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113-463: Ada Ciganlija ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ада Циганлија , pronounced [ˈǎːda tsiˈɡǎnlija] ), colloquially shortened to Ada , is a river island that has artificially been turned into a peninsula, located in the Sava River 's course through central Belgrade , Serbia . The name can also refer to the adjoining artificial Lake Sava and its beach. To take advantage of its central location, over

226-808: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

339-539: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

452-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

565-495: A fishing resort, which now consists of 300 numbered fishing seats around the lake with an obligatory special permit for fishing. Fish species include common carp , grass carp , crucian carp , wels catfish , Prussian carp , zander and tench , which is rare in Serbia. Fish are mostly released back into the lake as fishermen can keep their catch in case if the fish is lighter than 10 kg (22 lb), if they pay extra and if it

678-469: A gravel beach. The water regularly reaches 24 °C (75 °F) during summer. Both dams allow water to flow through tubes and pumps. This way, the main body of the lake is connected to the smaller body of water on the southwest, which is itself separated from the river by the third dam. This mini "buffer" lake called Taložnik ("depository") is used as a purifier for the waters of both Lake Sava and city waterworks, which also use this water. Filtered water

791-553: A large bobber. The fish feed on the small particles released from the dough ball and bump against the dough ball, with the intention of breaking off more small particles that can be filtered from the water, eventually becoming hooked on the tiny hooks. In some areas, using "snagging gear", in which large weighted treble hooks are jerked through the water, is legal to snag the fish. In the United States, silver carp are also popular targets for bowfishing ; they are shot both in

904-625: A unique ecosystem , creating an oasis in the urban area. Most of the peninsula is forested. The original, thick deciduous forest mainly consists of oaks, elms, birches and willows. In the mid 20th century, further planned forestation of Ada Ciganlija included the planting of Northamerican poplars and green ash . In total, some 450 plant species inhabit Ada, including white poplar , black poplar , white willow , pedunculate oak , narrow-leaved ash , Canadian poplar , European white elm , box elder , American ash . In 2010, total forested area covered 1.79 km (0.69 sq mi), or two thirds of

1017-1022: Is a filter feeder , and possesses a specialized feeding apparatus capable of filtering particles as small as 4 μm. The gill rakers are fused into a sponge-like filter, and an epibranchial organ secretes mucus, which assists in trapping small particles. A strong buccal pump forces water through this filter. Silver carp, like all Hypophthalmichthys species, have no stomachs ; they are thought to feed more or less constantly, largely on phytoplankton , and also consume zooplankton and detritus . In places where this plankton-feeding species has been introduced, they are thought to compete with native planktivorous fishes, which in North America include paddlefish ( Polyodon spathula ), bigmouth buffalo ( Ictiobus cyprinellus ), gizzard shad ( Dorosoma cepedianum ), and young fish of almost all species. Because they feed on plankton , they are sometimes successfully used for controlling water quality, especially in

1130-591: Is as follows: Silver carp The silver carp or silverfin ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) is a species of freshwater cyprinid fish , a variety of Asian carp native to China and eastern Siberia , from the Amur River drainage in the north to the Xi Jiang River drainage in the south. Although a threatened species in its natural habitat, it has long been cultivated in China as one of

1243-484: Is considered the weakest section of the entire embankment system on the island is just 100 m (330 ft) from the Partizan settlement. Next to the building is the parking for the communal vehicles used for the works on Ada. In 2011, the management ordered the artists to move out. As of 2023, the building still stands and serves as an atelier. One of the artists working there was Ratko Vulanović (1941–2023), author of

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1356-417: Is constantly being pumped into the lake while on the northeast, the water is pumped out by electrically powered pumps through another dam into Čukarica Bay. In this way, an artificial flow of water through the lake is created. Because the water is also used for drinking, sanitation and environmental protection of the lake are imperative and the lake is under rigorous environmental protection. Weeds are groomed on

1469-512: Is deprecated. The bighead carp differs from the silver carp in its behavior (it does not leap from the water when startled) and also in its diet. Bighead carp are also filter feeders, but they filter larger particles than silver carp, and in general consume a greater proportion of zooplankton in their diets than silver carp, which consume more phytoplankton. In at least some parts of the United States , bighead and silver carp hybridize in

1582-430: Is in its northern section, located behind another dam. It is called Partizan , because of the nearby Partizan Rowing Club . First stilt houses were built right after World War II as the summer houses for the army officers. In 1959 the construction of the proper settlement was suggested, and the first houses were built in 1960. Those were small, serial weekend houses with an area of 12 m (130 sq ft). Most of

1695-515: Is located on the southern bank of the Sava River, 4 km from its mouth, and entirely belongs to Belgrade's municipality of Čukarica . Its eastern tip roughly borders the urban neighborhood of Senjak on the west (across an inlet called Čukarica Bay), and the body of the peninsula borders the neighborhoods of Čukarica and Makiš (both across Lake Sava). Across the river, Ada Ciganlija borders Novi Beograd (specifically residential blocks and

1808-636: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

1921-421: Is not a tench , which is protected by the law. Some animals roam freely in the area, like rabbits , ducks , geese and swans . A small zoo has been built next to the lake, chiefly containing swamp birds, as well as more exotic animals such as peacocks , pheasants and pygmy goats . There is also a restaurant on the shore and a typical Serbian 18th century house from Šumadija which was deconstructed from

2034-604: Is seen as being more traditional, and has the official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

2147-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

2260-605: Is where the Topčiderka river flows into the Sava. Near the connection point with the main flow of the Sava, the bay is today crossed by the Ada Bridge . The bay is used for the sports and leisure activities as the kayaking clubs were located in it, so as the marina for small boats, while the banks are encircled with the bicycle paths. The bay is 1.3 km (0.81 mi) long and 120 to 160 m (390 to 520 ft) wide. Surface of

2373-644: The Belgrade Zoo from the Belgrade Fortress in the city's urban plan. In February 2023, Šapić announced relocation of the zoo to Ada Safari. This would also include relocation of the Partizan settlement. The relocation was planned to last several years. Šapić added that the "political decision was made to handle this", and, if everything goes by the plan, the relocation might be finished in three years. The new zoo will be double in size, from 7 ha (17 acres) to 14 ha (35 acres). In order to ease

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2486-536: The Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During the same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet

2599-645: The Long Bridge , the first permanent bridge in Belgrade's history. As the opposing, Syrmian side across the Sava was a vast marsh at the time (modern New Belgrade ), the bridge didn't stop at the bank but continued for some length above the swamp. Because of that, the people also called it the Bridge above the marsh ( Most preko močvare ). The bridge was built by the Austrians to help them conquer Belgrade from

2712-566: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

2825-600: The Ottomans during the 1688 Siege of Belgrade . According to the records, a seasoned Belgrade master craftsman Đorđević "in only one month, with the help of his 400 workers, built the Long Bridge, using 2,000 tree trunks, 1,100 wooden piles, 15,500 bundles of palings and 12,000 palisade pickets." Right next to it, bit closer to Ada Ciganlija, the Austrians constructed another, classical pontoon bridge, which "leaned on

2938-517: The World War I , Serbian forces spread over the island to prevent Austrians to use it as the starting point of entering Serbia. Two major battles ensued, on 22–24 September 1914 and in September 1915. In an effort to exploit the withdrawal of the Serbian army from Syrmia in September 1914, Austro-Hungarian Lieutenant field marshal Kasimir von Lütgendorf  [ de ] decided to conduct

3051-536: The Yugoslav Wars since 1991. City authorities planned to relocate the settlement. During the 2006 European floods , city authorities urged them to move to the mainland from the settlement, which was located almost 8 m (26 ft) below the dam, as the Sava reached a record height of 723 cm (285 in). The wall of the dam, on the brink of collapse, was hastily strengthened and elevated in an effort to prevent catastrophe, but even in these conditions,

3164-495: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

3277-401: The excise on the goods (in Serbian called trošarina ) and setting of a series of excise check points on the roads leading to the city. One of those check points, which all gradually also became known as trošarina , was located next to Topiderka's mouth into the Sava, across the northern tip of Ada. Built in the 1830s and 1840s, it became known as Gospodarska Mehana . It was also a location of

3390-399: The feint attack on the Sava rivers (Ciganlija and Međica) which was to be followed by the landing operation on the Serbian side of the river, conquering of the neighborhoods of Banovo Brdo and Topčider and then, using the western route, entering downtown Belgrade. Attack began on 22 September when the first group of the Austrians attempted to land on the southern tip of Ada. The location

3503-460: The floodplain zone. Larvae and small juveniles feed on zooplankton , switching to phytoplankton once a certain size is reached. The species is somewhat sensitive to low oxygen conditions . The species is currently classified as near threatened in its original range, as its habitat and reproductive behavior are impacted by construction of dams , pollution , and overfishing . Population declines appear to have been particularly significant in

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3616-456: The "Four Famous Domestic Fish" ( 四大家鱼 ) together with Bighead carp , Black carp and Grass carp . By weight, more silver carp are produced worldwide in aquaculture than any other species of fish except for the grass carp . Silver carp are usually farmed in polyculture with other Asian carp , or sometimes with catla or other shark species. The species has also been introduced , or spread by connected water, to at least 1 country around

3729-578: The "source of fresh air", a term Josimović used for large forests. Neglected since then, Ada came to the spotlight in 1908 when the Society of the Belgrade's journalists organized the first journalists' ball on the lower tip of Ada. In 1911, the first Serbian feature-length motion picture , The Life and Deeds of the Immortal Vožd Karađorđe was filmed on the island. On 28 July 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia , thus triggering

3842-557: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

3955-521: The 40,000 m (1,400,000 cu ft) was removed, thus creating a channel to allow the water to flow out of the bay into the river. The dredged sludge is spread along the central section of the Danube's flow, upstream from the Pančevo Bridge . Instead of revitalization, the bay turned out to be polluted more than ever. By April 2021 the water was classified as the lowest, fifth category. The water

4068-532: The Ada as part of the international design competition concerning the arrangement and expansion of Belgrade. Competition was announced in 1921. One of the submitted works, titled Urbs Magna ("Great City"), proposed construction of the large, multi-functional stadium and transformation of the island into the sports park. First facilities of the swimming and rowing clubs on the island were built after that. The Belgrade's first general urban plan , completed in 1924, envisioned

4181-424: The Ada's central forested complex was declared a protected habitat "Fungi of Ada Ciganlija" by the city on 29 November 2013. Apart from the wood fauna characterized for the wet soils, it hosts 250 species of fungi, many of which are listed on Serbian and international lists of rare or endangered species. It is the only known habitat in Serbia of Myriostoma coliforme . Location starts 80 metres (260 ft) away from

4294-410: The Ada's defense, engaged the Austrians in an effort to force them to retreat across the river. Serbian reserve was sent to the battle and major Mojsilović, who was wounded, was replaced by major Svetomir Đukić . After several charges which resulted in hand-to-hand combat , Serbs cornered Austrians on the Ada's northern tip. During that time, behind Serbian back, Austria landed more troops from Međica so

4407-731: The Central Serbia and transferred here. The house was originally built around 1735 in the village of Junkovac , near Topola . There is also a "Magical forest", an area for the kids with reproductions of the fairytale characters: Evil Witch, Cinderella, Wolf and the Three Little Pigs, Little Red Riding Hood, the Scarecrow and the Tin Man, etc. There is a small stream over which the bridge and the cross, both made from timber, have been constructed. Fish are especially prepared for

4520-457: The Chinese parts of its range. Silver carp are filter feeders, thus are difficult to catch on typical hook-and-line gear. Special methods have been developed for these fish, the most important being the "suspension method", usually consisting of a large dough ball that disintegrates slowly, surrounded by a nest of tiny hooks embedded in the bait . The entire apparatus is suspended below

4633-645: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

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4746-460: The Long Bridge". The Romani settlement which existed on Ada in the 17th century was displaced from the island to the Sava's right bank, at the mouth of the Topčiderka, before the Austrian occupation of Belgrade from 1717 to 1739. It is not known whether it happened some time before or during the fighting from 1716 to 1718. One map from the Austrian period shows a Romani settlement with 24 houses at

4859-761: The Mississippi. Dams that do not have navigation locks are complete barriers to natural upstream movement of silver carp, unless fishermen unintentionally assist this movement by the use of silver carp as bait. In 2020, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources found silver carp in Alabama 's Pickwick and Wheeler reservoirs on the Tennessee River, but the species has not expanded its range in Alabama’s waterways. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has considered several methods to control

4972-409: The Serbian forces ended being encircled . They managed to break out but by that time they were attacked from the flank by the new Austrian forces. Serbs retreated to the easternmost section of the island and started to dig in . On 23 September Austrians conducted three charges on Serbian positions, coming close to only 30 steps from the trenches, but were backed off. As Austrian army had problems with

5085-664: The Serbs from the island. Serbian loses were heavy, turning effectively Ada into an open graveyard, earning a moniker "Island of death". During Interbellum , Ada wasn't the most popular recreational area as the major beach area was across its northern tip, in the Gospodarska Mehana section of the Senjak neighborhood. Still, even then, one of major Serbian writers Branislav Nušić , nicknamed it Vodeni cvet (watery flower) because of its beauty. In 1920 city decided to arrange

5198-525: The Society built and kept zimovnik on its own, without state help, they charged the use of the object. In the arm's central section, on Čukarica bank, the first shipbuilding facility in Serbia was opened. Though the engines had to be acquired abroad, the shipyard was producing smaller and medium-sized steamboats . Known as the Čukarica Shipyard ( Čukarička brodarnica ), it also repaired all Serbian ships and continuously produced iron-made barges of all kinds and sizes for Serbian and Bulgarian markets. When Ada

5311-431: The access to the zoo on an island, city will push the construction of the pedestrian bridge and revitalize the project of gondola lift from New Belgrade to Košutnjak, via Ada. Public and expert's backlash against the project was massive, especially regarding hastiness, arbitration, irrelevance, legality and selected location. Public speculated that the residents of the newly built affluent K-Distrikt residential complex across

5424-471: The air. Boaters traveling in uncovered high-speed watercraft have been reported to be injured by running into airborne fish while at speed. A leaping silver carp broke the jaw of a teenager being pulled on an inner tube , and water skiing in areas where silver carp are present is extremely dangerous. Peculiarly, the extreme jumping behavior appears to be unique to silver carp of North America; those in their native Asian range and introduced to other parts of

5537-576: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

5650-466: The already existing Serbian word for island, ostrvo . A river island can also be referred to as ostrvo (e.g. Veliko Ratno Ostrvo ) but never vice versa. The remains belonging to the Scordisci , a Celtic tribe which founded Singidunum and Taurunum , the predecessors of Belgrade and Zemun , respectively, were found. Area of Ostružnica, near the southern tip of Ada Ciganlija, was a location of

5763-404: The bay itself is 16 ha (40 acres), but the area which city administration included in the bay locality includes and additional 5.8 ha (14 acres) of aquatorium and 20.8 ha (51 acres) of the surrounding land. In March 2018 city announced an urban design competition for the adaptation of the total bay area (42.6 ha (105 acres)). The forested area on the mainland, at the entrance into

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5876-421: The bay, administratively belongs to the municipality of Savski Venac and covers 3.61 ha (8.9 acres). Since the early 1980s there is a constant ecological problem due to the massive pollution of the bay as a result of the polluted waters of the Topčiderka river. The garbage and highly polluted silt fills the bay and creates shoals . During low-tide, the bay is unusable for the boats in the marina, located in

5989-432: The bay, to which the fecal sewage is illegally connected, and the bay was described as the ecological time bomb. In December 2019 the winning project was announced. It includes the transformation of the bay into the artificial whitewater and the proper marina . A project by Aleksandar Nedeljković, named "Flight of the gull" envisions the reconstruction and elevation of all embankments along the bay's banks, turning them into

6102-426: The city to move out, but the zoo was not mentioned to them, which they took as a proof that the relocation of the zoo was an ad hoc idea. The residents were reluctant to move and refused compensations offered by the city. Close to the northern tip, as the northeastern extension of Partizan settlement, there is an Old Bath "Partizan" ( Staro Kupatilo ). Since 1983 it has been a location of an artistic colony, occupied by

6215-411: The combination of factors, Ada Ciganlija is privileged with a microclimate . Situated between a river, an artificial flowing lake, various islands, and a heavily wooded area, air humidity is heightened compared to the rest of the city, helping to nullify Belgrade's high temperatures during summer. Lake Sava ( Serbian : Савско језеро, Savsko jezero ), often also referred to as Ada , was created from

6328-691: The control of noxious blue-green algae ( cyanobacteria ). Certain species of blue-green algae, notably the often toxic Microcystis , can pass through the gut of silver carp unharmed, picking up nutrients in the process. Thus, in some cases, blue-green algae blooms have been exacerbated by silver carp, and Microcystis has also been shown to produce more toxins in the presence of silver carp. These carp, which have natural defenses to their toxins, sometimes can contain enough algal toxins in their systems to become hazardous to eat. The silver carp in its natural range migrate upstreams for spawning ; eggs and larvae then drift downstream, and young fish hatch in

6441-417: The customs, or was simply smuggled. The importance of Ada Ciganlija can be traced back to 1821, when it was declared a protected public domain by then Prince of Serbia , Miloš Obrenović . The first official urban plan for Belgrade was drafted in 1867. It was a work of Emilijan Josimović , the first Serbian trained urbanist. He envisioned Ada as the main sports' center of Belgrade and was to be transformed in

6554-563: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

6667-519: The early 1990s began spending winters on the Malo Ratno Ostrvo , in the Danube . When their number exceeded 1,000, they resettled to three new locations: first at the willow grove on the Sava's bank ( Belgrade Fair ) and then to the area near the tip of Ada and the neighboring Mala Ciganlija . Their number rose every year to 6,750 in 2007/08, but since then is generally reducing and in 2015 it

6780-466: The ferry which transported pigs across the Sava into the Austria. This trošarina also functioned as a customs house. On 25 January 1859, when prince Miloš Obrenović and his son Mihailo Obrenović returned to Serbia, they disembarked here. In this period, Ada became a home to ferrymen and numerous smugglers, who operated both ways. The island was sort of a base where the goods was prepacked either for

6893-432: The impact of the barriers on native species. The TVA has also considered adjusting flow rates during Asian carp spawning periods, which are usually during high-water events, as Asian carp eggs are only semibuoyant and will sink to the bottom and die with low river flow. The silver carp is sometimes called the "flying" carp for its tendency to leap from the water when startled; it can leap up to 10 ft (3.0 m) into

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7006-435: The introduced silver carp. Silver carp were imported to North America in the 1970s to control algal growth in aquaculture and municipal wastewater treatment facilities, but escaped from captivity soon after their importation, and are now considered a highly invasive species . Silver carp, with the closely related bighead carp, often reach extremely high population densities , and are known to have undesirable effects on

7119-406: The invasion of western Serbia and attack on Šabac , General Alfred Krauß  [ de ] asked from the commander of the forces for the entire Balkans, Oskar Potiorek , to send him two regiments from Lütgendorf. Potiorek not only agreed but he ordered Lütgendorf to reroute all forces to Šabac. On 24 September the Austrians withdrew. Serbs followed them to make sure it is not another ploy, but

7232-456: The island as an excursion and leisure area. In 1936 city government adopted a new general urban plan which projected Ada as the "sports island". Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from

7345-415: The island to Mladen Milovanović , the first city chief. After the collapse of the uprising, Milovanović fled to Hungary , but returned in 1813 and unsuccessfully tried to find the gold which he has dug and hidden somewhere on Ada. Starting in 1821, the state government decided to organize food trade and to check the quantity and quality of the goods imported to the city. The project included introduction of

7458-661: The island's biocoenosis has been overly affected, a new population of 60 hares and 100 pheasants was introduced into the ecosystem in 2006. Bird species include northern lapwings , mallards and pheasants. Common woodland and parkland birds during the nesting season include song thrush , great tit , blue tit , long-tailed tit , Eurasian nuthatch , European green woodpecker , great spotted woodpecker , golden oriole , nightingale , blackcap , common chaffinch , hooded crow , Eurasian magpie , common wood pigeon , feral pigeon , white wagtail and barn swallow . Unlike other rivers and wetlands in Belgrade, swans rarely visited

7571-490: The island. This characteristic of Ada gives its visitors an illusion of being in complete wilderness, aided by the fact that city ambient noise is completely muted by the thick forest. Most of the forest on the island is protected, including the entire central, northern and western sections. These parts of the peninsula are entirely wild with uncultivated vegetation and very little or no human presence, making it unique compared to other European city islands and peninsulas. Part of

7684-423: The lake for over 20 years. The first specimens were discovered in 1994 and they can also be found in the Danube . They live only for several days. Ada Safari ( Serbian : Ада Сафари ) is a small, irregularly shaped lake on the northern tip of Ada Ciganlija, primarily used for fishing . In the late 1960s, the hole was formed as the sand was dug to construct the permanent embankment which connected Ada Ciganlija to

7797-481: The lake's bottom to purify the water by bonding phosphorus , nitrogen and dirt. Use of motorboats is strictly prohibited in the lake and dogs are not allowed on the beach. Wildlife in the lake mostly consists of the fish species which were introduced since the 1950s. The most common fish in the lake are the introduced silver carp and grass carp , but large autochthonous wels catfish , weighing over 100 kg (220 lb), can also be found, causing concern among

7910-480: The lake, including occasional black swans . Starting in September 2020, swans began to arrive at the lake, until several dozens flocked in total, and remained on Ada. The number of swans in Belgrade had been constantly growing since the 2010s, reaching some 600 birds by the winter of 2021. They are mostly mute swans and are quickly adapted: more and more of them becoming sedentary rather than migratory, accustoming to humans who regularly feed them, becoming popular among

8023-440: The lake, including the autochthonous carp , northern pike , zander , common bream , asp and European perch , and the imported, and highly invasive brown bullhead , Prussian carp and pumpkinseed . There are also crayfish and crabs , and since the 2010s, the red-eared slider inhabits the lake, too, probably being released in the lake by the owners who kept them as pets. The freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi

8136-415: The lake. The fungi was discovered on the island in 1993, and in 2022 covered 21.25 hectares (52.5 acres). In terms of fauna, besides having numerous amphibians and 94 species of insects , Ada Ciganlija contains several mammal species, considered special due to the setting of the peninsula in an urban area. Foxes , hares and roe deer inhabit the peninsula. However, with environmentalists warning that

8249-426: The last nests of yellow-legged gull in Serbia were spotted on Ada. The nesting pairs were spotted again in 2021, in the Đerdap Gorge , some 250 kilometres (160 mi) to the east. In April 2022, plans were announced to declare Ada Ciganlija a protected area, as a landscape of outstanding features, by the end of 2022. It will cover 4.51 square kilometres (1.74 sq mi). The only settlement on Ada Ciganlija

8362-620: The local environments and native species, including the bigmouth buffalo . They have spread into the Mississippi , Illinois , Ohio , Missouri , Tennessee , Wabash Rivers , and many of their tributaries in the United States, and are abundant in the Mississippi catchment from Louisiana to South Dakota and Illinois . Dams seem to have slowed their advance up the Mississippi River, and until late November 2008, silver carp had not been captured north of central Iowa on

8475-508: The mainland, turning it into the peninsula by 1974. It was the last remaining marshy area during the transformation Ada Ciganlija, infested by undergrowth and reeds , until its conversion into a lake in 1994, 235 m (771 ft) long, with an area of 6 ha (15 acres). It was officially opened in 1995. The water pumps are used to fill the lake, bringing water from the Sava Lake. Rare species of fish were introduced in order to create

8588-414: The middle of the bay or for the kayakers of Partizan and Crvena Zvezda who use the bay for practice. The silt is up to 5 m (16 ft) thick, smells bad and is poisonous so the swimming in the bay is forbidden. In 2011 the estimated amount of garbage sludge in the bay was 120,000 m (4,200,000 cu ft). The sludge cannot simply be dredged and thrown in the Sava further downstream due to

8701-536: The mouth of Topčiderka. Maps also show that the settlement existed during the next Austrian occupation from 1788 to 1791. When the Austrian army attacked Belgrade in the 18th century, the Ottomans expelled Serbian population from the city, so they temporarily settled on Ada. When Belgrade was liberated by the Serbian rebels in the First Serbian Uprising , leader of the uprising, Karađorđe , granted

8814-430: The municipality of Novi Beograd, covers an area of 8 km, including the islands of Ada Ciganlija and Ada Međica, waterways between the two Adas and Lake Sava, and some of Makiš itself. Lake Sava, formerly a branch of the Sava, was turned into a lake with two dams, while the remaining section on the northeast was turned into Čukarica Bay. There is another small lake on Ada Ciganlija itself, known as Ada Safari. Thanks to

8927-399: The original construction was finished from 1964 to 1966. As the nearby Ada Safari wasn't adapted yet and was a marshland, original settlers, who were from the upper classes, were leaving and instead the workers who migrated from the interior of Serbia settled in. During the various works on Ada Ciganlija, workers would use the houses as tool sheds. Additional boost was an influx of refugees from

9040-405: The painters and sculptors. In the 1980s the venue organized many artistic exhibitions. After the 2006 floods a project of reconstruction of the embankment to prevent the flooding was introduced. The embankment, which was to prevent 25 Renney water wells from being flooded, passes right through the bath building which was to be demolished so that this gap in the embankment can be filled. The gap, which

9153-457: The past few decades, it was turned into an immensely popular recreational zone, most notable for its beaches and sports facilities, which, during summer seasons, can have over 100,000 visitors daily and up to 300,000 visitors over the weekend. Owing to this popularity, Ada Ciganlija has been commonly nicknamed "More Beograda" ('Belgrade's Sea'), which was officially accepted as an advertising slogan in 2008, stylised as More BeogrADA . Ada Ciganlija

9266-400: The populace refused to relocate, claiming the city to just be using the situation to relocate them. As their families grew, inhabitants expanded the houses. As of 2016 Partizan had some 1,000 inhabitants in 260 houses covering an area of 14 ha (35 acres). By the latest urbanistic plans, the settlement is still to be evacuated as it is built without any permits and is located in the zone of

9379-413: The problem of the already existing sludge deposits or the toxicity of the waste. Also, it was outright labeled as way too expensive, even by its authors (up to €70 million). An experiment was conducted when the water from the bay and river was pumped into the special pools in the nursery gardens of the state company for the forest management "Srbijašume". The water was treated by various selected plants, in

9492-560: The process called phytoremediation , and the quality of the water improved from the fifth to the second category, but the technology wasn't pursued any further. Instead, in 2019 and 2020, it was applied at the Lake Trešnja , in the suburb of Ripanj , where it proved to be highly successful in reducing pollutants in the water. After several months of bad smell which spread from the bay, the dredging began in November 2020. Until February 2021,

9605-490: The residents, and turning into the mascots of the neighborhoods they inhabit. Ada is also the wintering ground for some threatened migratory birds , most notably the pygmy cormorant which winters in Belgrade in large numbers. Pygmy cormorant inhabited the Pančevački Rit marshland, just north of Belgrade, in the early 20th century, but after that area was drained and urbanized, they disappeared. Several hundreds of birds in

9718-476: The right arm of the Sava with the building of two dams near the northern and southern tips of the island in 1967. The lake is 4.2 km (2.6 mi) long, has an average width of 200 m (660 ft) and is 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) deep. It covers and area of 0.86 km (0.33 sq mi) and is 78 m (256 ft) above sea level, one of the lowest areas of Belgrade. 7 km (4.3 mi) of its shores on both sides have been transformed into

9831-653: The sanitary protection. In the 2016 plan for the area, city envisioned thermal and outdoor pools, spa center, small hospitality and catering venues, children's playgrounds and outdoor exhibition area. Announcement of the relocation of the Belgrade Zoo to Ada in February 2023, also included statement of the relocation of the settlement. Despite claims from the city officials that the idea was not made hastily, residents confirmed that already in July 2022 they were approached by

9944-438: The sculptural composition at the Ada's entrance, called Stone City, or popularly nicknamed Adahenge. The author himself called the sculptural complex Gates of Belgrade ( Kapije Beograda ). The etymology of the name could be Celtic in origin, which probably is the most likely scenario. Some believe that it is derived by some form of the word for Romani ( cigani , "gypsies"), attested in 1717 as German : Zigeuner-Insel when it

10057-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

10170-594: The spread of Asian carp, including fish barriers at 10 locks controlled by the TVA. One is a bioacoustics fish fence , which uses a combination of sound , light and air bubbles . These barriers are installed at Barkley Lock and Dam in Kentucky , and are currently being studied for their effectiveness in deterring Asian carp. Other types of barriers used for Asian carp include carbon dioxide and electricity . The TVA has conducted environmental impact studies to minimize

10283-442: The swimmers so the authorities issued a statement that they are harmless. In March 2019, a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long catfish was caught in the lake. Catfish of this size is a rarity and, as required by the law, it was returned in to the lake. Other catfishes of this size were reported by the divers in previous years, but they lay lazily on the bottom of the lake, not swimming to the surface. There are 20 to 25 fish species in

10396-506: The time suburban village of Belgrade, the Society dammed the arm with slanted, shackled, thick triangular piles, called pilotne . Facing the stream, they stopped the ice which would then elevate itself slab by slab until it reaches over the top of the piles and breaks into pieces. The stream would then take smaller pieces next to the docked ships. In the case of complete freezing of the river, the tugboats were deployed, with crew members being armed with axes, grappling hooks and dynamite. As

10509-524: The toxicity. The plan to build a treatment plant on the bank near the Belgrade Fair which would detoxicate the sludge and produce fertilizer from it was scrapped due to the high costs. At the time, the silt is being dredged and vegetation cut just enough to make it navigable for the small boats in the marina. The bay was partially dredged in 2016. The pollution of the bay continued, including two atmospheric precipitation collectors which overspill into

10622-545: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

10735-470: The urban neighborhoods of Savski Nasip ) and another artificial peninsula called Mala Ciganlija ("Little Ciganlija"). Between Ada Ciganlija and Novi Beograd lies Ada Međica , a wholly insulated river island. Formerly an island, Ada Ciganlija is now an elongated peninsula, stretching for 6 km from west to east and 700 m from north to south at its widest, and covering an area of 2.7 km. The entire Ada Ciganlija ecological complex, which stretches into

10848-407: The vertical retaining walls . Pumps for the creation of the whitewater by day, would be used to purify the water by night and prevent the sludge from depositing on the bottom. Proposed name for the marina and sports center is "Whitewater Arena". However, this project, just like some others from the competition (conducting the Topčiderka directly into the main Sava riverbed by the pipes) does not tackle

10961-432: The viability, that nothing will be built instead of the zoo but the fortress will be conserved , and that there is no set time frame for the project. The arm of the Sava river which separated the island from the mainland was called Čukarica Arm ( Чукарички рукавац ). Serbian Shipping Society, which was founded in 1890, decided to use the arm as the zimovnik , or winter shelter for ships and boats. Upstream from Čukarica, at

11074-399: The water and in the air. In the latter case, powerboats are used to scare the fish and entice them to jump out of the water, and the fish are shot when they are airborne. Two other species are in the genus Hypophthalmichthys , the bighead carp ( H. nobilis ) and the largescale silver carp ( H. harmandi ). The genus name Aristichthys has also sometimes been used for bighead carp, but

11187-551: The wild and produce fertile offspring. The largescale silver carp is closely related to the silver carp, but its native range is to the south of that of the silver carp, mostly within Vietnam . Unlike bighead and silver carp, largescale silver carp have not been widely introduced around the world for use in aquaculture, although at least one introduction was made to some waters of the Soviet Union , where they hybridized with

11300-436: The winter in the process of "winter carp bathing". In the second week of November each year, fish (up to 9 tonnes in total) are taken from the lake to the shore by the professional fishermen. The lake is then emptied and the largest fish specimens are "bathed" in the small bathtubs with the water mixed with the medical, healing ingredients. In 2022, new city administration headed by mayor Aleksandar Šapić included relocation of

11413-456: The withdrawal was complete. Serbs lost 1 officer and 17 soldiers, while the Austrian fatalities included 4 officers and 310 soldiers. There was a year long shootout between the two armies, with long calm periods in between, before the German army interfered and began non-stop heavy artillery beating of the island in the late September 1915. Hand-to-hand battle ensued and the German fighters pushed

11526-430: The world. The reason for importation was generally for use in aquaculture, but enhancement of wild fisheries and water quality control have also been intended on occasion. In some of these places, the species is considered invasive . The silver carp reaches a typical length of 60–100 cm (24–39 in) with a maximum length of 140 cm (55 in) and weight of 50 kg (110 lb). The silver carp

11639-427: The zoo are bothered by the smell, or that some more lucrative structures might be built instead of the zoo on such exceptional location. Additionally, this area of Ada is a floodplain with high level of underground waters, and is an area under sanitary protection. Šapić then back-pedaled a bit, stating that this is just a "political idea" which is not hastily made, that only now analyses and surveys will be done to check

11752-448: Was anoxic , full of ammonium-nitrogen and orthophosphates . The red wastewater from the sewage also influenced water's organoleptic qualities – changed color, murkiness, strong smell and visible residues of organic matter, but in May city administration announced it inspected the Topčiderka's watershed, founded the polluting factories and closed them, fixing this problem. Ada Ciganlija has

11865-457: Was 3,850 which is still 5,4% of the European and 2% of the world's pygmy cormorant population. There were concerns that the building of the new Ada Bridge in 2008–12 would disturb the habitat, but the birds endured it well. Their habitat was protected by law in 2008. Any destruction, clearing or pruning of the vegetation is forbidden, so as scaring, disturbing or killing of the birds. In c.1900,

11978-630: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

12091-451: Was connected to the mainland via the embankments in 1967, northern section of the arm was transformed into the Čukarica Bay ( Чукарички залив ), though the previous name survived, too. The arm is elongated in the southwest–northeast direction, bounded by the northern tip of Ada Ciganlija, the embankment and the right bank of the Sava (neighborhoods of Careva Ćuprija and southern stretch of Bara Venecija , formerly known as Šest Topola ). This

12204-460: Was defended from the blockhouse " He-goat ", across the river in the Makiš forest. Under strong fire from the blockhouse, Austrians landed more to the north, in the area which Serbs didn't even defend because it was the plain marsh and it was thought that no one will land there. That way, Austrians successfully landed on the island without much resistance. Major Dobrivoje Mojsilović, acting commander of

12317-477: Was discovered in 2008, garnering much attention for the lake. These anthomedusae begin their life as polyps and develop into jellyfish only if conditions, such as purity and water temperature over 25 °C, are right. However, authorities claim that these harmless and almost invisible jellyfish (they are only 3 mm (0.12 in) to 5 mm (0.20 in) wide, bell is 12 mm (0.47 in) in diameter and have no sting cells) actually have been present in

12430-631: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

12543-556: Was mentioned as a depopulated village after the Austrian takeover of Belgrade . An Italian work from 1788 mentions it as Isola degli Zingari . The original toponym might have been singalia , from Celtic Singi (cf. Singidunum ). During World War II it was renamed "Serbian Ada" ( Srpska ada ). The first part of Ada Ciganlija's name, ada , means "river island" in Serbian, a word of Turkish origin (meaning "island"), but in landlocked Serbia it specifically denotes river islands, beside

12656-664: Was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic

12769-582: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

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