the subject pronoun takes the second, and 'Lummi' is pushed to the end of the sentence. Negation in Lushootseed takes the form of an adverb xʷiʔ 'no, none, nothing' which always comes at the beginning of the sentence that is to be negated. It is constructed in two possible ways, one for negatives of existence, and one for negatives of identity. If taking the form of a negative of identity,
8769-472: The following phrases: Lushootseed has four subject pronouns: čəd 'I' (first-person singular), čəɬ 'we' (first-person plural), čəxʷ 'you' (second-person singular), and čələp 'you' (second-person plural). It does not generally refer to the third person in any way. The subject pronoun always comes in the second position in the sentence: dxʷləbiʔ čəxʷ ʔu 'Are you Lummi?' xʷiʔ čəd lədxʷləbiʔ 'I am not Lummi.' Here, negation takes
8880-553: The following year. The Timberbowl Rodeo is named for a former festival that was held annually in late June from 1946 to 1967, and featured various logging events and competitions in addition to a town parade. The Darrington Bluegrass Festival is held for three days every July and was started in 1977 by descendants of Appalachian transplants to the area. The festival draws around 10,000 people, including visitors who use an adjacent campground and participate in communal jam sessions . Prominent Bluegrass groups, including Bill Monroe ,
8991-516: The mountains, with 10 to 15 days on average and approximately 39 inches (99 cm) of snowfall annually since 1911. July is Darrington's warmest month, with average high temperatures of 77.5 °F (25.3 °C ), and January is the coolest, at an average high of 40.8 °F (4.9 °C). The highest recorded temperature, 107 °F (42 °C), occurred in July 2007, and the lowest, −14 °F (−26 °C), in January 1950. According to
9102-467: The nasals [m] , [m̰] , [n] , and [n̰] may appear in some speech styles and words as variants of /b/ and /d/ . Lushootseed can be considered a relatively agglutinating language, given its high number of morphemes, including a large number of lexical suffixes. Word order is fairly flexible, although it is generally considered to be verb-subject-object (VSO). Lushootseed is capable of creating grammatically correct sentences that contain only
9213-483: The needs of the language. Drawing upon traditional Lushootseed carvings and artwork, she developed two typefaces: Lushootseed School and Lushootseed Sulad. In the summer of 2016, the first ever adult immersion program in Lushootseed was offered at the University of Washington's Tacoma campus . It was sponsored by The Puyallup Tribal Language Program in partnership with University of Washington Tacoma and its School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences. A similar program
9324-409: The overall population were below the poverty line , including 24 percent of those under the age of 18 and 8.9 percent aged 65 or older. Darrington is described as economically depressed and has median household incomes that are far below the Snohomish County average. As of the 2010 U.S. census , there were 1,347 people, 567 households, and 349 families residing in the town. The population density
9435-432: The population. There were 473 households, out of which 30.9 percent had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49 percent were married couples living together, 8.7 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1 percent were non-families. 31.7 percent of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
9546-484: The region. Lushootseed has been historically known as Niskwalli/Nisqually, Puget Sound Salish, Puget Salish, Pugué, Squaxon, Skagit, and Skagit-Nisqually. The name of the language in Lushootseed is pronounced (and spelled) variably across different dialects. In the northern dialects, the language is called dxʷləšucid . In most southern dialects, it is txʷəlšucid , whereas in the Muckleshoot dialect it
9657-458: The requirements for citizenship. Individuals seeking to enroll must have at least 1/4 Indian blood and proof of descendancy from one or more Native American ancestors recorded in the 1942 federal census as living in the Sauk River valley. The tribe celebrates an annual pow-wow, held in August in Darrington, Washington . It also holds traditional stickgames at the same time. The language of
9768-499: The reservation's total land area and all of its resident population of 45 persons ( 2000 census ); the smaller section ( 48°17′25″N 121°32′36″W / 48.29028°N 121.54333°W / 48.29028; -121.54333 ), in northern Snohomish County , has a land area of 12.1 acres (4.9 hectares) and no resident population. The tribe operates several services, including education, medical, housing, and natural resources services. The Health and Social Services department of
9879-627: The rivers. They are a member of the Skagit River System Cooperative together with the Swinomish . Around 1855, the Sauk-Suiattle were estimated to be around 4,000. By 1924, their population had decreased to 18. In 1985, their population was 260, and by 2008, it was 233. As of 2024, the Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe has at least 314 citizens, with some estimates going as high as 350. The tribe sets
9990-530: The same, but are both recognized as being distinct from the Sauk dialect. There is no consensus on whether the Skykomish dialect should be grouped into Northern or Southern Lushootseed. Dialects differ in several ways. Pronunciation between dialects is different. In Northern dialects, the stress of the word generally falls on the first non-schwa of the root, whereas in the Southern dialects, stress usually
10101-502: The town include tourism and outdoor recreation, educational services for the Darrington School District , and forestry management. The town has a grocery store , a bakery , several restaurants , a bookstore , and a microbrewery . The Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe had a small casino and bingo hall that employs 50 people until it closed in 2020. A 2015 Census Bureau survey estimated that Darrington had
10212-539: The town's largest employer. The loss of timber-industry jobs led to local protests, part of the " timber wars " that erupted across logging communities in the Pacific Northwest during the 1990s. The town government sought to diversify Darrington's economy and focus on tourism as an alternate industry, creating new festivals and promoting its existing bluegrass festival and rodeo . It adopted strong land use controls to preserve its rural character in
10323-482: The town's overcrowded high school in 1936. Darrington reached a population of 600 residents in 1945 and was officially incorporated as a fourth-class town on October 15, 1945, following a 96–60 vote in favor. The townspeople celebrated by establishing an annual summer festival, the Timberbowl, which ran until 1967 and was initially used to raise funds for a fire engine and other equipment. A two-story town hall
10434-444: The town's workers is approximately 36.5 minutes; 85.3 percent of commuters drove alone to their workplace, while 6.8 percent carpooled and 6.2 percent walked or used other modes of transport. Darrington is the third-smallest incorporated place in Snohomish County, ahead of Woodway and Index , with a population of 1,462 as of the 2020 census . Historically, the Darrington area's population peaked at an estimated 3,500 to 4,000 in
10545-446: The traditions and customs in the Darrington area. The term "going down below" is sometimes used among Darrington residents to refer to trips outside of the town. Memorial dinners and fundraisers during funerals are hosted by its residents, typically attended by up to a fourth of the town's population. Darrington also has a strong tradition of volunteerism , which it sometimes relies on in lieu of municipal services. Darrington has
10656-507: The tribe operates a community clinic in Darrington. The department provides health care, social services, drug and alcohol prevention, rehabilitation, and counseling. The tribe also operates a preschool and daycare on the reservation, where they offer nutrition, language, wellness, and family services. In 2004, the Sauk-Suiattle became the first tribe in Washington to receive a tribal Wi-Fi hotspot and high-speed wireless. The tribe operates
10767-449: The west, and Rockport . It had a population of 1,347 at the 2010 census . Non-indigenous settlement in the area began in 1891 at the site of a Skagit campsite between the two rivers, near the traditional home of the Sauk-Suiattle tribe. Prospectors had arrived in the area during the 1880s while looking for gold and other minerals, but were quickly displaced by the logging industry that would come to dominate Darrington for much of
10878-492: The word " Salish ." Lushootseed has a complex consonantal phonology and 4 vowel phonemes. Along with more common voicing and labialization contrasts, Lushootseed has a plain-glottalic contrast, which is realized as laryngealized with sonorants , and ejective with voiceless stops or fricatives. It is one of only three known languages to possess all three types of glottalized consonant (ejectives, implosives, and resonants). Lushootseed has no phonemic nasals . However,
10989-413: The word "dare". By the end of the decade, the town had gained a schoolhouse , a general store , a hotel , and a postmaster , Fred Olds, whose horse inspired the naming of Whitehorse Mountain . Darrington's residents lobbied the Seattle and International Railway for the construction of a branch line from Arlington to the town as early as 1895, offering a 15-year contract to ship 75 percent of
11100-816: The word for "raccoon" is x̌aʔx̌əlus in Northern Lushootseed, whereas bəlups is used in Southern Lushootseed. Morphology also differs between Northern and Southern Lushootseed. Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed have related, but different determiner systems. There are also several differences in utilizing the prefix for marking "place where" or "reason for," in subordinate clauses, with Northern Lushootseed using dəxʷ- and Southern Lushootseed using sxʷ- . See Determiners for more information on this dialectical variation. According to work published by Vi Hilbert and other Lushootseed-language specialists, Lushootseed uses
11211-460: The words themselves, but requires the particle ʔə to mark the change. The exact nature of this particle is the subject of some debate. Prepositions in Lushootseed are almost entirely handled by one word, ʔal, which can mean 'on, above, in, beside, around' among a number of potential other meanings. They come before the object they reference, much like in English. Examples of this can be found in
11322-559: The years following the railroad's completion, as mining fortunes in the surrounding area dwindled. Most of the original prospectors had left the Darrington area during the Klondike gold rush of the late 1890s, while those who remained established a single smelter in the mountains. A Bornite mine was later developed at Long Mountain in hopes of reviving mining in the area, but was abandoned after its mineral deposits were found to be smaller than expected. By 1906, Darrington had more than
11433-438: Was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.08. In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 27.1 percent under the age of 18, 6.9 percent from 18 to 24, 27.5 percent from 25 to 44, 21.9 percent from 45 to 64, and 16.6 percent who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males. The median income for
11544-461: Was 816.4 inhabitants per square mile (315.2/km ). There were 644 housing units at an average density of 390.3 per square mile (150.7/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 92.4 percent White, 2.4 percent Native American, 0.4 percent Asian, 0.5 percent from other races, and 4.2 percent from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 3.2 percent of the population. There were 567 households, of which 30.9 percent had children under
11655-592: Was 84 acres. In 1946, the Sauk-Suiattle separated from the Upper Skagit and wrote a constitution and bylaws. The Sauk-Suiattle Tribe achieved federal recognition on September 17, 1975. Their constitution and bylaws were approved by the Secretary of the Interior on the same day. The Sauk-Suiattle Tribe is governed by the seven-member Sauk-Suiattle Tribal Council. The current membership of the Tribal Council
11766-765: Was active from 1955 to 1958, when it was folded into the Arlington Times . Darrington is surrounded by the Mount Baker–Snoqualmie National Forest and serves as the headquarters of the Darrington Ranger District, a unit of the U.S. Forest Service . The area includes three designated wilderness areas , Glacier Peak , Henry M. Jackson , and Boulder River , and over 300 miles (480 km) of hiking and backcountry trails that are also open to mountain biking and horseback riding . Darrington has several campgrounds , roadside recreational areas, fishing areas, and whitewater rafting courses along
11877-453: Was built in 1947, housing the town council chambers, offices for town officials, the police department , the fire department, and a public library . In 1952, the town built a dedicated community center to serve as a venue for various social functions and a general gymnasium with seating for 1,200 people. A new high school and municipal airport opened in 1958 at opposite ends of the town. Railroad companies with large timber holdings in
11988-688: Was destroyed in the 1880s by American settlers claiming land under the Homestead Act of 1862 . Due to this encroachment by settlers, many were forced to move to local reservations such as the Swinomish Reservation . The Sauk continued to seek reparations from the United States government, and in 1936, sued in the Indian Claims Commission . Their case was dismissed as the commission found that they were not
12099-493: Was extensively documented and studied by linguists with the aid of tribal elder Vi Hilbert , d. 2008, who was the last speaker with a full native command of Lushootseed. There are efforts at reviving the language, and instructional materials have been published. In 2014, there were only five second-language speakers of Lushootseed. As of 2022, although there were not yet native speakers, there were approximately 472 second-language Lushootseed speakers, according to data collected by
12210-424: Was improved. A local improvement club established a fire department , a municipal water supply , and electrical service. Standard Oil built an auxiliary gas station in 1922 to serve the area, and a stagecoach service started at the same time. Darrington gained its first movie theater in 1923, a high school in 1925, and a purpose-built jail that replaced a disused boxcar . Falling lumber prices during
12321-456: Was re-elected. Some Democrats have succeeded in Darrington, however. In the 2012 presidential election , Barack Obama won the town with 52 percent of the vote. Darrington describes itself as a self-sufficient and tight-knit community, owing to its isolation and small population. Descendants of emigrants from North Carolina , particularly the Sylva area, after World War II , shaped many of
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