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84-442: On May 1, 1963, 16-year-old Yoshie Nakata ( 中田 善枝 , Nakata Yoshie , born May 1, 1947) went missing on her way home from school. Later that night, a ransom note was delivered to her house. The note demanded that someone bring ¥ 200,000 (approximately US$ 556 at the time) to a place close to her house at 12:00 am on May 2. Her sister, who later committed suicide, took fake money to the designated place, with many policemen surrounding

168-403: A 2002 study of undetected rapists, says that compared with non-rapists, both undetected and convicted rapists are measurably more angry at women and more motivated by a desire to dominate and control them, are more impulsive, disinhibited, anti-social, hypermasculine , and less empathic. Sexual aggression is often considered a masculine identity characteristic of manhood in some male groups and

252-419: A body weighing 54 kg (119 lb) along the same path. Not one of these men was able to carry this weight for anywhere near the entire distance. A coroner has also testified that if a fresh corpse were lowered into a hole by a rope tied around the ankles, there would be marks left around the ankles. No such marks were found. There were a number of footprints found at both the supposed murder scene and where

336-445: A crime solely committed by men against women. In 2012, they changed their definition from "The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will" to "The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." The updated definition still excluded from the definition of rape men forced to penetrate women, which

420-441: A definition of rape that did not use the word 'consent': "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive ." Marital rape, or spousal rape, is non-consensual sex in which the perpetrator is the victim's spouse. It is a form of partner rape , domestic violence , and sexual abuse. Once widely accepted or ignored by law, marital rape is now denounced by international conventions and

504-537: A dishonest woman. Victims may react in ways they did not anticipate. After the rape, they may be uncomfortable/frustrated with and not understand their reactions. Most victims respond by 'freezing up' or becoming compliant and cooperative during the rape. These are common survival responses of all mammals. This can cause confusion for others and the person assaulted. An assumption is that someone being raped would call for help or struggle. A struggle would result in torn clothes or injuries. Dissociation can occur during

588-410: A false confession by isolating and threatening him for almost a month. They also insisted that he could not read or write, but his ex-employer, who was also a burakumin, testified that Ishikawa could read the weekly magazines, newspapers, and books on traffic rules and automotive structures. Ishikawa and his supporters also insisted that he did not have the slightest knowledge of what a lawyer was and that

672-401: A form of sexual violence . The CDC lists other acts of coercive, non-consensual sexual activity that may or may not include rape, including drug-facilitated sexual assault , acts in which a victim is made to penetrate a perpetrator or someone else, intoxication where the victim is unable to consent (due to incapacitation or being unconscious), non-physically forced penetration which occurs after

756-442: A man was working in his field approximately 20 meters (66 ft) away from where the murder supposedly happened. He was questioned by the police repeatedly and testified that, while he could faintly hear the sounds of the festival over 500 meters (1,600 ft) away, he heard no screaming while he was working. In one of his last sessions with the police, he stated that he might have heard someone calling sometime before 3:30, but from

840-454: A means of male bonding. This is particularly evident among soldiers, as gang rape accounts for about three quarters or more of war rape , while gang rape accounts for less than a quarter of rapes during peacetime. Commanders sometimes push recruits to rape, as committing rape can be taboo and illegal and so builds loyalty among those involved. Rebel groups who have forced recruitment as opposed to volunteer recruits are more involved in rape, as it

924-422: A number of categories, and they may describe the relationship of the perpetrator to the victim and the context of the sexual assault. These include date rape , gang rape , marital rape , incestual rape , child sexual abuse , prison rape , acquaintance rape , war rape and statutory rape . Forced sexual activity can be committed over a long period of time with little to no physical injury. Lack of consent

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1008-506: A perpetrator against a victim without their consent . The definition of rape is inconsistent between governmental health organizations, law enforcement, health providers, and legal professions. It has varied historically and culturally. Originally, rape had no sexual connotation and is still used in other contexts in English. In Roman law , it or raptus was classified as a form of crimen vis , "crime of assault". Raptus referred to

1092-665: A person is pressured verbally (by intimidation or misuse of authority to force to consent), or completed or attempted forced penetration of a victim via unwanted physical force (including using a weapon or threatening to use a weapon). The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has implemented universal screening for what has been termed "military sexual trauma" ( MST ) and provides medical and mental health services free of charge to enrolled veterans who report MST (Title 38 United States Code 1720D; Public Law 108–422). Some countries or jurisdictions differentiate between rape and sexual assault by defining rape as involving penile penetration of

1176-410: A person under circumstances which are coercive". In other cases, the term rape has been phased out of legal use in favor of terms such as sexual assault or criminal sexual conduct . Some countries criminalize non-consensual condom removal ( "stealthing" ), where one partner removes (or intentionally damages) their condom during sex without telling the other partner; the rationale is that consent

1260-407: A person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who is unconscious , incapacitated, has an intellectual disability , or is below the legal age of consent ( statutory rape ). The term rape is sometimes casually inaccurately used interchangeably with the term sexual assault . The rate of reporting, prosecuting and convicting for rape varies between jurisdictions. Internationally,

1344-415: A rape or sexual assault. They are able to conduct a focused medical-legal exam. If such a trained clinician is not available, the emergency department has a sexual assault protocol that has been established for treatment and the collection of evidence. Staff are also trained to explain the examinations in detail, the documentation and the rights associated with the requirement for informed consent . Emphasis

1428-493: A risk of injecting drugs. Acquiring sexually transmitted infections increases the risk of acquiring HIV. The belief that having sex with a virgin can cure HIV/AIDS exists in parts of Africa. This leads to the rape of girls and women. The claim that the myth drives either HIV infection or child sexual abuse in South Africa is disputed by researchers Rachel Jewkes and Helen Epstein. Society's treatment of victims has

1512-405: A role in rationalization of rape. These include the idea that power is reserved to men whereas women are meant for sex and objectified, that women want forced sex and to be pushed around, and that male sexual impulses and behaviors are uncontrollable and must be satisfied. For females, victim-blaming correlates with fear. Many rape victims blame themselves. Female jurors might look at the woman on

1596-399: A routine location to search. The prosecutor's case rests primarily on the confession extracted from Ishikawa while he was in police custody. However, this confession is filled with statements that violate commonsense and do not match the physical layout and characteristics of the crime scene. These discrepancies, in addition to raising reasonable doubt as to whether Ishikawa actually committed

1680-525: A sense of invulnerability); giving the appearance of consent (in cases of acquaintance rape); and thrill from planning and the use of the condom as an added prop. Concern for the victim is generally not considered a factor. Those who have been raped have relatively more reproductive tract infections than those who have not been raped. HIV can be transmitted through rape. Acquiring AIDS through rape puts people at increased risk for psychological problems. Acquiring HIV through rape may lead to behaviors that create

1764-426: A thing could happen twice. The investigators called to search Ishikawa's house were the top professionals from the area. By the time Ishikawa was arrested, the case had already become a scandal, and the police were doing whatever it took to find the culprit. They spared no cost or personnel in conducting as thorough a search as possible. Furthermore, the doorframe is mentioned in all standard police detective textbooks as

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1848-629: A total of 26 trained detectives, the pen was found on the doorframe in Ishikawa's kitchen. Both court decisions, that of the Tokyo High Court and the Supreme Court, state that the first 26 detectives had simply overlooked the doorframe, but their reasons for why this happened differ. The Tokyo High Court said that it was because the location was too obvious, while the Supreme Court maintained that short people would have difficulty seeing

1932-764: Is also higher if people around the survivor ignore (or are ignorant of) the rape or blame the rape survivor. Most people recover from rape in three to four months, but many have persistent PTSD that may manifest in anxiety, depression, substance abuse, irritability, anger, flashbacks, or nightmares. In addition, rape survivors may have long-term generalised anxiety disorder , may develop one or more specific phobias , major depressive disorder , and may experience difficulties with resuming their social life and with sexual functioning. People who have been raped are at higher risk of suicide. Men experience similar psychological effects of being raped, but they are less likely to seek counseling. Another effect of rape and sexual assault

2016-453: Is always required prior to treatment unless the person who was assaulted is unconscious, intoxicated or does not have the mental capacity to give consent. Priorities governing the physical exam are the treatment of serious life-threatening emergencies and then a general and complete assessment. Some physical injuries are readily apparent such as bites , broken teeth, swelling , bruising , lacerations and scratches. In more violent cases,

2100-533: Is believed the recruits start with less loyalty to the group. In Papua New Guinea , urban gangs such as Raskol gangs often require new members to rape women as part of their initiation. Perpetrators of sex trafficking and cybersex trafficking allow or carry out rape for financial gain and/or sexual gratification. Rape pornography , including child pornography , is created for profit and other reasons. There have been instances of child sexual abuse and child rape videos on Pornhub . One metric used by

2184-401: Is clearly that of a different person. There is also no evidence of Ishikawa's fingerprints on the ransom note or on the envelope it was in. Ishikawa's supporters claim the court has based much of its decision on the fact that Nakata's pen was found at Ishikawa's house. However, this fountain pen was not discovered until the third search of his residence. On May 23, the day Ishikawa was arrested,

2268-418: Is determined by sampling of body fluids from the mouth, throat, vagina, perineum , and anus . Victims have the right to refuse any evidence collection. Victims advocates ensure the victims' wishes are respected by hospital staff. After the physical injuries are addressed and treatment has begun, then forensic examination proceeds along with the gathering of evidence that can be used to identify and document

2352-720: Is especially the case in cultures where female virginity is highly valued and considered mandatory before marriage; in extreme cases, rape victims are killed in honor killings . In the US, victims' rights include the right to have a victims advocate preside over every step of the medical/legal exam to ensure sensitivity towards victims, provide emotional support, and minimize the risk of re-traumatization. Victims are to be informed of this immediately by law enforcement or medical service providers. Emergency rooms of many hospitals employ sexual assault nurse/forensic examiners (SAN/FEs) with specific training to care for those who have experienced

2436-521: Is generally recognized as the academic definition of rape. However, it recognized any gender of victim and perpetrator and that rape with an object can be as traumatic as penile/vaginal rape. The bureau further describes instances when the victim is unable to give consent because of mental or physical incapacity. It recognizes that a victim can be incapacitated by drugs and alcohol and unable to give valid consent. The definition does not change federal or state criminal codes or impact charging and prosecution on

2520-478: Is increasingly criminalized. Still, in many countries, marital rape either remains legal or is illegal but widely tolerated and accepted as a husband's prerogative. In 2006, the UN Secretary-General's In-depth study on all forms of violence against women stated that (pg 113): "Marital rape may be prosecuted in at least 104 states. Of these, 32 have made marital rape a specific criminal offense, while

2604-405: Is key to the definition of rape. Consent is affirmative "informed approval, indicating a freely given agreement" to sexual activity. It is not necessarily expressed verbally, and may instead be overtly implied from actions, but the absence of objection does not constitute consent. Lack of consent may result from either forcible compulsion by the perpetrator or an inability to consent on the part of

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2688-399: Is more likely to be valid. The sooner that samples are obtained after the assault, the more likely that evidence is present in the sample and provides valid results. Once the injuries of the patient have been treated and she or he is stabilized, the sample gathering will begin. Staff will encourage the presence of a rape/sexual assault counselor to provide an advocate and reassurance. During

2772-592: Is placed on performing the examinations at a pace that is appropriate for the person, their family, their age, and their level of understanding. Privacy is recommended to prevent self-harm . Many rapes do not result in serious physical injury. The first medical response to sexual assault is a complete assessment. This general assessment will prioritize the treatment of injuries by the emergency room staff. Medical personnel involved are trained to assess and treat those assaulted or follow protocols established to ensure privacy and best treatment practices. Informed consent

2856-669: Is significantly correlated to the desire to be held higher in esteem among male peers. Sexually aggressive behavior among young men has been correlated with gang or group membership as well as having other delinquent peers. Gang rape is often perceived by male perpetrators as a justified method of discouraging or punishing what they consider as immoral behavior among women – for example, wearing short skirts or visiting bars. In some areas in Papua New Guinea , women can be punished by public gang rape, usually through permission by elders. Gang rape and mass rape are often used as

2940-606: Is the chief of the Sayama, Saitama branch of the Buraku Liberation League . Ishikawa was paroled and released from prison in 1994. Along with his supporters, he is still seeking a fair retrial and the chance to clear his name. "I want the label of murderer, which is bearing so heavily on me, removed", Ishikawa said in 2002. Since he was a member of the burakumin , a social minority frequently discriminated against, human rights groups and lawyers claimed that

3024-412: Is the stress created in those who study rape or counsel the survivors. This is called vicarious traumatization . The presence or absence of physical injury may be used to determine whether a rape has occurred. Those who have experienced sexual assault yet have no physical trauma may be less inclined to report to the authorities or to seek health care. While penetrative rape generally does not involve

3108-459: The Global Forum for Health Research shows that victim-blaming concepts are at least partially accepted in many countries. Women who have been raped are sometimes deemed to have behaved improperly. Usually, these are cultures where there is a significant social divide between the freedoms and status afforded to men and women. "Rape victims are blamed more when they resist the attack later in

3192-403: The 54 kg (119 lb) body from the forest back in the direction of the town and his home, where he tied a rope around her ankles and lowered it headfirst into a hole. The confession explicitly states that Ishikawa carried the body in front of him the entire distance, without slinging it over his shoulder. The defense team has conducted several experiments whereby strong young men try to carry

3276-411: The US, the criminalization of marital rape started in the mid-1970s, and in 1993 North Carolina became the last state to make marital rape illegal. In many countries, it is not clear if marital rape may or may not be prosecuted under ordinary rape laws. In the absence of a marital rape law, it may be possible to bring prosecution for acts of forced sexual intercourse inside marriage by prosecuting, through

3360-472: The WHO to determine the severity of global rates of coercive, forced sexual activity was the question "Have you ever been forced to have sexual intercourse against your will?" Asking this question produced higher positive response rates than being asked, whether they had ever been abused or raped. The WHO report describes the consequences of sexual abuse: Frequently, victims may not recognize what happened to them

3444-503: The abduction of a woman against the will of the man under whose authority she lived, and sexual intercourse was not a necessary element. Other definitions of rape have changed over time. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia considered rape as a crime that required coercion or force or threat of force against the victim or a third person. Until 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) considered rape

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3528-590: The absence of an objection to sexual activity. This can lead to the presumption of consent. Duress may be actual or threatened force or violence against the victim or someone close to the victim. Even blackmail may constitute duress. Abuse of power may constitute duress. For instance, in the Philippines, a man commits rape if he engages in sexual intercourse with a woman "By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority" . The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in its landmark 1998 judgment used

3612-427: The assault. Memories may be fragmented especially immediately afterwards. They may consolidate with time and sleep. A man or boy who is raped may be stimulated and even ejaculate during the experience of the rape. A woman or girl may orgasm during a sexual assault. This may become a source of shame and confusion for those assaulted along with those who were around them. Trauma symptoms may not show until years after

3696-587: The body was found. However, none of these match Ishikawa's. These discrepancies and inconsistencies have been presented to the Tokyo High Court by the Sayama Legal Defense Team as part of the third appeal for a retrial of the case. Rape Rape is a type of sexual assault involving sexual intercourse , or other forms of sexual penetration , carried out against a person without their consent . The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion , abuse of authority , or against

3780-475: The buraku as dangerous for their history of theft and violence. The police investigated the Ishida Pig Farm employees and arrested 24-year-old Kazuo Ishikawa ( 石川 一雄 , Ishikawa Kazuo , born on January 14, 1939) on an unrelated charge. Although he denied the charge at first, he confessed to the kidnapping and killing on June 20. Ishikawa and his supporters insisted that the police forced him to make

3864-400: The courts made the assumption that he was guilty. Ishikawa's supporters claim that the confession upon which the courts’ decisions are based was coerced . Ishikawa's supporters claim he could not have written the ransom note that was delivered to Nakata's family. Like other Buraku people of his generation, he came from an impoverished background and, as a result, he was not well educated. At

3948-476: The crime, also raise questions about how confessions are drafted under the Japanese criminal justice system. There are no witnesses who have testified to seeing Ishikawa and Nakata together. This lack of testimony is odd given that the confession states that Ishikawa and Nakata walked together for several hundred meters in the middle of the day. The path they were supposed to have taken led between two fields, and

4032-414: The day before his wedding, a man from the same neighborhood committed suicide. He had the same blood type as the suspect, but he suffered from erectile dysfunction , so the police thought he could not be the rapist. Near Nakata's home was the Ishida Pig Farm ( 石田養豚場 , Ishida Yōtonjō ) . The owner's family and most of the employees of Ishida Pig Farm were burakumin. These employees were regarded among

4116-439: The day on which this was supposed to have happened also coincided with the town's annual festival, which was being held very close by. Over ten people were working in the fields that day, and the festival drew well over 800 people, some of whom would have walked along this path on their way to the festival. The people working in the fields were questioned, but none of them remember seeing Ishikawa and Nakata together. No one else from

4200-427: The direction opposite the forest. This statement was used in the first trial as evidence that someone had heard the murder take place. The full contents of the man's sessions with the police and his exact location during the crime were not released to the defense until 1981, 18 years after Ishikawa was tried. Ishikawa's confession says that Nakata sustained a deep cut to her head during the struggle. However, analyses of

4284-467: The federal, state, or local level; it rather means that rape will be more accurately reported nationwide. Health organizations and agencies have also expanded rape beyond traditional definitions. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rape as a form of sexual assault , while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) includes rape in their definition of sexual assault; they term rape

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4368-597: The incidence of rapes recorded by the police during 2008 ranged, per 100,000 people, from 0.2 in Azerbaijan to 92.9 in Botswana with 6.3 in Lithuania as the median . Worldwide, reported instances of sexual violence , including rape, are primarily committed by males against females. Rape by strangers is usually less common than rape by people the victim knows, and male-on-male prison rapes are common and may be

4452-417: The injuries. Such evidence -gathering is only done with the complete consent of the patient or the caregivers of the patient. Photographs of the injuries may be requested by staff. At this point in the treatment, if a victims' advocate had not been requested earlier, experienced social support staff are made available to the patient and family. If the patient or the caregivers (typically parents) agree,

4536-504: The least reported forms of rape. Widespread and systematic rape (e.g., war rape ) and sexual slavery can occur during international conflict. These practices are crimes against humanity and war crimes . Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted ethnic group. People who have been raped can be traumatized and develop post-traumatic stress disorder . Serious injuries can result along with

4620-413: The legal system, only trained medical personnel can obtain evidence that is admissible during a trial. The procedures have been standardized. Evidence is collected, signed, and locked in a secure place to guarantee that legal evidence procedures are maintained. This carefully monitored procedure of evidence collection and preservation is known as the chain of evidence . Maintaining the chain of evidence from

4704-407: The medical exam, evidence of bodily secretions is assessed. Dried semen that is on clothing and skin can be detected with a fluorescent lamp. Notes will be attached to those items on which semen has been found. These specimens are marked, placed in a paper bag, and are marked for later analysis for the presence of seminal vesicle-specific antigen. Though technically, medical staff are not part of

4788-853: The medical examination, testing, and tissue sampling from its origin of collection to court allows the results of the sampling to be admitted as evidence. Photography is often used for documentation. Some physical effects of the rape are not immediately apparent. Follow up examinations also assess the patient for tension headaches , fatigue , sleep pattern disturbances, gastrointestinal irritability, chronic pelvic pain, menstrual pain or irregularity, pelvic inflammatory disease, sexual dysfunction, premenstrual distress, fibromyalgia, vaginal discharge, vaginal itching, burning during urination, and generalized vaginal pain. The World Health Organization recommends offering prompt access to emergency contraceptive medications which can significantly reduce risk of an undesired pregnancy if used within 5 days of rape; it

4872-400: The medical team utilizes standardized sampling and testing usually referred to as a forensic evidence kit or " rape kit ". The patient is informed that submitting to the use of the rape kit does not obligate them to file criminal charges against the perpetrator. The patient is discouraged from bathing or showering to obtain samples from their hair. Evidence gathered within the past 72 hours

4956-500: The police came to his house, woke him up and took him to jail. Twelve detectives conducted a full, two-hour search of the premises. They took several objects from as potential evidence, but did not find Nakata's pen. On June 18, a second search of the premises was conducted. Fourteen detectives participated, specifically looking for Nakata's bag, watch, and pen. They searched the entire premises for over two hours, but found nothing. Eight days later, following these two extensive searches by

5040-519: The police exploited that fact. Supporters claimed the police fed Ishikawa false information to make him suspicious of his lawyer. Ishikawa also claimed that the police arranged a plea bargain stating that he would be freed within ten years if he confessed to the murder. In court, the police denied doing that. Ishikawa was convicted of aggravated murder , rape , and kidnapping , and was sentenced to death . During his appeal, he began to claim his innocence and rejected any criminal liability. His sentence

5124-549: The potential to exacerbate their trauma. People who have been raped or sexually assaulted are sometimes blamed and considered responsible for the crime. This refers to the just world fallacy and rape myth acceptance that certain victim behaviors (such as being intoxicated, flirting or wearing sexually provocative clothing) may encourage rape. In many cases, victims are said to have "asked for it" because of not resisting their assault or violating female gender expectations. A global survey of attitudes toward sexual violence by

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5208-660: The rape encounter rather than earlier (Kopper, 1996), which seems to suggest the stereotype that these women are engaging in token resistance (Malamuth & Brown, 1994; Muehlenhard & Rogers, 1998) or leading the man on because they have gone along with the sexual experience thus far. Finally, rape victims are blamed more when they are raped by an acquaintance or a date rather than by a stranger (e.g., Bell, Kuriloff, & Lottes, 1994; Bridges, 1991; Bridges & McGr ail, 1989; Check & Malamuth, 1983; Kanekar, Shaherwalla, Franco, Kunju, & Pinto, 1991; L'Armand & Pepitone, 1982; Tetreault & Barnett, 1987), which seems to evoke

5292-413: The rape, avoiding things associated with the rape, numbness, and increased anxiety and startle response . The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms is higher if the rapist confined or restrained the person, if the person being raped believed the rapist would kill them, the person who was raped was very young or very old, and if the rapist was someone they knew. The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms

5376-423: The rape. This can be perpetrated by the rapist, friends, or relatives of the rapist. The intent can be to prevent the victim from reporting the rape. Other reasons for threats against those assaulted is to punish them for reporting it, or of forcing them to withdraw the complaint. The relatives of the person who has been raped may wish to prevent "bringing shame" to the family and may also threaten them. This

5460-414: The remaining 74 do not exempt marital rape from general rape provisions. Marital rape is not a prosecutable offense in at least 53 States. Four States criminalize marital rape only when the spouses are judicially separated. Four States are considering legislation that would allow marital rape to be prosecuted." Since 2006, several other states have outlawed marital rape (for example Thailand in 2007 ). In

5544-482: The risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections . A person may face violence or threats from the rapist, and, sometimes, from the victim's family and relatives. The term rape originates from the Latin rapere (supine stem raptum ), "to snatch, to grab, to carry off". In Roman law, the carrying off of a woman by force, with or without intercourse, constituted "raptus". In Medieval English law

5628-659: The same term could refer to either kidnapping or rape in the modern sense of "sexual violation". The original meaning of "carry off by force" is still found in some phrases, such as "rape and pillage", or in titles, such as the stories of the Rape of the Sabine Women and The Rape of Europa or the poem The Rape of the Lock , which is about the theft of a lock of hair. Rape is defined in most jurisdictions as sexual intercourse , or other forms of sexual penetration , committed by

5712-467: The sexual assault occurred. Immediately following a rape, the survivor may react outwardly in a wide range of ways, from expressive to closed down; common emotions include distress, anxiety, shame, revulsion, helplessness, and guilt. Denial is not uncommon. In the weeks following the rape, the survivor may develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome and may develop a wide array of psychosomatic complaints. PTSD symptoms include re-experiencing of

5796-487: The site. Although a man came to her and exchanged words, he became suspicious and escaped into the night before the police could catch him. On the morning on May 4, the dead body of Nakata was found buried in an alley on a farm. Police determined that she was raped , then murdered. The media criticized the police for failing to catch the possible suspect, the same mistake made during the kidnapping case of Yoshinobu Murakoshi, which had occurred only one month earlier. On May 6,

5880-467: The soil in the area revealed no trace of blood. Ishikawa had also confessed that he killed the student with his right hand, inadvertently crushing her neck in an attempt to keep her from screaming. The coroner's report states that the amount of force required to do this would have left bruises on her neck – no such marks were found. Instead, there were marks from a cloth being wrapped tightly around her neck. The confession also maintains that Ishikawa carried

5964-454: The stereotype that victims really want to have sex because they know their attacker and perhaps even went out on a date with him. The underlying message of this research seems to be that when certain stereotypical elements of rape are in place, rape victims are prone to being blamed." Commentators state: "individuals may endorse rape myths and at the same time recognize the negative effects of rape." A number of gender role stereotypes can play

6048-454: The time of his arrest, he was 24 years old, lacked even an elementary school education, and was illiterate. The ransom note that was delivered to Nakata's house, however, contained many Chinese characters and was written by a person accustomed to writing. The courts maintain that Ishikawa could have copied the Chinese characters out of a magazine, but analysts have testified that the handwriting

6132-422: The top of the doorframe. The doorframe is approximately 1.83 meters (6 feet) tall; there is a picture of the kitchen taken immediately following the second search that shows a small stepladder in front of the door. A veteran police detective had testified that it is unthinkable that trained police investigators would have overlooked a bright pink pen on a relatively low doorframe, and even more unthinkable that such

6216-429: The town stepped forward with such testimony either. This is all to say nothing of the implausibility of a 16-year-old high school student following an older man she did not know into a forest in the first place. The confession states that Ishikawa murdered Nakata because she started to scream. In an attempt to silence her, he choked her, and before he knew it, she was dead. However, at this exact time (slightly after 4pm),

6300-480: The use of a condom, in some cases a condom is used. The use of a condom significantly reduces the likelihood of pregnancy and disease transmission , both to the victim and the rapist. Rationales for condom use include: avoiding contracting infections or diseases (particularly HIV), especially in cases of rape of sex workers or in gang rape (to avoid contracting infections or diseases from fellow rapists); eliminating evidence, making prosecution more difficult (and giving

6384-489: The use of other criminal offenses (such as assault based offenses), the acts of violence or criminal threat that were used to obtain submission. Consent may be complicated by law, language, context, culture and sexual orientation. Studies have shown that men consistently perceive women's actions as more sexual than they intend. In addition, verbalized "no" to sex may be interpreted as "keep trying", or even "yes" by offenders. Some may believe that when injuries are not visible,

6468-411: The vagina, or solely penetration involving the penis, while other types of non-consensual sexual activity are called sexual assault. Scotland, for example, emphasizes penile penetration, requiring that the sexual assault must have been committed by use of a penis to qualify as rape. The 1998 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda defines rape as "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on

6552-423: The victim (such as people who are asleep, intoxicated or otherwise mentally compromised). Sexual intercourse with a person below the age of consent , i.e., the age at which legal competence is established, is referred to as statutory rape. In India, consensual sex given on the false promise of marriage constitutes rape. Duress is the situation when the person is threatened by force or violence and may result in

6636-480: The victim may need to have gunshot wounds or stab wounds treated. The loss of consciousness is relevant to the medical history. If abrasions are found, immunization against tetanus is offered if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization. After the general assessment and treatment of serious injuries, further evaluation may include the use of additional diagnostic testing such as x-rays , CT or MRI image studies and blood work. The presence of infection

6720-456: The witness stand and believe she had done something to entice the defendant. In Chinese culture, victim-blaming is often associated with the crime of rape, as women are expected to resist rape using physical force. Thus, if rape occurs, it is considered to be at least partly the woman's fault, and her virtue is called into question. In many cultures, those who are raped have a high risk of suffering additional violence or threats of violence after

6804-603: The woman must have consented. If a man solicits sex from another man, the pursuer may be regarded as virile. The WHO states that the principal factors that lead to the perpetration of sexual violence against women, including rape, are: No single facet explains the motivation for rape; the underlying motives of rapists can be multi-faceted. Several factors have been proposed: anger , power , sadism , sexual gratification, or evolutionary proclivities . However, some factors have significant causal evidence supporting them. American clinical psychologist David Lisak , co-author of

6888-556: Was given to protected sex and not to unprotected sex, making the subsequent act non-consensual and therefore illicit; for such cases, United Kingdom, Switzerland, New Zealand have enacted rape convictions, while Australia, Canada, Germany saw convictions for sexual assault; California considers it sexual battery . Victims of rape or sexual assault come from a wide range of genders , ages, sexual orientations , ethnicities, geographical locations, cultures, and degrees of impairment or disability. Incidences of rape are classified into

6972-542: Was rape. Some may remain in denial for years afterwards. Confusion over whether or not their experience constitutes rape is typical, especially for victims of psychologically coerced rape. Women may not identify their victimization as rape for many reasons such as feelings of shame, embarrassment, non-uniform legal definitions, reluctance to define the friend/partner as a rapist, or because they have internalized victim-blaming attitudes. The public often perceives these behaviors as 'counterintuitive' and, therefore, as evidence of

7056-574: Was reduced to life imprisonment. In 1969, the Buraku Liberation League took up his case, but they mostly used the situation to criticize his lawyer, a supporter of the Japanese Communist Party . The Communist Party in turn criticized the Buraku Liberation League. In 1975, Ishikawa's lawyer resigned, citing Ishikawa's anti-Communist sympathies. The battle between the two groups continued into 1976. Ishikawa's brother

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