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79-753: The division earned the nickname "Savage" for its personnel's traditional attire and relaxed discipline. During the course of World War I it distinguished itself in numerous engagements, including the Brusilov and Kerensky Offensives . During the February Revolution , initially the division supported Kornilov's coup under the assumption that the Bolsheviks were on the cusp of overthrowing the Russian Provisional Government , but after delegates from Petrograd informed them it

158-539: A Soviet Congress in Petrograd at the time. They hoisted a red flag carrying the inscription 'Land and Freedom', arresting their commanders and sending a delegation to Petrograd to plead allegiance to the government. In late October 1917, the corps now commanded by Peter Polovtsov , returned to the Caucasus. By the time of their arrival, the Petrograd government had lost its influence in the region. The corps dissolved in

237-526: A boxed SA, as well as many other parts produced in those countries and barrels produced in Finland, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium and Germany. The Finns also manufactured two-piece "finger splice" stocks for their Mosin–Nagant rifles. In addition, the rifle was distributed as aid to Republican anti- Franco forces in the Spanish Civil War . Spanish Civil War Mosins can be readily identified by

316-556: A falling-off in finish of the rifles. The wartime Mosins are easily identified by the presence of tool marks and rough finishing that never would have passed the inspectors in peacetime. However, despite a lack of both aesthetic focus and uniformity, the basic functionality of the Mosins was unimpaired. In addition, in 1938 a carbine version of the Mosin–Nagant, the M38, was issued. It used

395-534: Is a five-shot, bolt-action , internal magazine –fed military rifle . Known officially as the 3-line rifle M1891 and informally in Russia and the former Soviet Union as Mosin's rifle ( Russian : винтовка Мосина , ISO 9 : vintovka Mosina ), it is primarily found chambered for its original 7.62×54mmR cartridge . Developed from 1882 to 1891, it was used by the armed forces of the Russian Empire ,

474-646: Is only fair to call it the Russian 3-line rifle M1891 . The Tsar himself dashed the word "Russian" from this document with his own hand. The decision to pay off Nagant proved wise, as he remained the major contractor for the Russian Government, and the Nagant M1895 revolver was subsequently adopted by the Russian army as its main sidearm. However, in spite of the payment, Nagant attempted to use

553-550: The 1937 World Shooting Championships in Helsinki. M/28–30 model, serial number 60974, was also used by Simo Häyhä , a well-known Finnish sniper. M/28–30 was used as Civil Guards competition rifle before World War II, as was the case with Simo Häyhä's personal rifle. Therefore, rifles were built very well, with highest grade barrels available and carefully matched headspace. Häyhä's rifle was still at PKarPr (Northern Karelia Brigade) museum in 2002, then moved to an unknown place by

632-708: The AK series rifles. Despite its increasing obsolescence, the Mosin–Nagant saw continued service throughout the Eastern bloc and the rest of the world for many decades to come. Mosin–Nagant rifles and carbines saw service on many fronts of the Cold War , from Korea and Vietnam to Afghanistan and along the Iron Curtain in Europe. They were kept not only as reserve stockpiles, but front-line infantry weapons as well. Finland

711-807: The Czechoslovak Legions in Siberia to aid in their attempt to secure passage to France. Many of the New England Westinghouse and Remington Mosin–Nagants were sold to private citizens in the United States before World War II through the office of the Director of Civilian Marksmanship, the predecessor to the federal government's current Civilian Marksmanship Program . Large numbers of Mosin–Nagants were captured by German and Austro-Hungarian forces and saw service with

790-658: The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus en masse. Brusilov Offensive Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 546159093 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:52:05 GMT Mosin%E2%80%93Nagant The Mosin–Nagant

869-627: The Soviet Union and various other states. It is one of the most mass-produced military bolt-action rifles in history, with over 37 million units produced since 1891. In spite of its age, it has been used in various conflicts around the world up to the present day. During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) , Imperial Russian troops armed mostly with single-shot Berdan rifles suffered heavy casualties against Ottoman troops equipped with Winchester 1866 repeating rifles , particularly at

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948-645: The Triple Entente . Russia had already launched mobilization a day earlier. Already on 24 July, a group of Kabardin village elders petitioned the Russian emperor, asking permission to form a Kabardin Cavalry Regiment. The Kabardin Regiment’s formation was finalized on 6 August. Starting from 9 August, other Caucasian ethnic groups began forming their own volunteer cavalry regiments. On 9 August, Adjutant general Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov presented

1027-666: The 2nd Dagestan and Kabardin Regiments. The 2nd Brigade included the Chechen and Tatar Cavalry Regiments , while the 3rd Brigade consisted of the Circassian and Ingush Regiments. Ninety percent of the personnel were Muslim volunteers from the Caucasus, the rest belonged to various nationalities from across the empire; totaling over 60 different nationalities. Each regiment numbered 22–24 officers, 480–500 riders and 121–141 support personnel. Michael Alexandrovich's appointment gave

1106-773: The American .30-06 Springfield cartridge. With the fall of the Iron Curtain , a large quantity of Mosin–Nagants have found their way onto markets outside of Russia as collectibles and hunting rifles. Due to the large surplus created by the Soviet small arms industry during World War II and the tendency of the former Soviet Union to retain and store large quantities of old but well-preserved surplus (long after other nations' militaries divested themselves of similar vintage materials), these rifles (mostly M1891/30 rifles and M1944 carbines) are inexpensive compared to other surplus arms of

1185-681: The Austrians, taking the villages Luzhany, Shepenice and Altmaeshti on the left bank of the Prut, taking 1,320 prisoners in the process. In October 1915, the Russian High Command began forming reserve sotnias for each of the Savage Division's regiments, due to heavy casualties among its ranks. By March 1916, the division had lost 23 officers and 260 riders killed, as well as 144 officers and 1,438 riders wounded. On 27 July 1916,

1264-558: The Berdan rifles then in use by the Russian army. The Mosin rifle was first tested in combat in 1893, during clashes between Russian and Afghan troops in the Pamirs. The Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) was the rifle's first major conflict. By the time the war broke out in 1904, approximately 3.8 million had been built, with over 1.5 million in the hands of the Russian cavalry and all of its reserves when hostilities commenced. Between

1343-757: The Caucasian Native Cavalry Division into the Caucasian Native Cavalry Corps, by reinforcing it with the 1st Dagestan Regiment and Ossetian units. During the course of the Kornilov affair , the corps was among the units ordered by Kornilov to march on Petrograd . The corps was persuaded not to fight by members of the Central Committee of the Union of North Caucasian Peoples, who were participating in

1422-573: The Circassian Regiment clashed with the enemy at Terky and Volkovya. On the night of 30/31 December, three dismounted sotnias of the Kabardin Regiment attacked a battalion of Tyrolean riflemen supported by four machine-guns in the village of Vetlino. Ejecting the defenders and holding the village until the arrival of reinforcements. After a nine-hour long firefight the Austrians retreated, 15 Austrians were taken prisoner while

1501-831: The Donbas, and to conscripted Russian civilians as part of Vladimir Putin's wider general mobilization during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . After the Estonian War of Independence, Estonia had around 120,000 M/1891s in stock, later the Kaitseliit , the Estonian Defence League , received some Finnish M28/30 rifles, a few modernised variants were also made by the Estonian Armory; Most Finnish rifles were assembled by SAKO , Tikkakoski Oy, or VKT ( Valtion Kivääritehdas , State Rifle Factory, after

1580-515: The Finnish Army. Mosin–Nagants have been exported from Finland since the 1960s as its military modernized and decommissioned the rifles. Most of these have ended up as inexpensive surplus for Western nations. In the USSR surplus military carbines (without bayonet) were sold as civilian hunting weapons. Also, the Mosin–Nagant action has been used to produce a limited number of commercial rifles,

1659-547: The Kabardins lost 21 men killed and wounded. On 1 January 1915, Michael Alexandrovich departed Lviv for Gatchina on leave. On 8 January, the 1st Brigade seized the village of Beregy-Gorne, holding it until 16:00 p.m. Whereupon the Austrians brought in their reserves and opened heavy machine-gun fire, forcing the Russian forces to withdraw. Shortly afterwards, the Austro-Hungarian forces initiated an offensive in

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1738-661: The Mosin–Nagant (Russia had not paid for the order at any time throughout the Great War). With Remington and Westinghouse on the precipice of bankruptcy from the Communists' decision, the remaining 280,000 rifles were purchased by the United States Army . American and British expeditionary forces of the North Russia Campaign were armed with these rifles and sent to Murmansk and Arkhangelsk in

1817-529: The Mosin–Nagant as a sniper rifle, with similar success with their own designs and captured Soviet rifles. For example, Simo Häyhä is credited with having killed 505 Soviet soldiers, many of whom fell victim to his Finnish M/28-30 derivative. Häyhä did not use a scope on his Mosin. In interviews Häyhä gave before his death, he said that the scope and mount designed by the Soviets required the shooter to expose himself too much and raise his head too high, increasing

1896-789: The Mosin–Nagant, all of them manufactured using the receivers of Russian-made, American-made, French-made or (later) Soviet-made rifles. Finland also utilized a number of captured M91 and M91/30 rifles with minimal modifications. As a result, the rifle was used on both sides of the Winter War and the Continuation War during World War II. Finnish Mosin–Nagants were produced by SAKO , Tikkakoski, and VKT, with some using barrels imported from Switzerland and Germany. In assembling M39 rifles, Finnish armorers reused "hex" receivers that dated back as far as 1891. Finnish rifles are characterized by Russian, French or American-made receivers stamped with

1975-631: The Russian High Command with a plan of forming a Caucasian Native Cavalry Division, consisting of five cavalry regiments and an infantry druzhina . On 20 August, following a petition of Ingush village elders; the Russian high command approved the formation of an Ingush Regiment. On 23 August, Emperor Nicholas II ordered the formation of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division, simultaneously appointing his younger brother Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia as its commander. The division consisted of three brigades , broken into six regiments, each of which numbered four sotnias . The 1st Brigade incorporated

2054-598: The Russian Zaamur Infantry Division launched two unsuccessful frontal attacks on Ezerzhany, suffering casualties and being forced to withdraw. The 3rd Brigade of the Savage Division was then ordered to seize the village. On the dawn of the following day, the Ingush and Circassian Regiments charged on the village - the charge reinvigorated the Zaamur infantrymen, who followed suit. At 7:30 a.m.,

2133-405: The Russian army to meet or exceed European standards in rifle developments with "rifles of reduced caliber and cartridges with smokeless powder". The new weapons would entail "high velocities", exceeding 600 metres per second (2,000 ft/s) and would result in land battles both commencing and being capable of being fought at longer ranges, nearly two kilometers. The new Mosin rifles would replace

2212-507: The Russian cavalry entered the village, exchanging fire and engaging in hand-to-hand combat with the defenders. By 8 a.m., the village had been cleared of enemy combatants, while the Ingush pursued those fleeing to the north. A second cavalry charge resulted in the capture of five 6-inch artillery pieces and 20 crates of ammunition. The 46th and 58th Prussian Infantry Regiments were annihilated, and 110 Germans were taken prisoner. The Russian cavalry lost 19 men killed, 58 wounded and 60 horses. In

2291-516: The United States in 1915. Remington produced 750,000 rifles before production was halted by the 1917 October Revolution . Deliveries to Russia had amounted to 469,951 rifles when the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended hostilities between the Central Powers and now Soviet-Russia. Henceforth, the new Bolshevik government of Vladimir Lenin cancelled payments to the American companies manufacturing

2370-568: The adoption of the final design in 1891 and the year 1910, several variants and modifications to the existing rifles were made. With the start of World War I , production was restricted to the M1891 dragoon and infantry models for the sake of simplicity. Due to the desperate shortage of arms and the shortcomings of a still-developing domestic industry , the Russian government ordered 1.5 million M1891 infantry rifles from Remington Arms and another 1.8 million from New England Westinghouse Company in

2449-711: The bloody Siege of Pleven . This showed Russian commanders the need to modernize the general infantry weapon of the army. Various weapons were acquired and tested by GAU of the Ministry of War of the Russian Empire , and in 1889 the Lebel Model 1886 rifle was obtained through semi-official channels from France. It was supplied together with a model of the cartridge and bullet but without primer or smokeless powder . Those problems were solved by Russian scientists and engineers (the smokeless powder, for instance,

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2528-477: The bolt, but not enough to prevent interchangeability with the earlier Model 1891 and the so-called "Cossack dragoon" rifles. Finland was a Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until 1917, so Finns had long used the Mosin–Nagant in service with the Imperial military. The rifle was used in the short Finnish Civil War and adopted as the service rifle of the new republic's army. Finland produced several variants of

2607-607: The bolt-action of Mosin's design was ordered into production under the name of 3-line rifle M1891 ( трёхлинейная винтовка образца 1891 года ). The colloquial name "Mosin-Nagant" used in the West is persistent but erroneous, as established in Nagant's legal dispute . Like the Gewehr 98 , the 1891 Mosin uses two front-locking lugs to lock up the action. However, the Mosin's lugs lock in

2686-422: The chances of being spotted by the enemy. In addition, scopes tended to reflect sunlight when moved side to side, which gave away a sniper's position. In 1935–1936, the 91/30 was again modified, this time to lower production time. The "hex" receiver was changed to a round receiver. When war with Germany broke out, the need to produce Mosin–Nagants in vast quantities led to a further simplification of machining and

2765-414: The decision was made to rename the existing commission and call it Commission for creation of the small-bore rifle ( Комиссия для выработки образца малокалиберного ружья ), and to put on paper the final requirements for such a rifle. The inventors obliged by delivering their final designs. Head of the commission, General Chagin, ordered subsequent tests held under the commission's supervision, after which

2844-461: The design of the interrupter after it was covered by the secrecy status given in Russia of that time to military inventions and therefore violated Russian law. Taking into consideration that Nagant was one of the few producers not engaged by competitive governments and generally eager to cooperate and share experience and technology, the Commission paid him a sum of 200,000 Russian rubles, equal to

2923-608: The division's morale. In the middle of June 1917, the division joined the 12th Army Corps at Stanislavov in preparation of the Kerensky Offensive . On 8 July, the division launched an offensive on Kalush and Dolyna . On 12 July, the 1st Brigade and the 3rd Caucasus Cossack Division thwarted a German counter-offensive at Kalush. In August 1917, the division was dispatched to Novosokolniki , Pskov Governorate, where it became part of Aleksandr Krymov ’s Separate Petrograd Army. On 4 September 1917, Lavr Kornilov transformed

3002-401: The ejection/loading port in front of a split rear receiver ring, also serving a similar function to Mauser's "third" or "safety" lug. The rifling of the Mosin barrel is right turning (clockwise looking down the rifle) 4-groove with a twist of 1:9.5" or 1:10". The 5-round fixed metallic magazine can either be loaded by inserting the cartridges individually, or more often in military service, by

3081-562: The ensuing anarchy. During the course of the war, approximately 7,000 people served in the ranks of the division, 3,500 of whom received varying degrees of the Order of St. George and the Medal of St. George . Initially, non-Christians were awarded a different version of the order, which replaced St. George with the Imperial double-headed eagle . However upon the request of the riders the jigit

3160-471: The evaluators were split in their assessment. The main disadvantages of Nagant's rifle were a more complicated mechanism and a long and tiresome procedure of disassembling (which required special instruments—it was necessary to unscrew two fasteners). Mosin's rifle was mainly criticized for its lower quality of manufacture and materials, due to "artisan pre-production" of his 300 rifles. The commission initially voted 14 to 10 to approve Mosin's rifle. At this point

3239-567: The fighting. The Ingush and Circassian Regiments crossed the Lomnica river under heavy enemy fire a week later. They then attacked the Tsu Babina village, which was held by an Austrian infantry battalion supported by six machine-guns, and dislodged the defenders. The Austrians lost 323 men killed and 54 captured. On 6 March, Michael Alexandrovich personally led the division in an offensive on Tlumach , defeating two Austrian battalions and seizing

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3318-573: The front lines. Significantly, the front sight of the M38 was positioned in such a way that the Model 91/30's cruciform bayonet could not be mounted to the muzzle even if a soldier obtained one. An increase in urban combat led directly to the development of the Model M44 Mosin. In essence, the M44 is an M38 with a slightly modified forearm and with a permanently mounted cruciform bayonet that folds to

3397-625: The hands of Soviet, Afghan and Mujahadeen forces in Afghanistan during the Soviet Afghan War of the 80s and the following civil wars of the late 1980s and 90s. Their use in Afghanistan continued on well into the 1990s and the early 21st century by Northern Alliance forces. Mosin–Nagant rifles are still found on modern battlefields around the world. Russia has issued the rifle to conscripts from both occupied regions of

3476-577: The horizontal position, whereas the Mauser locks vertically. The Mosin bolt body is multi-piece whereas the Mauser is one piece. The Mosin uses interchangeable bolt heads like the Lee–Enfield . Unlike the Mauser, which uses a controlled feed bolt head in which the cartridge base snaps up under the fixed extractor as the cartridge is fed from the magazine, the Mosin has a push feed recessed bolt head in which

3555-455: The interrupter, although he borrowed it from Mosin's design initially. Mosin could not apply for a patent since he was an officer of the Russian army, and the design of the rifle was owned by the Government and had the status of a military secret. A scandal was about to burst out, with Nagant threatening he would not participate in trials held in Russia ever again and some officials proposing to expel Nagant from any further trials, as he borrowed

3634-434: The late summer of 1918 to prevent the large quantities of munitions delivered for Tsarist forces from being captured by the Central Powers. Remaining rifles were used for the training of U.S. Army troops. Some were used to equip U.S. National Guard , SATC , and ROTC units. Designated "U.S. Rifle, 7.62mm, Model of 1916", these are among the rarest of American service arms. In 1917, 50,000 rifles were sent via Vladivostok to

3713-423: The middle of May it had returned to its initial positions on the Dniester. On 4 June, the division took part in the Brusilov Offensive of June to September 1916, advancing along the right bank of the Dniester towards Chernivtsi , taking Okno village two days later. On 11 June, the division counter-attacked against the Austrians who had attempted to establish a bridgehead at Zhezhava. The division continued to pursue

3792-438: The middle of October 1916, the 1st and 3rd Brigades were incorporated into the Romanian Front 's 4th Army and were forwarded to Stanislavov . In December 1916, the division fought a series of battles in Roman and Bacău . In February 1917, the division was withdrawn to the Bessarabia Governorate , allowing its personnel to rest. The February Revolution and the subsequent Abdication of Nicholas II did not negatively affect

3871-415: The most famous are the Vostok brand target rifles exported in Europe in the 1960s and 1970s chambered in the standard 7.62×54mmR round and in 6.5×54mmR, a necked-down version of the original cartridge designed for long range target shooting. Rifles in 6.5×54mmR use a necked-down 7.62×54mmR cartridge and were the standard rifle of the USSR's Olympic biathlon team until the International Olympic Committee revised

3950-441: The newly formed division conducted a parade in Vladikavkaz , the division's units then began transferring to Vinnytsia and Proskurov . On 15 November, the division was dispatched to Lviv , where it became part of the 2nd Cavalry Corps of the Southwestern Front . On 28 November, it began its march towards the front line at Sambir . On 30 November, the division crossed the border fromn Russia into Austria-Hungary. On 8 December,

4029-500: The opportunity. The division became commonly known as the Savage Division, because of the traditional attire of its personnel and its relaxed discipline, which was supplemented by the application of the "law of the mountains" honor code. Privates (riders) were allowed to address officers using the familiar version of the Russian word you (ты) as most languages in the Caucasus lacked a T–V distinction . Many recruits spoke rudimentary Russian, some only understanding basic orders, necessitating

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4108-426: The original rifle, the most common being the M1891/30 (commonly referred to as "the 91/30" by shooters), which was a modernized design introduced in 1930. Some details were borrowed from Nagant's design. Despite the failure of Nagant's rifle, he filed a patent suit, claiming he was entitled to the sum the winner was to receive. It appeared that Nagant was the first to apply for the international patent protection over

4187-412: The premium that Mosin received as the winner. The rifle did not receive the name of Mosin, because of the personal decision taken by Tsar Alexander III , which was made based on the opinion of the Defence Minister Pyotr Vannovskiy : there are parts in this newly created design, invented by Colonel Rogovtzev, by Lt.-General Chagin's Commission, Captain Mosin and small-arms manufacturer Nagant, therefore it

4266-423: The rear-echelon forces of both armies, and also with the Imperial German Navy . Many of these weapons were sold to Finland in the 1920s. During the Russian Civil War , infantry and dragoon versions were still in production, though in dramatically reduced numbers. The rifle was widely used by all belligerents in the civil war. In 1924, following the victory of the Red Army , a committee was established to modernize

4345-475: The rifle, which had by then been in service for over three decades. This effort led to the development of the Model 91/30 rifle, which was based on the design of the original dragoon version. The barrel length was shortened by 7 cm (2.8 in). The sight measurements were converted from arshins to meters; and the front sight blade was replaced by a hooded post front sight less susceptible to being knocked out of alignment. There were also minor modifications to

4424-419: The right when it is not needed. It was an improvement on the Model 91/30, particularly for urban warfare; but few M44s saw combat on the Eastern Front. By the end of the war, approximately 19.8 million Mosin–Nagant rifles had been produced. In the years after World War II, the Soviet Union ceased production of all Mosin–Nagants and withdrew them from service in favor of the SKS series carbines and eventually

4503-431: The rules of the event to reduce the range to 50 meters and required all competitors to use rifles chambered in .22 LR. A number of the Model 1891s produced by New England Westinghouse and Remington were sold to private citizens in the United States by the U.S. government through the Director of Civilian Marksmanship Program in the interwar period. Many of these American-made Mosin–Nagants were rechambered by wholesalers to

4582-438: The same cartridge and action as other Mosins, but the barrel was shortened by 21.6 cm (8.5 in) to bring the weapon down to an overall length of 101.6 cm (40.0 in), with the forearm shortened in proportion. The idea was to issue the M38 to troops such as combat engineers , signal corps, and artillerymen, who could conceivably need to defend themselves from sudden enemy advances, but whose primary duties lay behind

4661-410: The section of the front from Vidinov to Snyatun. On 22 May, the division thwarted another enemy assault on Karlov. On 24 May, the division was reassigned to the Vidinov-Budylov sector of the front. At 19:00 p.m. on 28 May, an Austrian heavy-artillery barrage destroyed the Vidinov railway station. A large-scale Austrian offensive forced the division to withdraw to the right bank of the Prut , and by

4740-500: The sector of the front held by the division, which prompted Michael Alexandrovich to return to Lviv on 14 January. Between the 14 and 25 January, the division held its ground against two Austro-Hungarian divisions. On 28 January 1915, fighting took place at Berezhky village. Between 26 and 27 February, the Kabardin Regiment defended the Lomnica river crossing at Podgorka against several Austrian attacks, while being targeted by heavy shelling. The regiment lost three killed and 29 wounded in

4819-472: The situation for publicity, resulting in the name "Mosin–Nagant" appearing in the Western press. From a technical point of view the rifle that came to be called "Mosin–Nagant" is the design proposed by Mosin as further amended by Mosin with some details borrowed from Nagant's design. Only since 1924 the rifle was officially named "Mosin's rifle" in the USSR, although some variants were still known only by their year of origin. In 1889 Tsar Alexander III ordered

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4898-422: The spring-loaded extractor snaps over the cartridge base as the bolt is finally closed similar to the Gewehr 1888 and M91 Carcano or modern sporting rifles like the Remington 700 . Like the Mauser, the Mosin uses a blade ejector mounted in the receiver. The Mosin bolt is removed by simply pulling it fully to the rear of the receiver and squeezing the trigger, while the Mauser has a bolt stop lever separate from

4977-412: The town. He was later awarded the Saint George Sword for the action. On 15 March, the division was assigned to the left bank of the Dniester , holding the section of the front between Nizhniy and Zalishchyky . On 30 March, the division’s positions at Zhezhava became the target of heavy shelling; an Austrian landing party that attempted to cross the river was repulsed. On 6 May, the 2nd Cavalry Corps

5056-402: The trigger. Like the Mauser, the bolt lift arc on the Mosin–Nagant is 90 degrees, versus 60 degrees on the Lee–Enfield. The Mauser bolt handle is at the rear of the bolt body and locks behind the solid rear receiver ring. The Mosin bolt handle is similar to the Mannlicher : it is attached to a protrusion on the middle of the bolt body, which serves as a bolt guide, and it locks protruding out of

5135-431: The unit an elite status and many foreigners in Russian service as well as Russian and Caucasian noblemen sought join it. Although Russian Muslims were exempted from conscription, many Caucasian ethnicities had a long martial tradition, pursuing a military career or volunteering for service during wartime. Police authorities declared an amnesty for all abreks and other native criminals, on condition of enlistment; many seized

5214-447: The use of 5-round stripper clips . The 3-line rifle, Model 1891 , its original official designation, was adopted by the Russian military in 1891. Production began in 1892 at the ordnance factories of Tula Arsenal , Izhevsk Arsenal and at Sestroryetsk Arsenal. An order for 500,000 rifles was placed with the French arms factory, Manufacture Nationale d'Armes de Châtellerault . There have been several refinements and variations of

5293-528: The use of translators. Recruits underwent up to 8–9 days of basic training . Unlike other divisions each regiment had its own mullah . The division’s men wore gray cherkeskas , black beshmets and gray or brown papakhas , chuviaks or boots. The color of the shoulder marks varied between each regiment, being red in the Second Dagestan and Circassian Regiments and blue in the Kabardin Regiment. Each recruit brought in his own weaponry, horse, saddles and uniform; while being issued firearms and lances. The division

5372-412: The vicinity of the town and taking 31 prisoners, a mortar and crates with 60 mortar shells and 120 grenades. On 14 May, the 2nd Brigade captured Nepolokota while the 1st and 3rd Brigades took over Beleluia and Ustie nad Prutom. On 15 May, the 3rd Brigade occupied the Karlov and Vidinov villages. On 18 May, the 1st Brigade repelled an attack on the two villages. On 19 May, the division was tasked with holding

5451-469: The wars part of Valtion Metallitehtaat (Valmet) , State Metalworks). The Finnish cartridge 7.62×53mmR is a slightly modified variation of the Russian 7.62×54mmR , and is considered interchangeable with 54R. However, the older version of the Finnish military cartridge was loaded with the S-type bullet that had nominal diameter of .308. In 1936 the Finnish Army fielded a new standard service cartridge intended for both machine guns and rifles. This new cartridge

5530-427: The wire sling hangers inserted in the slots in the forearm and buttstock meant to take the Russian "dog collars" for Russian-style slings, so the rifles could accept Western European–style rifle slings. At the beginning of the war, the Mosin–Nagant 91/30 was the standard-issue weapon of Soviet troops. Millions were produced in World War II for use by the largest mobilized army in history. The Mosin–Nagant Model 1891/30

5609-403: Was Kornilov who intended to overthrow the Government they refused to participate in the Kornilov affair . Dissolving soon afterwards, many of its veterans enlisted into the armed forces of the White movement and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus . On 1 August 1914, the German Empire declared war against the Russian Empire , marking its entry into World War I on the side of

5688-719: Was also improved by adding coil spring to minimize very long pre-travel. Following M/39 does not have this improvement. The magazine was also modified to prevent jamming. Magazines were stamped with "HV" ( häiriövapaa , lit.   ' jam free ' ) letters in right side of rifle. Later M/39 uses identical design, but without the "HV" stamp. M/28–30 also have metal sleeve in fore-end of handguard, to reduce barrel harmonics change and to make barrel-stock contact more constant between shots and/or during environmental changes such as moisture and temperature. Later M/39 does not have this upgrade. In addition to its military usage, approximately 440 M/28–30 rifles were manufactured by SAKO for use in

5767-428: Was issued Mosin–Nagant and Berdan rifles , which were supplemented by Belgian cavalry carbines during the course of the war. Each soldier gave a military oath adjusted to his religion. Each rider received 25 rubles per month and an enlistment bonus of 150 rubles. Starting from December 1914 each recruit's family was exempted from taxation and received a monthly allowance of 3 rubles and 40 kopeks. In early October,

5846-602: Was loaded with a new bullet designed in 1934–the D-166, which had a nominal diameter of .310. The new service rifle m/39 was designed from the start around the D-166, thus it had nominal barrel diameter of .310. Handloaded cartridges for Finnish rifles should however use a 0.308-inch (7.8 mm) bullet for use with other Finnish Mosin–Nagant variants instead of the 0.310-inch (7.9 mm) one which gives best results in M/39, Soviet and most of other Mosin–Nagant rifles. The trigger

5925-592: Was modified and adapted as a sniper rifle from 1932 onwards, first with mounts and scopes from Germany then with domestic designs ( PE , PEM) from 1931; from 1942 it was issued with 3.5-power PU fixed focus scopes . It served quite prominently in the brutal urban battles on the Eastern Front , such as the Battle of Stalingrad , which made heroes of such snipers as Vasily Zaitsev , Lyudmila Pavlichenko , Ivan Sidorenko , and Roza Shanina . Finland also employed

6004-529: Was ordered to assist the 33rd Army Corps in establishing a bridgehead on the right bank of the Dniester between Korniov and Bedyntse. At 24:00 p.m. 12 May, the 1st Brigade crossed the Dniester at Ivanie, the following noon the 2nd Brigade used a pontoon bridge to advance towards Usechko. The two brigades then converged on Gorodnitsy. On 13 May, the division pursued enemy columns that were retreating towards Verenchanka , clashing with dismounted enemy cavalry in

6083-608: Was produced by Dmitri Mendeleev himself). In 1889, three rifles were submitted for evaluation: Captain Sergei Ivanovich Mosin of the imperial army submitted his "3-line" caliber (.30 cal, 7.62 mm ) rifle; Belgian designer Léon Nagant submitted a "3.5-line" (.35 caliber, 9 mm) design; and a Captain Zinoviev submitted another "3-line" design (1 " line " = 1 ⁄ 10  in or 2.54 mm, thus 3 lines = 7.62 mm). When trials concluded in 1891,

6162-605: Was restored in the place of the "bird". During the period of its operation the unit did not record a single incident of desertion, while capturing a number of prisoners four times its own size. During the course of the Russian Civil War , many veterans of the Kabardin Regiment joined the ranks of the White Movement's Volunteer Army . In contrast, veterans of the Ingush Regiment enlisted into the army of

6241-635: Was still producing the M39 Mosin–Nagant in small numbers as late as 1973. Virtually every country that received military aid from the Soviet Union, China, and Eastern Europe during the Cold War used Mosin–Nagants at various times. Middle Eastern countries within the sphere of Soviet influence—Egypt, Syria , Iraq , Afghanistan and Palestinian fighters—have received them in addition to other more modern arms. Mosin–Nagants have also seen action in

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