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57-667: Siriraj Piyamaharajkarun Hospital (SiPH) (Thai: โรงพยาบาลศิริราช ปิยมหาราชการุณย์ ) is a private hospital operated by the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital of Mahidol University . It is located in Bangkok on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River , adjacent to Siriraj Hospital and opposite Thammasat University (Tha Phra Chan Campus). The hospital is catered to high-income patients, similarly to Thailand's private hospitals, with one of its aims being to generate revenue for

114-509: A constitutional monarchy . Phibun, at the time a lieutenant colonel , quickly rose to prominence in the military as a "man-on-horseback". The 1932 coup was followed by the nationalization of several companies and increased state control of the economy. The following year, Phibun and his military allies successfully crushed the Boworadet Rebellion , a royalist revolt led by Prince Boworadet . The new king, Ananda Mahidol ,

171-535: A military alliance with Japan. The following month, on 25 January 1942, Phibun declared war on Britain and the United States. South Africa and New Zealand declared war on Thailand on the same day. Australia followed soon after. Phibun purged all who opposed the Japanese alliance from his government. Pridi Banomyong was appointed acting regent for the absent King Ananda Mahidol , while Direk Jayanama ,

228-603: A military dictatorship , consolidating his position by rewarding several members of his own army clique with influential positions in his government. After the revolution of 1932, the Thai government of Phraya Phahol was impressed by the success of the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini 's Italian fascist movement. Phibun, also an admirer of Italian fascism, sought to replicate fascist-style propaganda tactics, valued in Italy as one of

285-765: A series of cultural mandates , which changed the country's name from "Siam" to "Thailand", and promoted the Thai language . Phibun was ousted as prime minister by the National Assembly in 1944 and replaced by members of the Free Thai Movement , but returned to power after the Siamese coup d'état of 1947 , led by the Coup Group . Phibun aligned Thailand with anti-communism in the Cold War , entered

342-599: A 1913 decree on surnames. He received his given name – meaning "strange" or "weird" in English – because of his unusual appearance as a child where his ears were positioned below his eyes, rather than above his eyes like others. Plaek's paternal grandfather was a Chinese immigrant from Guangdong of Cantonese descent. However, the family was completely assimilated, being considered Central Thai people , since most of Chinese in Thailand are Teochew , Plaek did not pass

399-475: A border with them and felt threatened by a potential Japanese invasion. Phibun's administration also realised that Thailand would have to fend for itself if a Japanese invasion came, considering its deteriorating relationships with Western powers in the area. When the Japanese invaded Thailand on 8 December 1941, (because of the International Date Line this occurred an hour and a half before

456-533: A ceremony aboard the Manhattan , a US dredge boat , when he was taken hostage by a group of Royal Thai Navy officers, who then quickly confined him aboard the warship Sri Ayutthaya . Negotiations between the government and the coup organizers swiftly broke down, leading to violent street fighting in Bangkok between the navy and the army, which was supported by the Royal Thai Air Force . Phibun

513-561: A façade of democracy. The beginning of the Cold War saw Phibun align Thailand with the anti-communist camp. Phibun supported UN action in the Korean War and dispatched an expeditionary force of 4,000 troops. and received large quantities of US aid following Thailand's entry into the Korean War as part of the United Nations Command 's multi-national allied force against the communist forces of North Korea and

570-931: The Fall of France in June 1940 and the Japanese invasion of French Indochina in September 1940 to advance Thai interests in French Indochina following a border dispute with France . Phibun believed Thailand could recover territories ceded to France by King Rama V because the French would avoid armed confrontation or offer serious resistance. Thailand fought against Vichy France over the disputed areas from October 1940 to May 1941. The technologically and numerically superior Thai force invaded French Indochina and attacked military targets in major cities. Despite Thai successes,

627-643: The Korean War under the United Nations Command , and abandoned fascism for a façade of democracy. Phibun's second term as prime minister was plagued by political instability and several attempts to launch a coup d'etat against him were made, including the Army General Staff plot in 1948, the Palace Rebellion in 1949, and the Manhattan Rebellion in 1951. Phibun attempted to transform Thailand into an electoral democracy from

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684-585: The National Assembly ousted Phibun as prime minister and his six-year reign as the military commander-in-chief came to an end. Phibun's resignation was partly forced by two grandiose plans: one was to relocate the capital from Bangkok to a remote site in the jungle near Phetchabun in north central Thailand, and another was to build a "Buddhist city" in Saraburi . Announced at a time of severe economic difficulty, these ideas turned many government officers against him. After his resignation, Phibun went to stay at

741-472: The Palace Rebellion was another failed coup attempt against Phibun to restore Pridi Phanomyong by occupying the Grand Palace in Bangkok and declaring a new government led by Direk Jayanama , a close associate of Pridi. The civilian rebels were quickly ousted from the palace, but fighting broke out between military rebels and loyalists which lasted for over a week. On 29 June 1951, Phibun was attending

798-667: The Seri Manangkhasila Party , which was dominated by the most influential in the military and the government. The Employment Act of January 1957 legalized trade unions, limited weekly working hours, regulated holidays and overtime , and instituted health and safety regulations. The International Workers' Day became a public holiday. Phibun's second premiership was longer but plagued with political instability , and there were numerous attempts to oppose his rule and remove him from power. Unlike his first premiership, Phibun faced noticeable opposition from people connected to

855-570: The attack on Pearl Harbor ), Phibun was reluctantly forced to order a general ceasefire after just one day of resistance and allow the Japanese armies to use the country as a base for their invasions of the British colonies of Burma and Malaya . Hesitancy, however, gave way to enthusiasm after the Japanese rolled through the Malayan Campaign in a " Bicycle Blitzkrieg" with surprisingly little resistance. On 21 December Phibun signed

912-564: The interwar period . Phibun adopted the fascist salute , modelled on the Roman salute , using it during speeches. The salute was not compulsory in Thailand, and it was opposed by Luang Wichitwathakan and many cabinet members as they believed it inappropriate for Thai culture. Together with Wichitwathakan, the Minister of Propaganda, he built a leadership cult in 1938 and thereafter. Photographs of Phibun were to be found everywhere, and those of

969-650: The 1950s and 1960s among the leaders of China. Phibun was reportedly thrilled by the democracy and freedom of speech he had witnessed during a long trip abroad to the United States and Europe in 1955. Following the example of Hyde Park in London, he set up a " Speakers' Corner " at the Sanam Luang in Bangkok. Phibun began to democratize Thailand by allowing the formation of new political parties, amnestied political opponents, and planned free elections . Phibun founded and became chairman of his own new political party,

1026-650: The Free Thai Movement due to his alliance with the Japanese, including from within the military. Additionally, Phibun was indebted to the powerful Coup Group that had returned him to power. On 1 October 1948, the unsuccessful Army General Staff Plot was launched by members of the army general staff to topple his government, but failed when discovered by the Coup Group. As a result, more than fifty army and reserve officers and several prominent supporters of Pridi Phanomyong were arrested. On 26 February 1949,

1083-556: The French tactical victory at the Battle of Ko Chang prompted intervention from the Japanese , who mediated an armistice where the French were forced to cede the disputed territories to Thailand. Phibun and the Thai public viewed the outcome of the Franco-Thai War as a victory, but it resulted in the rapidly expanding Japanese gaining the right to occupy French Indochina. Although Phibun was ardently pro-Japanese, he now shared

1140-455: The People's Republic of China. Phibun's anti-Chinese campaign was resumed, with the government restricting Chinese immigration and undertaking various measures to restrict economic domination of the Thai market by those of Chinese descent. Chinese schools and associations were once again shut down. Despite open pro-Western and anti-Chinese policies, in the late 1950s Phibun arranged to send two of

1197-584: The Pharmacy major was established. On April 6, 1917, the Rajapaethayalai was annexed to newly founded Chulalongkorn University (founded by Vajiravudh 's earlier decree in 1917). The medical school became the Faculty of Medicine of Chulalongkorn University ( Thai : คณะแพทยศาสตร์แห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย ) and was later renamed to Faculty of Medicine and Siriraj Hospital ( Thai : คณะแพทยศาสตร์และศิริราชพยาบาล ). At Chulalongkorn University , in 1918,

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1254-468: The Siriraj faculty also offers numerous resident specialty programs, sub-specialty programs, and fellowship programs. As of the 2018 intake, 302 undergraduate medical students are accepted through a variety of categories Siriraj Hospital has a number of exhibits in a Siriraj Medical Museum that is open from 9 am to 4 pm Monday to Saturday. The bulk of the exhibits are located on the second floor in

1311-615: The University of Medical Sciences ( Thai : มหาวิทยาลัยแพทยศาสตร์ ) on February 7, 1943. In 1958, the Medical Science Preparatory School (now Faculty of Science, Mahidol University ) was established and the first-year students had then received preliminary education from that Preparatory School at Phaya Thai . The Siriraj Faculty became one of the several medical schools within the University of Medical Sciences. On February 21, 1969, an announcement under

1368-513: The West in the Cold War by helping establish SEATO . In 1956, it became clearer that Plaek, allied to Phao, was losing to another influential group led by Sarit which consisted of "Sakdina" (royalties and royalists). Both Plaek and Phao intended to bring home Pridi Banomyong to clear his name from the mystery around the death of King Rama VIII. However, the US government disapproved, and they cancelled

1425-409: The West, was a Thai politician, military officer, and revolutionary who served as the 3rd prime minister of Thailand from 1938 to 1944 and again from 1948 to 1957. Phibun was a member of the army wing of Khana Ratsadon , the first political party in Thailand, and a leader of the Siamese revolution of 1932 , which replaced Thailand's absolute monarchy with a constitutional monarchy . Phibun became

1482-490: The abdicated King Prajadhipok were banned. His quotes appeared in newspapers, were plastered on billboards, and were repeated over the radio. Phibun immediately promoted Thai nationalism (to the point of ultranationalism ), and to support this policy, he launched a series of major reforms, known as the Thai Cultural Revolution , to increase the pace of modernisation in Thailand. His goal aimed to uplift

1539-535: The army headquarters in Lopburi . Khuang Aphaiwong replaced Phibun as prime minister, ostensibly to continue relations with the Japanese, but, in reality, to secretly assist the Free Thai Movement. At the war's end, Phibun was put on trial at Allied insistence on charges of having committed war crimes , mainly that of collaborating with the Axis powers . However, he was acquitted amid intense pressure as public opinion

1596-469: The case of King Ananda Mahidol 's mysterious death. Other exhibitions are devoted to Thai traditional medicine, anatomy, prehistoric artifacts, rare diseases and parasitic organisms. 13°45′24″N 100°29′11″E  /  13.756633°N 100.48645°E  / 13.756633; 100.48645 Phibun Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram (14 July 1897 – 11 June 1964), locally known as Marshal P. , and contemporarily known as Phibun in

1653-471: The children of Sang Phathanothai , his closest advisor, to China with the intention of establishing a backdoor channel for dialogue between China and Thailand. Sirin Phathanothai , aged eight, and her brother, aged twelve, were sent to be brought up under the assistants of Premier Zhou Enlai as his wards . Sirin later wrote The Dragon's Pearl , an autobiography telling her experiences growing up in

1710-552: The command of Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat , who had earlier sworn to be Phibun's most loyal subordinate. Sarit was supported by many royalists who wanted to regain a foothold, and there were rumours that the United States was "deeply involved" in the coup. Phibun was then forced into exile after the coup, first fleeing to Cambodia , but later settled in Japan after Sarit's new regime rejected his requests to allow him to return to Thailand. In 1960, Phibun briefly travelled to India to be

1767-406: The country's official English name from "Siam" to "Thailand" at Wichitwathakan's urging. The name "Siam" was an exonym of unknown and probably foreign origin, which conflicted with Phibun's nationalist policies. In 1941, in the midst of World War II , Phibun decreed 1 January as the official start of the new year instead of the traditional Songkran date on 13 April. Phibun exploited

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1824-672: The criteria for being considered Chinese as well, enabling him to successfully conceal and deny his Chinese roots. He studied in Buddhist temples before joining the Royal Military Academy ; upon graduation in 1914, he was commissioned into the Royal Siamese Army as a second lieutenant in the artillery . Following World War I , he was sent to France to study artillery tactics at the École d'application d'artillerie . In 1928, as he rose in rank, he received

1881-726: The economic power of Siam's Teochew-Hoklo population and encouraged the Central Thai people to purchase as many Thai products as possible. In a speech in 1938, Luang Wichitwathakan, himself of one-quarter Chinese ancestry, followed Rama VI 's book Jews of the East in comparing the Teochew in Siam to the Jews in Germany, who at the time were harshly repressed. On 24 June 1939, Phibun changed

1938-481: The first director of the school. The school facilities and the dormitories were constructed. In 1903, the course was expanded to four years. In 1913, Prince of Chainat , the Deputy Minister of Ministry of Education , added the natural sciences into the curriculum in addition to the medical sciences and the course was expanded to five years. The Traditional Thai Medicine major was abolished in 1915 and instead

1995-411: The following special medical centers: Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Siriraj Hospital , the first public hospital in Siam, was founded in 1888 under commissions and subsidy of King Chulalongkorn , named after the deceased Prince Siriraj Kakudhabhand . However, the modern medical practitioners were still lacking as they refused to come under government's employments. The medical school

2052-521: The foundation stone for the building part of the project 'Siriraj towards a top medical institute in Southeast Asia' around the old Bangkok Noi railway station and named the building 'Piyamaharajkarun Building'. On 6 July 2010, the Faculty of Medicine board renamed the building as 'Siriraj Piyamaharajkarun Hospital (SiPH)'. The hospital opened on 26 April 2012. Siriraj Piyamaharajkarun operates

2109-433: The hospital's Adulayadejvikrom Building. They include a forensic medicine museum, displaying objects from homicide, suicide and accident cases, such as skulls, bones, skeletons, preserved body parts and organs, including the entire preserved body of a convicted murder. The skeleton of Dr. Songkran Niyomsane, who founded the forensic museum is displayed as well. The exhibit also contains the autopsy instruments that were used in

2166-613: The medical course was expanded to six years - with first four pre-clinical years at the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Chulalongkorn University and later two clinical years at the Siriraj Faculty. In 1921, Siam, with Prince Mahidol the Krom Khun Songkla as the agent, negotiated with the Rockefeller Foundation to send aids for Siamese medical system and education. Men from Rockefeller reformed

2223-554: The medical education including Prof. A.G.Ellis who introduced pathology . In 1928, the medical certificate were granted to the students for the first time during their graduation. And in 1932, the first postgraduate medical students and first female medical students finished their educations. As a part of educational reforms under the government led by General Phibun , the Siriraj Faculty of Medicine, along with departments of Dentistry, Pharmacy, and Veterinary Science, were carved out from Chulalongkorn University and were re-organized into

2280-539: The mid-1950s onward, but was overthrown in 1957 and went into exile in Japan, where he died in 1964. At fifteen years and one month, Phibun's term as Prime Minister of Thailand was the longest to date. Phibun was born Plaek on 14 July 1897 in Mueang Nonthaburi , Nonthaburi Province, in the Kingdom of Siam to durian farmers. His family began using the surname Khittasangkha ( Thai : ขีตตะสังคะ ) after

2337-449: The military coup risked international disapproval. Pridi Phanomyong was persecuted but was aided by British and US intelligence officers, and thus managed to escape the country. On 8 April 1948, Phibun assumed the position of Prime Minister after the military forced Khuang out of office. Phibun's second premiership was notably different, abandoning the fascist styling and rhetoric that characterised his first premiership, and instead promoted

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2394-479: The most powerful propaganda instruments of political power. In Italy, its main purpose was to promote nationalism and militarism , strengthen the unity and harmony of the state, and glorify the policy of ruralisation in Italy and abroad. As a consequence of the fascist leanings of Thai political leaders, Italian propaganda films including newsreels, documentaries, short films, and full-length feature films, such as Istituto Luce Cinecittà , were shown in Thailand during

2451-469: The name of King Bhumibol Adulyadej declared the name of the medical university to be changed to Mahidol University. The school name was changed to Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital ( Thai : คณะแพทยศาสตร์ศิริราชพยาบาล ; deleting the "and"). In 1983, the Salaya campus was completed and the Faculty of Science was partially moved to Salaya campus, so as the education of Siriraj's first-year students. Under

2508-547: The national spirit and moral code of the nation and instil progressive tendencies and a newness into Thai life. A series of cultural mandates were issued by the government, which encouraged all Thais to salute the flag in public places, learn the new national anthem and use the standardised Thai language (not regional dialects or languages). People were encouraged to adopt Western-style attire as opposed to traditional clothing styles, and eat with Western-style utensils, such as forks and spoons , rather than with their hands as

2565-478: The noble title Luang from King Prajadhipok , and became known as Luang Phibunsongkhram . He would later drop his Luang title but permanently adopted Phibunsongkhram as his surname. In 1932, Phibun was one of the leaders of the Royal Siamese Army branch of the People's Party ( Khana Ratsadon ), a political organization that staged a coup d'état which overthrew Siam's absolute monarchy and replaced it with

2622-601: The operation of Siriraj Hospital. The Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University was transferred a piece of land adjacent to the Chao Phraya River from the State Railway of Thailand following the board resolutions since 2003 from the cabinet and State Railway of Thailand, and finally on 11 January 2010 with an area of 33 rai, 2 ngan, and 94 square wa (53,976 square meters). King Bhumibol Adulyadej graciously conferred Princess Sirindhorn to lay

2679-607: The patronage of Prince Mahidol Adulyadej and support from the Rockefeller Foundation , Siriraj became one of the most advanced medical services and research centers in Thailand and Southeast Asia . The Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital is one of the two medical schools within Mahidol University . The younger sister is the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University . The faculty now offers five undergraduate programs, ten postgraduate programs, and five doctorate programs. Apart from regular programs,

2736-411: The plan. In February 1957, public opinion turned against Phibun at the end of his second term when his party was suspected of fraudulent practices during an election, including the intimidation of the opposition, buying votes, and electoral fraud . In addition, critics of Phibun accused him of a lack of respect for the Thai monarchy , as the anti- aristocratic prime minister had always sought to limit

2793-518: The prominent foreign minister who had advocated continued resistance against the Japanese, was later sent to Tokyo as an ambassador. The United States considered Thailand to be a puppet state of Japan and refused to declare war on it. When the Allies were victorious, the United States blocked British efforts to impose a punitive peace. In 1944, as the Japanese neared defeat and the underground anti-Japanese Free Thai Movement steadily grew in strength,

2850-553: The role of the monarchy to a constitutional minimum and had taken on religious functions that traditionally belonged to the monarch. For example, Phibun led the celebrations of the 2500th anniversary of Buddhism in 1956/57 instead of the King Bhumibol Adulyadej , who was openly critical of Phibun. On 16 September 1957, Phibun was eventually overthrown in a coup d'etat by members of the Royal Thai Army under

2907-617: The third Prime Minister of Thailand in 1938 while serving as Commander of the Royal Siamese Army . Inspired by the Italian fascism of Benito Mussolini , he established a de facto military dictatorship run along fascist lines, promoted Thai nationalism and Sinophobia , and allied Thailand with Imperial Japan in World War II . Phibun launched a modernization campaign known as the Thai Cultural Revolution that included

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2964-519: Was able to escape and swim back to shore when the Sri Ayutthaya was bombed by the air force, and with their hostage gone, the navy were forced to lay down their arms. "...tell your father [Pridi] that I want [him] to come back [and] help me work for the nation. I alone can no longer contest Sakdina." Plaek to one of Pridi's sons in June 1957. On 29 November 1951, the Silent Coup

3021-401: Was customary in Thai culture at the time. Phibun saw these policies as necessary, in the interest of progressivism , to change Thailand's international image from that of an undeveloped country into a civilized and modern nation. Phibun's administration encouraged economic nationalism and espoused staunch anti-Teochew sentiment . Sinophobic policies were imposed by the government to reduce

3078-493: Was established in May 1889 known as Bhatayakorn School ( Thai : โรงเรียนแพทยากร i.e. School of Medical Practitioners). Any students who finished their Mattayom education were admitted for free for a three-year course. The school was originally taught solely by George B. McFarland . On May 1, 1893, King Chulalongkorn changed the name of the school to Rajapaethayalai ( Thai : ราชแพทยาลัย i.e. Royal Medical College) with McFarland as

3135-536: Was staged by the Coup Group and it consolidated the military's hold on the country. It reinstated the Constitution of 1932 , which effectively eliminated the Senate , established a unicameral legislature composed equally of elected and government-appointed members, and allowed serving military officers to supplement their commands with important ministerial portfolios . In 1954 Phibun allied Thailand further with

3192-578: Was still a child studying in Switzerland , and the Parliament appointed Colonel Prince Anuwatjaturong, Lieutenant Commander Prince Aditya Dibabha , and Chao Phraya Yommaraj (Pun Sukhum) as his regents . On 16 December 1938, Phibun replaced Phraya Phahon as Prime Minister of Thailand and as the Commander of the Royal Siamese Army . Phibun became a de facto dictator, and established

3249-501: Was still favourable to him, as he was thought to have done his best to protect Thai interests. Phibun's alliance with Japan had Thailand take advantage of Japanese support to expand Thai territory into Malaya and Burma. In November 1947, Royal Thai Army units under the control of Phibun known as the Coup Group carried out the Siamese coup d'état of 1947 which forced then-Prime Minister Thawan Thamrongnawasawat to resign. The rebels installed Khuang Aphaiwong again as prime minister as

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