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130-540: Sayyid Ibrahim Husayn Shadhili Qutb (9 October 1906 – 29 August 1966) was an Egyptian political theorist and revolutionary who was a leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood . He is dubbed the "father of Salafi jihadism ", the religio-political doctrine that underpins the ideological roots of global jihadist organisations such as al-Qaeda and ISIL . Author of 24 books, with around 30 books unpublished for different reasons (mainly destruction by

260-636: A civil war fought between the Yishuv and al-Husseini's Arab Higher Committee, eventually ending in a Palestinian defeat by May 1948. Of the 10,000 fighters al-Banna had promised in October 1947 some 1.500 were present by March 1948. The fighters came from all three branches and were originally engaged in guerilla activities. The end of Mandatory Palestine and Israel's declaration of independence on 14 May resulted in an invasion by five Arab states in 15 May, among them Egypt. Brotherhood fighters assisted

390-613: A branch for Shi'ites, Olga Davidson and Mohammad Mahallati claim the Brotherhood has had influence among Shia in Iran. Iranian Call and Reform Organization , a Sunni Islamist group active in Iran, has been described as an organization "that belongs to the Muslim Brotherhood" or "Iranian Muslim Brotherhood", while it has officially stated that it is not affiliated with the latter. Imams For most Shia Muslims ,

520-498: A campus demonstration by Brotherhood students in uniforms, demonstrating martial arts drills, betrayed to some such as Jameel Theyabi, "the group's intent to plan for the creation of militia structures, and a return by the group to the era of 'secret cells'". Another report highlighted the Muslim Brotherhood's efforts in Parliament to combat what one member called the "current US-led war against Islamic culture and identity," forcing

650-526: A complex and multilayer eschatological vision, partly grounded in the counter-hegemonic re-articulation of the traditional ideal of Islamic universalism. Following the 1952 coup , he espoused a 'just dictatorship' that would 'grant political liberties to the virtuous alone.' Later he wrote that rule by sharia law would require essentially no government at all. In an earlier work, Qutb described military jihad as defensive, Islam's campaign to protect itself, while later he believed jihad must be offensive. On

780-563: A death sentence for Qutb and six other members of the Muslim Brotherhood. He was sentenced to death for his part in the conspiracy to assassinate the President and other Egyptian officials and personalities, though he was not the instigator or leader of the actual plot. On 29 August 1966, he was executed by hanging . Qutb held that belief in matters that cannot be seen (or are imperceptible) was an important sign of man's ability to accept knowledge from fields outside of science: The concept of

910-523: A general strike protesting the Balfour declaration that eventually escalated into deadly riots targeting Jews and foreigners . In March 1948 the "Secret Apparatus" assassinated a respected judge for issuing a life sentence against a Muslim Brother for attacking British soldiers. In late 1948 the Brotherhood was estimated to have 2,000 branches and 500,000 members or sympathizers. In November, following several bombings and alleged assassination attempts by

1040-567: A key originator of Islamist ideology, and an inspiration for violent Islamist groups such as al-Qaeda. Qutb is widely regarded as one of the most leading Islamist ideologues of the twentieth century. Strengthened by his status as a martyr , Qutb's ideas on Jahiliyya and his close linking of implementation of sharia (Islamic Law) with Tawhid (Islamic monotheism) has highly influenced contemporary Islamist and Jihadist movements. Today, his supporters are identified by their opponents as " Qutbists " or "Qutbi". Sayyid Ibrahim Husayn Shadhili Qutb

1170-493: A line of such imams, a theocratic form of government which survived until the second half of the 20th century (See details under Zaidiyyah , History of Yemen , Imams of Yemen ). Saudi leaders were also referred to as "Imams", until that term was retired by Ibn Saud to be replaced by "king". Ruhollah Khomeini is officially referred to as Imam in Iran . Several Iranian places and institutions are named "Imam Khomeini", including

1300-723: A local Brotherhood leader to spread the influence of the new Palestinian branch established in October 1945. Another small branch was founded in Jordan at the turn of 1946. The Brotherhood opposed the UN 's involvement in Palestine from April 1947, with the latter eventually voting for its partition into a Jewish and an Arab state in November 1947. Consequently, the society prepared for war, with volunteers entering Palestine as early as October 1947. By 30th November 1947 Palestine descended into

1430-501: A number of authors believe he was influenced by European fascism ( Roxanne L. Euben , Aziz Al-Azmeh , Khaled Abou El Fadl ). Qutb was a staunch antisemite . Influenced by Islamists like Rashid Rida , Qutb embraced anti-Semitic conspiracy theories and believed in the existence of global Jewish conspiracies. In 1950, he published a book Our Struggle against the Jews , which forms a central part of today's Islamist antisemitism . Blaming

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1560-526: A police building and killed at least 14 people in the city of Mansoura , which the government blamed on the Muslim Brotherhood, despite no evidence and an unaffiliated Sinai-based terror group claiming responsibility for the attack. On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death following an attack on a police station, an act described by Amnesty International as "the largest single batch of simultaneous death sentences we've seen in recent years [...] anywhere in

1690-518: A protest at Al-Azhar University wearing military-style fatigues, after which the Mubarak government accused the organization of starting an underground militia. When it came to power, the Muslim Brotherhood indeed tried to establish armed groups of supporters and it sought official permission for its members to be armed. Supreme guides or General leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood have been: Following parliamentary elections in 2002, Al Menbar became

1820-538: A rare sort of Western thinker, one who understood that his civilization "depreciated humanity" by honouring the "machine" over the "spirit and soul" (al-nafs wa al-ruh). He saw Carrel's critique, coming as it did from within the enemy camp, as providing his discourse with an added measure of legitimacy." From 1948 to 1950, he went to the United States on a scholarship to study its educational system, spending several months at Colorado State College of Education (now

1950-453: A religious and political manifesto for what he believed was a true Islamic system. It was also in this text that Qutb condemned Muslim governments, such as Abdul Nasser's regime in Egypt, as secular, with their legitimacy based on human (and thus corrupt), rather than divine authority. This work, more than any other, established Qutb as one of the premier Islamists of the 20th century, and perhaps

2080-490: A short period, serious public opposition developed to President Morsi. In late November 2012, he "temporarily" granted himself the power to legislate without judicial oversight or review of his acts, on the grounds that he needed to "protect" the nation from the Mubarak-era power structure. He also put a draft constitution to a referendum that opponents complained was "an Islamist coup". These issues —and concerns over

2210-418: A significant movement online. In the 2005 parliamentary elections , the Brotherhood became "in effect, the first opposition party of Egypt's modern era". Despite electoral irregularities, including the arrest of hundreds of Brotherhood members, and having to run its candidates as independents (the organization being technically illegal), the Brotherhood won 88 seats (20% of the total) compared to 14 seats for

2340-604: A succession of government crackdowns from 1948 up until the present. It remained a fringe group in the politics of the Arab World until the 1967 Six-Day War , when Islamism managed to replace popular secular Arab nationalism after a resounding Arab defeat by Israel. The movement was also supported by Saudi Arabia, with which it shared mutual enemies like communism . The Arab Spring brought it legalization and substantial political power at first, but as of 2013 it has suffered severe reversals. The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood

2470-701: A warm welcome, especially by al-Banna, who ennobled him to a "miracle of a man" with "a divine spark in his heart which makes him above human beings", followed by a martial pledge of loyalty against the Zionists. Soon after his arrival the Arab League established the Arab Higher Executive (rebranded as Arab Higher Committee in January 1947) as supreme Palestinian party with Amin al-Husseini as Cairo-based chairman. al-Banna designated al-Husseini

2600-678: Is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain , Egypt , Russia , Syria , Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates . Hassan al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood in the city of Ismailia in March 1928 along with six workers of the Suez Canal Company, as a Pan-Islamic , religious, political, and social movement . They appointed Al-Banna as their leader and vowed to work for Islam through Jihad and revive Islamic Brotherhood. Thus,

2730-417: Is disputed. The Mubarak government's state media portrayed the Brotherhood as secretive and illegal, and numerous TV channels such as OnTV spent much of their air time vilifying the organization. But the Brotherhood took a number of controversial steps and also acquiesced to or supported crackdowns by the military during Morsi's presidency. Before the revolution, the Muslim Brotherhood's supporters appeared at

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2860-509: Is failing, although this was the only foundation on which its structure was based. Russia, which is the leader of the communist countries, is itself suffering from shortages of food. Although during the times of the Tsars Russia used to produce surplus food, it now has to import food from abroad and has to sell its reserves of gold for this purpose. The main reason for this is the failure of the system of collective farming , or, one can say,

2990-477: Is on the brink of a precipice, not because of the danger of complete [nuclear] annihilation which is hanging over its head – this being just a symptom and not the real disease – but because humanity is devoid of those vital values which are necessary not only for its healthy development but also for its real progress. Even the Western world realises that Western civilization is unable to present any healthy values for

3120-506: Is positive and constructive, and which is practicable." "Democracy in the West has become infertile to such an extent that it is borrowing from the systems of the Eastern bloc, especially in the economic system, under the name of socialism. It is the same with the Eastern bloc. Its social theories, foremost among which is Marxism, in the beginning attracted not only a large number of people from

3250-601: Is that the conditions he witnessed in prison from 1954 to 1964, including the torture and murder of the Muslim Brotherhood members, convinced him that only a government bound by Islamic law could prevent such abuses. Another is that Qutb's experiences in America as a darker-skinned person and the insufficiently anti-Western policies of Nasser demonstrated to him the powerful and dangerous allure of jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic ignorance)—a threat unimaginable, in Qutb's estimation, to

3380-525: Is unlikely, as the latter vehemently opposed the Italian occupation of Libya . Over the course of the war, the Brotherhood displayed pro-Axis sympathies. Worried, the British kept the Brotherhood under firm control by temporarily banning its newsletters, surveiling its meetings and arresting various provincial leaders. al-Banna himself was briefly taken into custody and eventually acknowledged his loyalty to

3510-464: The Muhaddithūn or scholars who created the analytical sciences related to Hadith and sometimes refer to the heads of Muhammad 's family in their generational times due to their scholarly authority. Imams are appointed by the state to work at mosques and they are required to be graduates of an İmam Hatip high school or have a university degree in theology. This is an official position regulated by

3640-546: The 2011 Egyptian parliamentary elections , far more than any other party. The party rejected the "candidacy of women or Copts for Egypt's presidency", but not for cabinet positions. The Muslim Brotherhood's candidate for Egypt's 2012 presidential election was Mohamed Morsi , who defeated Ahmed Shafiq —the last prime minister under Mubarak's rule—with 51.73% of the vote. Although during his campaign Morsi himself promised to stand for peaceful relations with Israel, some high level supporters and former Brotherhood officials (from

3770-635: The Botroseya Church bombing and claimed it was a false flag conspiracy by the Egyptian government and Copts, in a statement released in Arabic on the FJP's website, but its claim was challenged by 100 Women participant Nervana Mahmoud and Hoover Institution and Hudson Institute fellow Samuel Tadros. The Muslim Brotherhood released an English-language commentary on the bombing and said it condemned

3900-458: The Muslim Brotherhood ( الإخوان المسلمون al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn ) is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928. Al-Banna's teachings spread far beyond Egypt, influencing today various Islamist movements from charitable organizations to political parties. Initially, as a Pan-Islamic , religious, and social movement , it preached Islam in Egypt, taught

4030-491: The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1970). Sunni Islam does not conceive of the role of imams in the same sense as Shia Islam : an important distinction often overlooked by non-Muslims. In everyday terms, an imam for Sunni Muslims is the person charged with leading formal Islamic prayers ( Fard )—even in locations besides the mosque—whenever prayer is performed in a group of two or more. The imam leads

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4160-678: The Presidency of Religious Affairs in Turkey and only males are appointed to this position, whilst female officials under the same state organisation work as preachers and Qur'an course tutors, religious services experts, etc. These officials are supposed to belong to the Hanafi school of the Sunni sect. A central figure in an Islamic movement is also called an imam, like Imam Nawawi in Syria. In

4290-612: The Qur'an and the Sunnah were seen as laws passed down by God that should be applied to all parts of life, including the organization of the government and the handling of everyday problems. Al-Banna was populist in his message of protecting workers against the tyranny of foreign and monopolist companies. It founded social institutions such as hospitals, pharmacies, schools, etc. Al-Banna held highly conservative views on issues such as women's rights, opposing equal rights for women, but supporting

4420-535: The Quran and Sunnah and his moral character. Another well-known use of the term is as an honorary title for a recognized religious scholarly authority in Islam. It is especially used for a jurist ( faqīh ) and often for the founders of the four Sunni madhhab s or schools of jurisprudence ( fiqh ) , as well as an authority on Quranic exegesis ( tafsīr ) , such as Al-Tabari or Ibn Kathir . It may also refer to

4550-411: The Quran . During most of his life, Qutb's inner circle mainly consisted of influential politicians, intellectuals, poets and literary figures, both of his age and of the preceding generation. By the mid-1940s, many of his writings were included in the curricula of schools, colleges and universities. In 1966, he was convicted of plotting the assassination of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and

4680-583: The University of Northern Colorado ) in Greeley, Colorado . Qutb's first major theoretical work of religious social criticism, Al-'adala al-Ijtima'iyya fi-l-Islam ( Social Justice in Islam ), was published in 1949, during his time in the West. Though Islam gave him much peace and contentment, he suffered from respiratory and other health problems throughout his life and was known for "his introvertedness, isolation, depression and concern." In appearance, he

4810-719: The Yaruba dynasty : 1624–1742, the Al Said : 1744–present for further information. The Imamate of Futa Jallon (1727–1896) was a Fulani state in West Africa where secular power alternated between two lines of hereditary Imams, or almami . In the Zaidi Shiite sect, imams were secular as well as spiritual leaders who held power in Yemen for more than a thousand years. In 897, a Zaidi ruler, al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya , founded

4940-585: The great Arab revolt . While absent before the outbreak of the revolt, the Brotherhood now began to make use of aggressive anti-Jewish rhetorics which also targeted the Jewish community in Egypt . The official weekly of the Brotherhood, al-Nadhir , published a series of articles titled "The Danger of Jews", warning of alleged Jewish plots against Islam like Freemasonry or Marxism . In 1938 al-Nadhir demanded from Egypt's Jews to either adopt an openly anti-Zionist stance or to face "hostility". It also criticized

5070-466: The illiterate , and set up hospitals and business enterprises. It later advanced into the political arena, aiming to end British colonial control of Egypt . The movement's self-stated aim is the establishment of a state ruled by sharia law under a caliphate –its most famous slogan is "Islam is the solution". Charity is a major aspect of its work. The group spread to other Muslim countries but still has one of its largest organizations in Egypt, despite

5200-604: The imams and their traditional approach to education. This confrontation would persist throughout his life. Qutb moved to Cairo , where between 1929 and 1933 he received an education based on the British style of schooling before starting his career as a teacher in the Ministry of Public Instruction. During his early career, Qutb devoted himself to literature as an author and critic, writing such novels as Ashwak ( Thorns ) and even helped to elevate Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz from obscurity. He wrote his very first article in

5330-516: The 1950s and 1960s many Brotherhood members sought sanctuary in Saudi Arabia. From the 1950s, al-Banna's son-in-law Said Ramadan emerged as a major leader of the Brotherhood and the movement's unofficial "foreign minister". Ramadan built a major center for the Brotherhood centered on a mosque in Munich, which became "a refuge for the beleaguered group during its decades in the wilderness". In

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5460-609: The 1970s after the death of Nasser and under the new President ( Anwar Sadat ), the Egyptian Brotherhood was invited back to Egypt and began a new phase of participation in Egyptian politics. During the Mubarak era, observers both defended and criticized the Brotherhood. It was the largest opposition group in Egypt, calling for "Islamic reform", and a democratic system in Egypt. It had built a vast network of support through Islamic charities working among poor Egyptians. According to ex- Knesset member and author Uri Avnery

5590-540: The 1970s. However, Hamas , a Palestinian militant group that currently controls the Gaza Strip , is an off-shoot of the Brotherhood that continues to use violence. The Brotherhood itself claims to be a peaceful, democratic organization, and that its leader "condemns violence and violent acts". In recent times, the primary state backers of the Muslim Brotherhood have been Qatar and the AKP -ruled Turkey . As of 2015, it

5720-433: The British, although the latter remained suspicious. Between 1938 and 1940 or 1941 the Brotherhood formed an armed wing called the "Secret Apparatus" ( al-Nizam al-Khas ), also known as "Special Apparatus". This group was a successor of the "battalions" ( kata'ib ) established in late 1937. Its goal was to fight the British until their expulsion from Egypt, British collaborators as well as Zionists. It also protected

5850-476: The Brotherhood against the police and infiltrated the Communist movement. The "Secret Apparatus" was led by a committee of five, with each of them commanding one tightly knit cell. Only the most committed members, mostly young students or men with salaried jobs, were invited to join. New members of the "Secret Apparatus" were taught to obey, were given weapons, underwent heavy physical training and were taught

5980-465: The Brotherhood disagreed on whether to adhere to Egypt's 32-year peace treaty with Israel. A deputy leader declared the Brotherhood would seek dissolution of the treaty, while a Brotherhood spokesman stated the Brotherhood would respect the treaty as long as "Israel shows real progress on improving the lot of the Palestinians". Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution and fall of Hosni Mubarak ,

6110-474: The Brotherhood voiced admiration for aspects of Nazi ideology , including its militarism and its centralization revolving around a charismatic leader , but opposed others like its racial policies and ethnic nationalism. The outbreak of the war ended the relationship between Germany and the Muslim Brothers. al-Banna denied that he had ever received German funding. Italian funding of the Brotherhood

6240-455: The Brotherhood was legalized and was at first very successful, dominating the 2011 parliamentary election and winning the 2012 presidential election , before the overthrow of President Mohamed Morsi a year later, leading to a crackdown on the Brotherhood again. On 30 April 2011, the Brotherhood launched a new party called the Freedom and Justice Party , which won 235 of the 498 seats in

6370-432: The Brotherhood was religious but pragmatic, "deeply embedded in Egyptian history, more Arab and more Egyptian than fundamentalist". It formed "an old established party which has earned much respect with its steadfastness in the face of recurrent persecution, torture, mass arrests and occasional executions. Its leaders are untainted by the prevalent corruption, and admired for their commitment to social work". It also developed

6500-401: The Brotherhood's leaders were in custody. On that day Supreme Leader Mohammed Badie was arrested, crossing a "red line", as even Hosni Mubarak had never arrested him. On 23 September, a court ordered the group outlawed and its assets seized. Prime Minister , Hazem Al Beblawi on 21 December 2013, declared the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organisation after a car bomb ripped through

6630-528: The Brotherhood, he promptly quit. Nasser then tried to persuade Qutb by offering him any position he wanted in Egypt except its Kingship, saying: "We will give you whatever position you want in the government, whether it's the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Arts, etc." Qutb refused every offer, having understood the reality of Nasser's plans. Upset that Nasser would not enforce a government based on Islamic ideology, Qutb and other Brotherhood members allegedly plotted to assassinate him in 1954. The alleged attempt

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6760-408: The Brotherhood, the Egyptian government arrested 32 leaders of the Brotherhood's "Secret Apparatus" and banned the Brotherhood. It was accused of preparing the overthrow of the government, linked to a jeep loaded with weapons. The headquarters were closed and its funds confiscated, while 4,000 Brothers were detained and al-Banna was placed under temporary house arrest. The reaction to the dissolution

6890-713: The District of Columbia ), Colorado State College for Education (now the University of Northern Colorado) in Greeley , and Stanford University . He visited the major cities of the United States and spent time in Europe on his journey home. Before his departure from the United States, even though more and more conservative, he still was " Western in so many ways – his dress, his love of classical music and Hollywood movies. He had read, in translation,

7020-572: The East but also from the West, as it was a way of life based on a creed. But now Marxism is defeated on the plane of thought, and if it is stated that not a single nation in the world is truly Marxist, it will not be an exaggeration. On the whole this theory conflicts with man's nature and its needs. This ideology prospers only in a degenerate society or in a society which has become cowed as a result of some form of prolonged dictatorship. But now, even under these circumstances, its materialistic economic system

7150-470: The Egyptian army northeast of Gaza , although some were also active in the West Bank. The volunteers suffered a few hundred casualties dead and wounded and had only a limited impact on the course of the war, although they played a decisive role in several engagements. The war was an Arab failure, resulting in a truce fiercely opposed by the Muslim Brothers. On 2 November 1945 the Brotherhood organized

7280-731: The Imams are absolute infallible leaders of the Islamic community after the Prophet. Shias consider the term to be only applicable to the members and descendants of the Ahl al-Bayt , the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . In Twelver Shīʿīsm there are 14 infallibles , 12 of which are Imams, the final being Imam Mahdi who will return at the end of times. The title was also used by the Zaidi Shia Imams of Yemen , who eventually founded

7410-458: The Jews for advocating secularising reforms in the Ottoman empire and inciting various turmoils that resulted in its dissolution , Qutb wrote: "A Jew was behind the incitement of various kinds of tribal arrogance in the last Caliphate; the (fomenting) of revolutions which began with the removal of the shari‘ah from the legislation and substituting for it ‘The Constitution’ during the period of

7540-483: The Minister of Culture at the time, Farouk Hosny , to ban the publication of three novels on the ground they promoted blasphemy and unacceptable sexual practices. In October 2007, the Muslim Brotherhood issued a detailed political platform. Among other things, it called for a board of Muslim clerics to oversee the government, and limiting the office of the presidency to Muslim men. In the "Issues and Problems" chapter of

7670-454: The Muslim Brotherhood of seeking to monopolize power, while Morsi's allies say the opposition is trying to destabilize the country to derail the elected leadership". Adding to the unrest were severe fuel shortages and electricity outages, which raised suspicions among some Egyptians that the end of gas and electricity shortages since the ouster of President Mohamed Morsi was evidence of a conspiracy to undermine him, although other Egyptians say it

7800-553: The Muslim Brotherhood welcomed the coup d'état against the monarchist government—which they saw as un-Islamic and subservient to the British Empire —and enjoyed a close relationship with the movement prior to and immediately following the coup. Nasser would go to the house of Syed Qutb and ask him for ideas about the Revolution. Many members of the Brotherhood expected Nasser to establish an Islamic government. However,

7930-507: The Muslim Brotherhood were accused of taking part in the Cairo Fire that destroyed some 750 buildings in downtown Cairo – mainly night clubs, theatres, hotels, and restaurants frequented by British and other foreigners. In 1952 Egypt's monarchy was overthrown by a group of nationalist military officers ( Free Officers Movement ) who had formed a cell within the Brotherhood during the first war against Israel in 1948. However, after

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8060-472: The Muslim Brotherhood, which became the leading political movement in the wake of Egypt's 2011 popular uprising, are languishing in prison, unfairly branded as terrorists. ... Egypt's crushing authoritarianism could well persuade a significant number of its citizens that violence is the only tool they have for fighting back". Mohamed Morsi was sentenced to death on 16 May 2015, along with 120 others. The Muslim Brotherhood claimed that Muslims did not carry out

8190-712: The Muslim Brothers were born; under the pledge that its members would be soldiers in the call to Islam, and in that is the life for the country and the honour for the Umma ... We are brothers in the service of Islam.. Hence we are the "Muslim Brothers". The Suez Canal Company helped Banna build the mosque in Ismailia that would serve as the Brotherhood's headquarters, according to Richard P. Mitchell 's The Society of Muslim Brothers . According to al-Banna, contemporary Islam had lost its social dominance, because most Muslims had been corrupted by Western influences. Sharia law based on

8320-509: The Qur'an ), Qutb developed a literary appreciation of the Qur'an and a complementary methodology for interpreting the text. His hermeneutics were applied in his extensive commentary on the Qur'an, Fi zilal al-Qur'an , which served as the foundation for the declarations of Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq . Late in his life, Qutb synthesized his personal experiences and intellectual development in Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq ,

8450-414: The Qur'an, which would fuel the artistic side of his personality. He eventually memorized the whole Qur'an at 10. A precocious child , during these years, he began collecting different types of books, including Sherlock Holmes stories, A Thousand and One Nights , and texts on astrology and magic that he would use to help local people with exorcisms ( ruqya .) In his teens, Qutb was critical of

8580-515: The Shi'a context, an imam is not only presented as the man of God par excellence , but as participating fully in the names, attributes, and acts that theology usually reserves for God alone. Imams have a meaning more central to belief, referring to leaders of the community. Twelver and Ismaili Shi'a believe that these imams are chosen by God to be perfect examples for the faithful and to lead all humanity in all aspects of life. They also believe that all

8710-574: The Sultan Abdul Hamid II ; and the ‘hero’ Ataturk ’s ending of the Caliphate. Then behind the subsequent war declared against the first signs of Islamic revival, from every place on the face of the earth ... stood the Jews." Muslim Brotherhood Non-state allies: Affiliated militant groups only: The Society of the Muslim Brothers ( Arabic : جماعة الإخوان المسلمين Jamāʿat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn ), better known as

8840-542: The Village ) makes little mention of Islam or political theory and is typically classified as a secular, literary work. However, it is replete with references to village mysticism, superstition, the Qur'an, and incidences of injustice. Qutb's later work developed along similar themes, dealing with Qur'anic exegesis, social justice, and political Islam. Qutb's career as a writer also heavily influenced his philosophy. In al-Taswiir al-Fanni fil-Quran ( Artistic Representation in

8970-718: The Zionists. Such conflations of Jews and Zionists were common. In the years preceding World War II the Muslim Brothers grew connections with Nazi Germany , maintained via the Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro in Cairo and Amin al-Husseini, who himself received funds from the Abwehr . Being interested in strengthening a militant anti-British organization, Germany may have funded the Brotherhood as early as 1934. One later British source claimed that in 1936 alone, Germany transferred over £5.000. al-Banna and other members of

9100-516: The beauty and harmony that existed amongst the creation as a whole. He said that, the sweetness of Iman hit him." Political Militant [REDACTED] Islam portal Qutb's mature political views always centered on Islam—Islam as a complete system of morality, justice and governance, whose sharia laws and principles should be the sole basis of governance and everything else in life—though his interpretation of it varied. Qutb's political philosophy has been described as an attempt to instantiate

9230-527: The civil service, he joined the Muslim Brotherhood in the early 1950s and became editor-in-chief of the Brothers' weekly Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, and later head of its propaganda section, as well as an appointed member of the working committee and of its guidance council, the highest branch in the organization. In July 1952, Egypt 's pro-Western government was overthrown by the nationalist Free Officers Movement headed by Gamal Abdel Nasser . Both Qutb and

9360-529: The co-operation between the Brotherhood and Free Officers which marked the revolution's success soon soured as it became clear the secular nationalist ideology of Nasserism was incompatible with the Islamism of the Brotherhood. Nasser had secretly set up an organisation that would sufficiently oppose the Muslim Brotherhood once he came to power. This organisation was called "Tahreer" ("Liberation" in Arabic). It

9490-452: The composition of his two most important works: a commentary of the Qur'an Fi Zilal al-Qur'an ( In the Shade of the Qur'an ), and a manifesto of political Islam called Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq ( Milestones ). These works represent the final form of Qutb's thought, encompassing his radically anti-secular and anti-Western claims based on his interpretations of the Qur'an, Islamic history, and

9620-743: The concepts of Jihad and underground operations. The result was a zealous elite force. Its first operation was allegedly towards the end of World War II, when members of the group threw a bomb at a British club. Militarized youth sections were also raised, namely the junior kashafa ("scouts") and the more senior jawala ("travellers"). In 1948, al-Banna denounced fascism and militarism in his book Peace in Islam : "Nazism came to power in Germany, Fascism in Italy and both Hitler and Mussolini began to force their people to conform to what they thought; unity, order, development, and power. Certainly, this system led

9750-461: The condition of contemporary Islam, identified its benighted state as having two principal causes. The first was that many Muslims were forsaking their faith in the Qur'an, failing to enforce Sharia law. This had led to the virulent spread of a secular culture within Muslim societies, which, with the assistance of the innate and centuries-long Western hatred towards Islam, was a second important cause of

9880-497: The death of its leader, Hassan al-Banna, and repeated his words calling for the teachings of Islam to spread all over the world and to raise the "flag of Jihad", taking their land, "regaining their glory", "including diaspora Muslims" and demanding an Islamic state and a Muslim government, a Muslim people, a Muslim house, and Muslim individuals. Mekameleen TV , a Turkey-based free-to-air satellite television channel run by exiled Brotherhood supporters, mourned his death and claimed it

10010-407: The establishment of chosen tyrants. Eventually after a deadly war in which innumerable men, women, and children died, these regimes collapsed." After the war the Brotherhood lobbied for granting Amin al-Husseini, who had served as a German propaganda mouthpiece between 1941 and 1945, asylum in Egypt. In May 1946 al-Husseini managed to escape from French imprisonment and arrived in Cairo. He received

10140-515: The establishment of justice towards women. The Brotherhood grew rapidly going from 800 members in 1936, to 200,000 by 1938 and over 2 million by 1948. As its influence grew, it opposed British rule in Egypt starting in 1936. al-Banna had been in contact with Amin al-Husseini since 1927. A central concern for the early Muslim Brotherhood was its pro-Arab activism for the Arab-Zionist conflict in Palestine, which in 1936–1939 culminated in

10270-638: The expense of form and rhetoric ." In 1939, he became a functionary in Egypt's Ministry of Education ( wizarat al-ma'arif ). In the early 1940s, he encountered the work of Nobel Prize -winner French eugenicist Alexis Carrel , who would have a seminal and lasting influence on his criticism of Western civilization , as "instead of liberating man, as the post- Enlightenment narrative claimed, he believed that Western modernity enmeshed people in spiritually numbing networks of control and discipline, and that rather than building caring communities, it cultivated attitudes of selfish individualism. Qutb regarded Carrel as

10400-531: The failure of a system which is against human nature." These experiences would prompt Qutb to adopt a radical stance, of excommunicating the Muslim governments as well as their supporters out of the pale of Islam. These revolutionary ideas published through his 1960s prison writings " In the Shade of the Qur’an " and its spin-off, " Milestones ", would lay the ideological foundations of future Jihadist movements. In Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq Qutb argues that anything non-Islamic

10530-412: The foremost proponent of Islamist thought in that era. Qutb denounced secularism as an inherently "oppressive system" since it sabotaged freedom of religion by constraining all religious practice to the private realm; whereas an Islamic state would grant full religious freedom to Muslims by implementing Islamic laws publicly while delegating non-Muslim faiths to the private realm. Qutb, dissatisfied with

10660-400: The genders (which "went on even in churches"), and strong support for the new Israeli state . Qutb noted with disapproval the openly displayed sexuality of American women: The American girl is well acquainted with her body's seductive capacity. She knows it lies in the face, and in expressive eyes, and thirsty lips. She knows seductiveness lies in the round breasts, the full buttocks, and in

10790-406: The group's most prominent thinkers, promoted takfirism in Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq ( Milestones ), a doctrine that permits "the stigmatisation of other Muslims as infidel or apostate, and of existing states as unIslamic, and the use of extreme violence in the pursuit of the perfect Islamic society"; this doctrine continues to inspire many Jihadist movements. The group abandoned the use of violence in

10920-465: The guidance of mankind... It is the same with the Eastern bloc. Its social theories, foremost among which is Marxism ... is defeated on the plane of thought ... It is essential for mankind to have new leadership! At this crucial and bewildering juncture, the turn of Islam and the Muslim community has arrived – the turn of Islam". Qutb's intense dislike of the West and ethnic nationalism notwithstanding,

11050-533: The imams chosen are free from committing any sin, impeccability which is called ismah . These leaders must be followed since they are appointed by God. Here follows a list of the Twelvers Shia imams: (splitting open knowledge) (the Trustworthy) Fatimah , also Fatimah al-Zahraa, daughter of Muhammed (615–632), is also considered infallible but not an Imam. The Shi'a believe that

11180-471: The imperceptible is a decisive factor in distinguishing man from animal. Materialist thinking, ancient as well as modern, has tended to drag man back to an irrational existence, with no room for the spiritual, where everything is determined by sensory means alone. What is peddled as " progressive thought " is no more than dismal regression . Simultaneously, he rejected magical beliefs asserted by traditional interpretations of Islamic narratives, such as rejecting

11310-499: The incident resulting in the most casualties in Egypt's modern history. In retaliation, Brotherhood supporters looted and burned police stations and dozens of churches in response to the violence, though a Muslim Brotherhood spokesperson condemned the attacks on Christians and instead blamed military leaders for plotting the attacks. The crackdown that followed has been called the worst for the Brotherhood's organization "in eight decades". By 19 August, Al Jazeera reported that "most" of

11440-578: The issue of Islamic governance, Qutb differed with many modernist and reformist Muslims who claimed that democracy was Islamic because the Quranic institution of Shura supported elections and democracy. Qutb pointed out that the Shura chapter of the Qur'an was revealed during the Mekkan period, and therefore, it does not deal with the problem of government. It makes no reference to elections and calls only for

11570-497: The knowledge he had to them. In many occasions he would be shy because he was a young man, but in some occasions he would go and teach the knowledge he had to the people who asked him." Time in the United States , pursuing further studies in educational administration, cemented some of Qutb's views. Over two years, he worked and studied at Wilson Teachers' College in Washington, D.C. (one of the precursors to today's University of

11700-518: The largest joint party with eight seats in the forty-seat Chamber of Deputies . Prominent members of Al Menbar include Dr. Salah Abdulrahman, Dr. Salah Al Jowder, and outspoken MP Mohammed Khalid . Additionally, it has strongly opposed the government's accession to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . Although Iran is a predominately Shi'ite Muslim country and the Muslim Brotherhood has never attempted to create

11830-660: The last Imam, the 12th Imam Mahdi will one day emerge on the Day of Resurrection ( Qiyamah ). At times, imams have held both secular and religious authority. This was the case in Oman among the Kharijite or Ibadi sects. At times, the imams were elected. At other times the position was inherited, as with the Yaruba dynasty from 1624 and 1742. See List of rulers of Oman , the Rustamid dynasty : 776–909, Nabhani dynasty : 1154–1624,

11960-529: The legal opposition. During its term in parliament, the Brotherhood "posed a democratic political challenge to the regime, not a theological one", according to one The New York Times journalist, while another report praised it for attempting to transform "the Egyptian parliament into a real legislative body", that represented citizens and kept the government "accountable". But fears remained about its commitment to democracy, equal rights, and freedom of expression and belief—or lack thereof. In December 2006,

12090-579: The life of Jahiliyyah . If someone wishes to deceive himself or to deceive others by believing that Islam can be brought in line with this Jahiliyyah , it is up to him. But whether this deception is for others, it cannot change anything of the actual reality. This is not Islam, and they are not Muslims. Today the task of the Call is to return these ignorant people to Islam and make them into Muslims all over again". According to an anonymous work ( The Lives of Hassan elBanna & Syed Qutb available on Scribd), Qutb

12220-683: The literary magazine al-Balagh in 1922, and his first book, Muhimmat al-Sha’ir fi al-Haya wa Shi’r al-Jil al-Hadir (The Mission of the Poet in Life and the Poetry of the Present Generation), in 1932, when he was 25, in his last year at Dar al-Ulum . As a literary critic, he was particularly influenced by ‘ Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani (d. 1078), "in his view one of the few mediaeval philologists to have concentrated on meaning and aesthetic value at

12350-456: The money now, so let me borrow it and I'll give it you next time you come around. And Amsaalih would let him do that. At the age of 12, he had his own library collection of 25 books, even though books were really expensive during that time. He would imitate the scholars by reading the books, and then give lectures to the rest of the village. If any women needed any information, they would wait till Syed Qutb came back from school, and ask him to share

12480-400: The one hand and to excite bestial tendencies on the other. The American's intoxication in "jazz" music does not reach its full completion until the music is accompanied by singing that is just as coarse and obnoxious as the music itself. Meanwhile, the noise of the instruments and the voices mounts, and it rings in the ears to an unbearable degree ... The agitation of the multitude increases, and

12610-499: The organization's 15-member Guidance Council) reiterated hostility towards Zionism. For example, Egyptian cleric Safwat Hegazi spoke at the announcement rally for the Muslim Brotherhood's candidate Morsi and expressed his hope and belief that Morsi would liberate Gaza, restore the Caliphate of the "United States of the Arabs" with Jerusalem as its capital, and that "our cry shall be: 'Millions of martyrs march towards Jerusalem.'" Within

12740-402: The platform, it declared that a woman was not suited to be president because the office's religious and military duties "conflict with her nature, social and other humanitarian roles". While proclaiming "equality between men and women in terms of their human dignity", the document warned against "burdening women with duties against their nature or role in the family". Internally, some leaders in

12870-447: The prominent role of Jews in Egypt's society and their prominence in journalism, commercial spheres and the entertainment industry. al-Nadhir even called for a boycott and their expulsion, "for they have corrupted Egypt and its population." In another instance the Jews were referred to as a "societal cancer". The Brotherhood eventually distributed a list of Jewish business owners and called for their boycott, claiming that they supported

13000-512: The prosecutions of journalists, the unleashing of pro-Brotherhood gangs on nonviolent demonstrators, the continuation of military trials, new laws that permitted detention without judicial review for up to 30 days, brought hundreds of thousands of protesters to the streets starting in November 2012. By April 2013, Egypt had "become increasingly divided" between President Mohamed Morsi and "Islamist allies" and an opposition of "moderate Muslims, Christians and liberals". Opponents accused "Morsi and

13130-495: The religious institutions with which he came into contact, holding in contempt the way in which those institutions were used to form public opinion and thoughts. He had a special disdain, however, for schools that specialized in religious studies only, and sought to demonstrate that local schools that held regular academic classes as well as classes in religion were more beneficial to their pupils than religious schools with lopsided curricula. At this time, Qutb developed his bent against

13260-400: The revolution Gamal Abdel Nasser , the leader of the 'free officers' cell, after deposing the first President of Egypt, Muhammad Neguib , in a coup, quickly moved against the Brotherhood, blaming them for an attempt on his life. The Brotherhood was again banned and this time thousands of its members were imprisoned, many being tortured and held for years in prisons and concentration camps . In

13390-492: The ruler to consult some of the ruled, as a particular case of the general rule of Shura. Qutb also opposed the then popular ideology of Arab nationalism , having become disillusioned with the 1952 Nasser Revolution after having been exposed to the regime's practices of arbitrary arrest, torture, and deadly violence during his imprisonment. In the introduction to his influential 1964 theological and political manifesto Maʿālim fī aṭ Ṭarīq , Sayyid Qutb declared: "Mankind today

13520-422: The secular mind. In the opening of his book Milestones he presents the following views: "It is necessary for the new leadership to preserve and develop the material fruits of the creative genius of Europe, and also to provide mankind with such high ideals and values as have so far remained undiscovered by mankind, and which will also acquaint humanity with a way of life which is harmonious with human nature, which

13650-510: The shapely thighs, sleek legs—and she shows all this and does not hide it. He also commented on the American taste in arts: The American is primitive in his artistic taste, both in what he enjoys as art and in his own artistic works. "Jazz" music is his music of choice. This is that music that the Negroes invented to satisfy their primitive inclinations, as well as their desire to be noisy on

13780-593: The social and political problems of Egypt. The school of thought he inspired has become known as Qutbism . Qutb was let out of prison in May 1964 at the behest of the President of Iraq , Abdul Salam Arif , for only 8 months before being rearrested on August 9, 1965. He was accused of plotting to overthrow the state and subjected to what some consider a show trial . Many of the charges placed against Qutb in court were taken directly from Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq and he adamantly supported his written statements. The trial culminated in

13910-417: The state), and at least 581 articles, including novels, literary arts critique and works on education, he is best known in the Muslim world for his work on what he believed to be the social and political role of Islam , particularly in his books Social Justice and Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ( Milestones ). His magnum opus , Fi Zilal al-Qur'an ( In the Shade of the Qur'an ), is a 30-volume commentary on

14040-418: The straying of many Muslims from the right path. Qutb asserted that the Islamic world had sunk into a state of jahiliyyah . This led Qutb to advocate in his book Milestones that the general masses weren't Muslims and that a revolutionary Islamic vanguard should return the ignorant people back to what he considered as pristine Islam: "Indeed, people are not Muslims, as they proclaim to be, as long as they live

14170-403: The terrorist attack. Qatar-based Muslim Brotherhood members are suspected to have helped a Muslim Brotherhood agent carry out the bombing, according to the Egyptian government. The Qatar-based supporter was named as Mohab Mostafa El-Sayed Qassem. The terrorist was named as Mahmoud Shafiq Mohamed Mostaf. The Arabic-language website of the Muslim Brotherhood commemorated the anniversary of

14300-476: The tradition that Surah al-Falaq was meant to be sent down to break a curse. Beginning from 1948, Qutb's ideological orientation would radically shift to an Islamist worldview, when he penned his first Islamist treatise al-‘Adāla . Qutb would later denounce the literary works he published during the 1940s as "un-Islamic". Different theories have been advanced as to why Qutb turned away from his secularist tendencies towards Islamic sharia. One common explanation

14430-400: The two countries to stability and a vital international role. This cultivated much hope, reawakened aspiration, and united the whole country under one leader. Then what happened? It became apparent that these seemingly powerful systems were a real disaster. The inspiration and aspirations of the people were shattered and the system of democracy did not lead to the empowerment of the people but to

14560-516: The uprising. On 14 August, the interim government declared a month-long state of emergency, and riot police cleared the pro-Morsi sit-in during the Rabaa sit-in dispersal of August 2013 . Violence escalated rapidly following armed protesters attacking police, according to the National Council for Human Rights ' report; this led to the deaths of over 600 people and injury of some 4,000, with

14690-478: The voices of approval mount, and their palms ring out in vehement, continuous applause that all but deafens the ears. Qutb concluded that major aspects of American life were primitive and "shocking"; he saw Americans as "numb to faith in religion, faith in art, and faith in spiritual values altogether". His experience in the United States formed in part the impetus for his rejection of Western values and his move towards Islamism upon returning to Egypt. Resigning from

14820-668: The works of Charles Darwin and Albert Einstein , Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley , and had immersed himself in French literature , especially Victor Hugo ". On his return to Egypt, Qutb in 1951 published "The America that I Have Seen", where he became explicitly critical of things he had observed in the United States, eventually encapsulating the West more generally: its materialism , individual freedoms , economic system, "poor" haircuts , superficiality in conversations and friendships, restrictions on divorce , enthusiasm for sports , lack of artistic feeling, "animal-like" mixing of

14950-489: The world". By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by what The Economist calls an "independent count"), mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have allegedly been arrested by police since the 2013 uprising. On 2 February 2015, an Egyptian court sentenced another 183 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death. An editorial in The New York Times claimed that "leaders of

15080-471: The worship and the congregation copies his actions. Friday sermons are most often given by an appointed imam. All mosques have an imam to lead the congregational prayers—even though it may sometimes just be a member from the gathered congregation rather than an officially appointed, salaried person. Women cannot be imams when men are present but are allowed to be when no men are present. An imam should be chosen, according to Hadith , based on his knowledge of

15210-454: Was "martyrdom". Mekameleen supports the Brotherhood. Condolences were sent upon Omar Abdel Rahman's death by the website of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party in Egypt. How much of the blame for the fall from power in Egypt of the Brotherhood and its allied Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) can be placed on the Brotherhood, and how much of it can be placed on its enemies in the Egyptian bureaucracy, media and security establishment

15340-483: Was "pale with sleepy eyes." Qutb never married, in part because of his steadfast religious convictions. While the urban Egyptian society he lived in was becoming more Westernized, Qutb believed the Quran taught women that 'Men are the managers of women's affairs ...' Qutb lamented to his readers that he was never able to find a woman of sufficient "moral purity and discretion" and had to reconcile himself to bachelorhood. It

15470-537: Was born on 9 October 1906. He was raised in the Egyptian village of Musha , located in Upper Egypt 's Asyut Province . His father, whose sixth great-grandfather was an Indian Muslim , was an Upper Egyptian landowner and the administrator of the family estate, but he was also well known for his political activism , holding weekly meetings to discuss the political events and Qur'anic recitation . At this young age, Sayyid Qutb first learned about melodic recitations of

15600-409: Was clear from his childhood that Qutb valued education, playing the part of a teacher to the women in his village: "Syed Qutb from a young age would save up his money for a man called Amsaalih, who used to sell books around the local villages. He would have a big collection of books, and another small collection specifically for Syed Qutb. If Syed never had the money, he would tell him that I don't have

15730-443: Was evidence of Morsi's mismanagement of the economy. On 3 July 2013, Mohamed Morsi was removed from office and put into house arrest by the military, that happened shortly after mass protests against him began. demanding the resignation of Morsi. There were also significant counter-protests in support of Morsi; those were originally intended to celebrate the one-year anniversary of Morsi's inauguration, and started days before

15860-633: Was evil and corrupt, and that following sharia as a complete system extending into all aspects of life, would bring every kind of benefit to humanity, from personal and social peace, to the "treasures" of the universe. Qutb's experiences as an Egyptian Muslim—his village childhood, professional career, and activism in the Muslim Brotherhood—left an indelible mark on his theoretical and religious works. Even Qutb's early, secular writing shows evidence of his later themes. For example, Qutb's autobiography of his childhood Tifl min al-Qarya ( A Child From

15990-460: Was executed by hanging . Even though most of his observations and criticism were leveled at the Muslim world , Qutb also intensely disapproved of the society and culture of the United States , which he saw as materialistic , and obsessed with violence and sexual pleasures. He advocated violent, offensive jihad . Qutb has been described by followers as a great thinker and martyr for Islam , while many Western observers (and some Muslims) see him as

16120-452: Was foiled and Qutb was jailed soon afterwards; the Egyptian government used the incident to justify a crackdown on various members of the Muslim Brotherhood for their vocal opposition towards the Nasser administration. During his first three years in prison, conditions were bad and Qutb was tortured. In later years he was allowed more mobility, including the opportunity to write. This period saw

16250-400: Was inspired to abandon his secular world view for Islam by how Allah prevented the ship he was traveling in to America from sinking into the ocean. "His journey started when he studied the Qur'an in a literal way, and he slowly began to understand the principles lined in the religion. Then something happened to him in America to remove his doubts. He says; that while he was going to America, he

16380-458: Was legalized in 2011 and won several elections, including the 2012 presidential election when its candidate Mohamed Morsi became Egypt's first president to gain power through an election. A year later, following massive demonstrations and unrest, he was overthrown by the military and placed under house arrest; with a later review finding that the group failed to moderate its views or embrace democratic values during its time in power. The group

16510-481: Was on the boat (ferry), and he saw the way the boat he was travelling in—was rocking in the huge sea—all under the control of Allah without it sinking or capsizing. At that point he realized the power of Allah. He said Iman (belief) entered into his heart due to this. His second scenario was in San Francisco, when he went on top of a mountain, and he could see the whole of creation in front of him, and he realized

16640-431: Was the assassination of prime minister Nokrashy Pasha in 28 December by a young "Secret Apparatus" member. al-Banna claimed that the killer acted independently and publicly denounced his faith. After a failed yet lethal bombing in mid-January 1949 which was intended to destroy legal evidence pending against the Brotherhood al-Banna himself was killed in 12 February by vengeful Nokrashy supporters. In 1952, members of

16770-527: Was then banned in Egypt and declared a terrorist organization. The Persian Gulf monarchies of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates followed suit, driven by the perception that the Brotherhood is a threat to their authoritarian rule. The group's founder accepted the utility of political violence and members of Brotherhood conducted assassinations and attempted assassinations on Egyptian state figures during his lifetime, including Egyptian Prime Minister Mahmud El Nokrashi in 1948. Sayyid Qutb , one of

16900-476: Was well known that the Brotherhood were made popular by their extensive social programs in Egypt, and Nasser wanted to be ready once he had taken over. At this time, Qutb did not realize Nasser's alternate plans, and would continue to meet with him, sometimes for 12 hours a day, to discuss a post monarchical Egypt. Once Qutb realized that Nasser had taken advantage of the secrecy between the Free Officers and

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