55-707: Saussurea is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae , native to cool temperate and arctic regions of East Asia , Europe, and North America, with the highest diversity in alpine habitats in the Himalayas and East Asia. Common names include saw-wort and snow lotus , the latter used for a number of high altitude species in East Asia. They are perennial herbaceous plants, ranging in height from dwarf alpine species 5–10 cm tall, to tall thistle -like plants up to 3 m tall. The leaves are produced in
110-515: A Zhi ( 芝 ) category that includes six types of zhi (calling the green, red, yellow, white, black, and purple mushrooms of the Shennong bencao jing the liuzhi (六芝; "six mushrooms") and sixteen other fungi, mushrooms, and lichens, including mu'er (木耳; "wood ear"; " cloud ear fungus ", Auricularia auricula-judae ). The author Li Shizhen classified these six differently colored zhi as xiancao (仙草; "immortality herbs"), and described
165-1969: A molecular phylogeny of plants placed the flowering plants in their evolutionary context: Bryophytes [REDACTED] Lycophytes [REDACTED] Ferns [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The main groups of living angiosperms are: Amborellales [REDACTED] 1 sp. New Caledonia shrub Nymphaeales [REDACTED] c. 80 spp. water lilies & allies Austrobaileyales [REDACTED] c. 100 spp. woody plants Magnoliids [REDACTED] c. 10,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Chloranthales [REDACTED] 77 spp. Woody, apetalous Monocots [REDACTED] c. 70,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1 cotyledon , 1-pore pollen, usu. parallel-veined leaves Ceratophyllales [REDACTED] c. 6 spp. aquatic plants Eudicots [REDACTED] c. 175,000 spp. 4- or 5-part flowers, 3-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Amborellales Melikyan, Bobrov & Zaytzeva 1999 Nymphaeales Salisbury ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Austrobaileyales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992 Chloranthales Mart. 1835 Canellales Cronquist 1957 Piperales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Magnoliales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Laurales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Acorales Link 1835 Alismatales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Petrosaviales Takhtajan 1997 Dioscoreales Brown 1835 Pandanales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Liliales Perleb 1826 Asparagales Link 1829 Arecales Bromhead 1840 Poales Small 1903 Zingiberales Grisebach 1854 Commelinales de Mirbel ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Lingzhi mushroom Ganoderma lingzhi Sheng H. Wu, Y. Cao & Y.C. Dai (2012) Lingzhi , Ganoderma sichuanense , also known as reishi or Ganoderma lingzhi
220-442: A woody stem ), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of broad-leaved trees , shrubs and vines , and most aquatic plants . Angiosperms are distinguished from the other major seed plant clade, the gymnosperms , by having flowers , xylem consisting of vessel elements instead of tracheids , endosperm within their seeds, and fruits that completely envelop the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
275-492: A cap, which may also be related to carbon dioxide levels. The three main factors that influence fruit body development morphology are light, temperature, and humidity. While water and air quality play a role in fruit body development morphology, they do so to a lesser degree. Ganoderma lingzhi is found in East Asia growing as a parasite or saprotroph on a variety of trees. Ganoderma curtisii and G. ravenelii are
330-418: A concentrated decoction of hallucinogenic action, gave followers the opportunity to see spirits or become spirits themselves by receiving the magical energy of the immortals xians , located on the "fields of grace" in the heavenly "mushroom fields" ( zhi tian . In the philosophical work Huainanzi , it is said that the lingzhi mushroom is personification of nobility; from which shamans brewed
385-408: A dense basal rosette, and then spirally up the flowering stem. The flowers form in a dense head of small capitula , often surrounded by dense white to purple woolly hairs; the individual florets are also white to purple. The wool is densest in the high altitude species, and aids in the thermoregulation of the flowers, minimising frost damage at night and also preventing ultraviolet light damage from
440-848: A lingzhi mushroom. The Old Chinese name for lingzhi 靈芝 was first recorded during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 9 AD). In the Chinese language , língzhī ( 靈芝 ) is a compound. It comprises líng ( 靈 ); "spirit, spiritual; soul; miraculous; sacred; divine; mysterious; efficacious; effective)" as, for example, in the name of the Lingyan Temple in Jinan , and zhī ( 芝 ); "(traditional) plant of longevity; fungus; seed; branch; mushroom; excrescence"). Fabrizio Pregadio notes, "The term zhi , which has no equivalent in Western languages, refers to
495-535: A molecular structure similar to that of steroid hormones . It also contains phytochemicals found in fungal materials, including polysaccharides (such as beta-glucan ), coumarin , mannitol , and alkaloids . Sterols isolated from the mushroom include ganoderol , ganoderenic acid , ganoderiol , ganodermanontriol , lucidadiol , and ganodermadiol . It is likely the that different Ganoderma species called Lingzhi vary in their chemical constituents, and that confusion about naming makes it difficult to interpret
550-447: A psychedelic drink. The Shennong bencao jing ( Divine Farmer's Classic of Pharmaceutics ) of c. 200–250 CE classifies zhi into six color categories, each of which is believed to benefit the qi , or "life force", in a different part of the body: qingzhi ( 青芝 ; ' green mushroom ' ) for the liver, chizhi ( 赤芝 ; ' red mushroom ' ) for the heart, huangzhi ( 黃芝 ; ' yellow mushroom ' ) for
605-511: A smaller specimen with a long, narrow stalk, found mainly in the tropics. However, recent molecular evidence has identified the former, stalkless, form as a distinct species called G. sessile , a name given to North American specimens by William Alfonso Murrill in 1902. Environmental conditions play a substantial role in the lingzhi's manifest morphological characteristics. For example, elevated carbon dioxide levels result in stem elongation in lingzhi. Other formations include antlers without
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#1732787798173660-610: A total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed. Nearly all species belong to the eudicot (75%), monocot (23%), and magnoliid (2%) clades. The remaining five clades contain a little over 250 species in total; i.e. less than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among nine families. The 25 most species-rich of 443 families, containing over 166,000 species between them in their APG circumscriptions, are: The botanical term "angiosperm", from Greek words angeíon ( ἀγγεῖον 'bottle, vessel') and spérma ( σπέρμα 'seed'),
715-434: A variety of zhi , but as an alternate name for the shi'er (石耳; "stone ear", Umbilicaria esculenta ) lichen. According to Stuart and Smith, [The 石耳 Shih-erh is] edible, and has all of the good qualities of the 芝 (Chih), it is also being used in the treatment of gravel , and said to benefit virility. It is specially used in hemorrhage from the bowels and prolapse of the rectum. While the name of this would indicate that it
770-571: A variety of supermundane substances often described as plants, fungi, or 'excrescences'." Zhi occurs in other Chinese plant names, such as zhīmá ( 芝麻 ; "sesame" or "seed"), and was anciently used a phonetic loan character for zhǐ ( 芷 ; " Angelica iris"). Chinese differentiates Ganoderma species into chìzhī ( 赤芝 ; "red mushroom") G. lingzhi , and zǐzhī ( 紫芝 ; "purple mushroom") Ganoderma sinense . Lingzhi has several synonyms . Of these, ruìcǎo ( 瑞草 ; "auspicious plant") ( ruì 瑞 ; "auspicious; felicitous omen" with
825-450: A very long (up to 8–10 months) winter rest period, and very good soil drainage in humus-rich gravel soils. Costi amari radix or costus root was an important item of Roman trade with India , and is believed to have been the dried root of Saussurea lappa . Several varieties of snow lotus are used in traditional Tibetan medicine. Saussurea lappa is used a component of the traditional Tibetan medicine Padma 28. Research conducted on
880-474: Is mannentake ( 万年茸 ; "10,000-year mushroom"). Other Japanese terms for reishi include kadodetake ( 門出茸 ; "departure mushroom"), hijiridake ( 聖茸 ; "sage mushroom"), and magoshakushi ( 孫杓子 ; "grandchild ladle"). The Korean name, yeongji ( Korean : 영지 ; Hanja : 靈芝 ) is also borrowed from, so a cognate with, the Chinese word língzhī ( 灵芝 ; 靈芝 ). It
935-858: Is starting to impact plants and is likely to cause many species to become extinct by 2100. Angiosperms are terrestrial vascular plants; like the gymnosperms, they have roots , stems , leaves , and seeds . They differ from other seed plants in several ways. The largest angiosperms are Eucalyptus gum trees of Australia, and Shorea faguetiana , dipterocarp rainforest trees of Southeast Asia, both of which can reach almost 100 metres (330 ft) in height. The smallest are Wolffia duckweeds which float on freshwater, each plant less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) across. Considering their method of obtaining energy, some 99% of flowering plants are photosynthetic autotrophs , deriving their energy from sunlight and using it to create molecules such as sugars . The remainder are parasitic , whether on fungi like
990-438: Is a polypore fungus ("bracket fungus") native to East Asia belonging to the genus Ganoderma . Its reddish brown, varnished, kidney-shaped cap with bands and peripherally inserted stem give it a distinct fan -like appearance. When fresh, the lingzhi is soft, cork-like, and flat. It lacks gills on its underside, and instead releases its spores via fine pores (80–120 μm) in yellow colors. In nature, it grows at
1045-547: Is ambiguously referred to as: One source employed to solve the task of identifying the traditional lingzhi mushroom is the 16th century Chinese herbal compendium, the Bencao Gangmu (1578). There, a number of different lingzhi-like mushrooms defined by color were used for different purposes. No exact current species can be attached to these ancient lingzhi for certain, but according to Dai et al. (2017), as well as other researchers, and based on molecular work, red lingzhi
1100-481: Is dark and fairly bitter in taste. The red lingzhi is often more bitter than the black. The process is sometimes repeated to increase the concentration. Alternatively, it can be used as an ingredient in a formula decoction , or used to make an extract (in liquid, capsule, or powder form). Lingzhi is commercially manufactured and sold. Since the early 1970s, most lingzhi is cultivated. Lingzhi can grow on substrates such as sawdust, grain, and wood logs. After formation of
1155-412: Is defined in the classics as the plant of immortality, and it is therefore always considered to be a felicitous one. It is said to absorb the earthy vapors and to leave a heavenly atmosphere. For this reason, it is called 靈芝 (Ling-chih.) It is large and of a branched form, and probably represents Clavaria or Sparassis . Its form is likened to that of coral. The Bencao Gangmu does not list lingzhi as
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#17327877981731210-482: Is derived from the Greek words ἀγγεῖον / angeion ('container, vessel') and σπέρμα / sperma ('seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. The group was formerly called Magnoliophyta . Angiosperms are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders , 416 families , approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species . They include all forbs (flowering plants without
1265-604: Is most likely to be Ganoderma sichuanense . Ganoderma sichuanense is the most widely found species in Chinese herb shops today, and the fruiting bodies are widely cultivated in China and shipped to many other countries. About 7–10 other Ganoderma species are also sold in some shops, but have different Chinese and Latin names, and are considered different in their activity and functions. The differences are based on concentrations of triterpenes such as ganoderic acid and its derivatives, which vary widely among species. Research on
1320-775: Is often called yeongjibeoseot ( 영지버섯 ; " yeongji mushroom") in Korean, with the addition of the native word beoseot ( 버섯 ) meaning "mushroom". Other common names include bullocho ( 불로초 ; 不老草 ; "elixir grass") and jicho ( 지초 ; 芝草 ). According to color, yeongji mushrooms can be classified as jeokji ( 적지 ; 赤芝 ) for "red", jaji ( 자지 ; 紫芝 ) for "purple", heukji ( 흑지 ; 黑芝 ) for "black", cheongji ( 청지 ; 靑芝 ) for "blue" or "green", baekji ( 백지 ; 白芝 ) for "white", and hwangji ( 황지 ; 黃芝 ) for "yellow". South Korea produces over 25,000 tons of mushrooms every year. The Thai word het lin chue ( เห็ดหลินจือ )
1375-523: Is one of the most sacred species in India, and has been used for offerings to goddess Nanda Devi for time immemorial. Saussurea lappa and has been shown to inhibit the mRNA expression of iNOS by lipopolysaccharide stimulated macrophages , thus reducing nitric oxide production. In rats, high doses of 50-200 milligrams per kilogram of crude ethanolic extract reduced observed inflammation in standard laboratory tests, and 25-100 milligrams per kilogram of
1430-478: Is the ancient "mushroom of immortality", revered for over 2,000 years (with some evidence suggesting use in Neolithic China 6,800 years ago). However, as of 2023 there is an ongoing debate on which one of the described Ganoderma species is the true lingzhi mushroom. It is also likely that a few similar Ganoderma species were considered interchangeable. In the scientific literature, the lingzhi mushroom
1485-491: The Alismatales grow in marine environments, spreading with rhizomes that grow through the mud in sheltered coastal waters. Some specialised angiosperms are able to flourish in extremely acid or alkaline habitats. The sundews , many of which live in nutrient-poor acid bogs , are carnivorous plants , able to derive nutrients such as nitrate from the bodies of trapped insects. Other flowers such as Gentiana verna ,
1540-582: The Greek ganos ( γανος ; ' brightness ' ), and derma ( δερμα ; ' skin; together; shining skin ' ). The specific epithet , sichuanense , comes from the Sichuan Chinese province. The common name, lingzhi, comes from Chinese , meaning ' divine mushroom ' . It was once thought that G. lingzhi generally occurred in two growth forms: a large, sessile , specimen with a small or nonexistent stalk, found in North America, and
1595-571: The etymology of the word as Chinese: líng , "divine" + zhī , "fungus". According to the OED , the earliest recorded usage of the Wade–Giles romanization ling chih is 1904, and of the Pinyin lingzhi is 1980. In addition to the transliterated loanwords, English names include "glossy ganoderma" and "shiny polyporus". The Japanese word reishi ( 霊芝 ) is a Sino-Japanese loanword deriving from
1650-460: The orchids for part or all of their life-cycle, or on other plants , either wholly like the broomrapes, Orobanche , or partially like the witchweeds, Striga . In terms of their environment, flowering plants are cosmopolitan, occupying a wide range of habitats on land, in fresh water and in the sea. On land, they are the dominant plant group in every habitat except for frigid moss-lichen tundra and coniferous forest . The seagrasses in
1705-423: The sesquiterpene fraction of the extract reduced several molecular markers of inflammation. Ethanol extracts were shown to have analgesic and antiinflammatory effects at high doses of 75-300 milligrams per kilogram. As the slow-growing wild plant is endangered by collections, a substitute grown in tissue culture has been suggested, which is mostly equivalent. Generally the analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of
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1760-892: The "Big Five" extinction events in Earth's history, only the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event had occurred while angiosperms dominated plant life on the planet. Today, the Holocene extinction affects all kingdoms of complex life on Earth, and conservation measures are necessary to protect plants in their habitats in the wild ( in situ ), or failing that, ex situ in seed banks or artificial habitats like botanic gardens . Otherwise, around 40% of plant species may become extinct due to human actions such as habitat destruction , introduction of invasive species , unsustainable logging , land clearing and overharvesting of medicinal or ornamental plants . Further, climate change
1815-620: The Chinese língzhī ( 灵芝 ; 靈芝 ). Its modern Japanese kanji , 霊 , is the shinjitai ("new character form") of the kyūjitai ("old character form"), 靈 . Synonyms for reishi are divided between Sino-Japanese borrowings and native Japanese coinages. Sinitic loanwords include literary terms such as zuisō ( 瑞草 , from ruìcǎo ; "auspicious plant") and sensō ( 仙草 , from xiāncǎo ; "immortality plant"). The Japanese writing system uses shi or shiba ( 芝 ) for "grass; lawn; turf", and take or kinoko ( 茸 ) for "mushroom" (e.g., shiitake ). A common native Japanese name
1870-492: The French EFEO Chinese transcription ) is a Chinese loanword . It is also commonly referred to as " reishi ", which is loaned from Japanese. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) gives the definition, "The fungus Ganoderma lucidum (actually Ganoderma lingzhi (see Ganoderma lucidum for details), believed in China to confer longevity and used as a symbol of this on Chinese ceramic ware.", and identifies
1925-842: The Himalayan medicinal plants by C.P. Kala reveals that the practitioners of Tibetan medicine living in the Pin Valley of Himachal Pradesh use its root for curing dysentery and ulcer. Saussurea laniceps , Saussurea involucrata and Saussurea medusa flowers and stems have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis , cough with cold, stomachache, dysmenorrhea , and altitude sickness, and has been found to have antiinflammatory and analgesic effects, as well as cardiotonic, abortifacient, anticancer, and antifatigue actions. Saussurea laniceps have been proven to be more effective than Saussurea involucrata and Saussurea medusa. Saussurea obvallata
1980-518: The base and stumps of deciduous trees , especially maples . Only two or three out of 10,000 such trees will have lingzhi growth, and therefore its wild form is rare. Lingzhi may be cultivated on hardwood logs, sawdust , or woodchips . The lingzhi mushroom is used in traditional Chinese medicine . There is insufficient evidence to indicate that consuming Ganoderma mushrooms in any form has any effect on human health or diseases. Lingzhi, also known as reishi from its Japanese pronunciation,
2035-483: The closest relatives of the lingzhi mushroom in North America. In the wild, lingzhi grows at the base and stumps of deciduous trees, especially maples . Only two or three out of 10,000 such aged trees will have lingzhi growth, and therefore it is extremely rare in its natural form. Today, lingzhi is effectively cultivated on hardwood logs or sawdust/woodchips. Ganoderma lucidum contains diverse phytochemicals , including triterpenes ( ganoderic acids ), which have
2090-560: The common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous , over 300 million years ago. In the Cretaceous , angiosperms diversified explosively , becoming the dominant group of plants across the planet. Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, and a small number of flowering plant families supply nearly all plant-based food and livestock feed. Rice , maize and wheat provide half of
2145-478: The effects of chizhi ("red mushroom"): It positively affects the life-energy, or Qi of the heart, repairing the chest area and benefiting those with a knotted and tight chest. Taken over a long period of time, the agility of the body will not cease, and the years are lengthened to those of the Immortal Fairies. Stuart and Smith's classic study of Chinese herbology describes the zhi . 芝 (Chih)
2200-659: The flowering plants as an unranked clade without a formal Latin name (angiosperms). A formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants rank as the subclass Magnoliidae. From 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has reclassified the angiosperms, with updates in the APG II system in 2003, the APG III system in 2009, and the APG IV system in 2016. In 2019,
2255-465: The fruiting body, lingzhi is most commonly harvested, dried, ground, and processed into tablets or capsules to be directly ingested or made into tea or soup. Other lingzhi products include processed fungal mycelia or spores. Lingzhi is also used to create mycelium bricks. In the chronicles of Shiji (1st century CE from Sima Qian ), the initial use of nearby separately related words with Chinese : 芝 and Chinese : 靈 are attested to in
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2310-456: The genus is ongoing, but a number of recent phylogenetic analyses have been published in recent years. Petter Adolf Karsten first described the genus Ganoderma in 1881,. He designated as its type species a European fungus named Boletus lucidus by English botanist William Curtis in 1781. Since then, many other Ganoderma species have been described. The lingzhi's botanical names have Greek and Latin roots . Ganoderma derives from
2365-536: The heart qi, supplements the center, sharpens the wits, and [causes people] not to forget [i.e., improves the memory]. Protracted taking may make the body light, prevent senility, and prolong life so as to make one an immortal. Its other name is Dan Zhi (Cinnabar Ganoderma). It grows in mountains and valleys. In the Taoist treatise of Baopuzi from Ge Hong , the lingzhi is used for immortality. The (1596) Bencao Gangmu ( Compendium of Materia Medica ) has
2420-432: The intense high-altitude sunlight. De Candolle named the genus after Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799) and Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure (1767–1845). A number of the high alpine Himalayan species are grown as ornamental plants for their decorative dense woolly flowerheads; they are among the most challenging plants to grow, being adapted to harsh climates from 3500 to 5000 m altitude, demanding cool temperatures,
2475-518: The manner of vines or lianas . The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of moss and 11,000 species of pteridophytes . The APG system seeks to determine the number of families , mostly by molecular phylogenetics . In the 2009 APG III there were 415 families. The 2016 APG IV added five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, for
2530-441: The plant are much inferior to those of indometacin . In most Chinese martial arts literature, the snow Lotus was classified a rare herb as precious as lingzhi mushroom , and old ginseng . Flowering plant Basal angiosperms Core angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits , and form the clade Angiospermae ( / ˌ æ n dʒ i ə ˈ s p ər m iː / ). The term 'angiosperm'
2585-445: The poems of Emperor Wu of Han . Later, in the 1st century CE through the poetry of Ban Gu , occurred the first combination of the characters 靈芝 together into a single word, in an ode dedicated to Lingzhi. Since ancient times, Taoist temples were called "the abode of mushrooms" and according to their mystical teachings, the use of woody mushrooms zhi (Ganoderma) or lingzhi "spirits mushroom", in particular making from it
2640-466: The spleen, baizhi ( 白芝 ; ' white mushroom ' ) for the lungs, heizhi ( 黑芝 ; ' black mushroom ' ) for the kidneys, and zizhi ( 紫芝 ; ' purple mushroom ' ) for the Essence. Commentators identify the red chizhi , or danzhi ( 丹芝 ; ' cinnabar mushroom ' ), as the lingzhi. Chi Zhi ( Ganoderma rubra ) is bitter and balanced. It mainly treats binding in the chest, boosts
2695-568: The spring gentian, are adapted to the alkaline conditions found on calcium -rich chalk and limestone , which give rise to often dry topographies such as limestone pavement . As for their growth habit , the flowering plants range from small, soft herbaceous plants , often living as annuals or biennials that set seed and die after one growing season, to large perennial woody trees that may live for many centuries and grow to many metres in height. Some species grow tall without being self-supporting like trees by climbing on other plants in
2750-1186: The suffix cǎo 草 ; "plant; herb") is the oldest; the Erya dictionary (c. 3rd century BCE) defines xiú 苬 , interpreted as a miscopy of jūn ( 菌 ; "mushroom") as zhī ( 芝 ; "mushroom"), and the commentary of Guo Pu (276–324) says, "The [ zhi ] flowers three times in one year. It is a [ ruicao ] felicitous plant." Other Chinese names for Ganoderma include ruìzhī ( 瑞芝 ; "auspicious mushroom"), shénzhī ( 神芝 ; "divine mushroom", with shen ; "spirit; god' supernatural; divine"), mùlíngzhī ( 木靈芝 ) (with "tree; wood"), xiāncǎo ( 仙草 ; "immortality plant", with xian ; "(Daoism) transcendent; immortal; wizard"), and língzhīcǎo ( 靈芝草 ) or zhīcǎo ( 芝草 ; "mushroom plant"). Since both Chinese ling and zhi have multiple meanings, lingzhi has diverse English translations. Renditions include "[zhi] possessed of soul power", "Herb of Spiritual Potency" or "Mushroom of Immortality", "Numinous Mushroom", "divine mushroom", "divine fungus", "Magic Fungus", and "Marvelous Fungus". In English, lingzhi or ling chih (sometimes spelled " ling chi ", using
2805-399: The supporting literature. A 2015 Cochrane database review found insufficient evidence to justify the use of G. lucidum as a first-line cancer treatment. It stated that G. lucidum may have "benefit as an alternative adjunct to conventional treatment in consideration of its potential of enhancing tumour response and stimulating host immunity." Existing studies do not support
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#17327877981732860-432: The use of G. lucidum for treatment of risk factors of cardiovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Because of its bitter taste, lingzhi is traditionally prepared as a hot water extract product for use in folk medicine . Thinly sliced or pulverized lingzhi (either fresh or dried) is added to boiling water which is then reduced to a simmer, covered, and left for 2 hours. The resulting liquid
2915-559: The world's staple calorie intake, and all three plants are cereals from the Poaceae family (colloquially known as grasses). Other families provide important industrial plant products such as wood , paper and cotton , and supply numerous ingredients for beverages , sugar production , traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals . Flowering plants are also commonly grown for decorative purposes , with certain flowers playing significant cultural roles in many societies. Out of
2970-483: Was coined in the form "Angiospermae" by Paul Hermann in 1690, including only flowering plants whose seeds were enclosed in capsules. The term angiosperm fundamentally changed in meaning in 1827 with Robert Brown , when angiosperm came to mean a seed plant with enclosed ovules. In 1851, with Wilhelm Hofmeister 's work on embryo-sacs, Angiosperm came to have its modern meaning of all the flowering plants including Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. The APG system treats
3025-529: Was one of the Auriculariales , the fact that the name 靈芝 (Ling-chih) is also given to it might place it among the Clavariaceae . In Chinese art , the lingzhi symbolizes great health and longevity, as depicted in the imperial Forbidden City and Summer Palace . It was a talisman for luck in the traditional culture of China , and the goddess of healing Guanyin is sometimes depicted holding
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