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41-635: The monastery is notable as having followed Slavonic liturgy in the 11th century. It was re-established under the Latin rite in 1097, until its destruction in 1421 due to the Hussite Wars . It was again re-established as part of the re-catholization of Bohemia under Habsburg rule in 1664, and finally dissolved in 1785. The extant buildings mostly date to the Baroque period , with 19th-century neo-Renaissance extensions, with some remaining structures in

82-481: A U.S. bombing raid on Prague on 14 February 1945. The modern roof with steeples was added in the 1960s. Returned to the Benedictine order in 1990, the monastery is administered by three monks , two of whom live there. 50°04′20″N 14°25′03″E  /  50.07222°N 14.41750°E  / 50.07222; 14.41750 This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in

123-479: A cycle of 85 Gothic wall paintings with parallels from the Old and New Testaments . The Gothic cloisters also feature original faded frescoes with bits of Pagan symbolism from the 14th century. The monastery was baroquised in the 17th–18th centuries and the two church towers were added. Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor gave to the just-founded monastery the manuscript Reims Gospel , it was probably lost from Prague in

164-513: A greater or lesser extent. The Russian Orthodox Church, which contains around half of all Orthodox believers, still holds its liturgies almost entirely in Church Slavonic. However, there exist parishes which use other languages (where the main problem has been a lack of good translations). Examples include: What follows is a list of modern recensions or dialects of Church Slavonic. For a list and descriptions of extinct recensions, see

205-673: A liturgical and literary language in all Orthodox countries north of the Mediterranean region during the Middle Ages , even in places where the local population was not Slavic (especially in Romania ). In recent centuries, however, Church Slavonic was fully replaced by local languages in the non-Slavic countries. Even in some of the Slavic Orthodox countries, the modern national language is now used for liturgical purposes to

246-492: A result, the borrowings into Russian are similar to native Russian words, but with South Slavic variances, e.g. (the first word in each pair is Russian, the second Church Slavonic): золото / злато ( zoloto / zlato ), город / град ( gorod / grad ), горячий / горящий ( goryačiy / goryaščiy ), рожать / рождать ( rožat’ / roždat’ ). Since the Russian Romantic era and

287-408: Is actually a set of at least four different dialects (recensions or redactions; Russian : извод , izvod), with essential distinctions between them in dictionary, spelling (even in writing systems), phonetics, and other aspects. The most widespread recension, Russian, has several local sub-dialects in turn, with slightly different pronunciations. These various Church Slavonic recensions were used as

328-613: Is archaic and characteristic of written high style, while the other is found in common speech. In Russia, Church Slavonic is pronounced in the same way as Russian , with some exceptions: The Old Moscow recension is in use among Old Believers and Co-Believers . The same traditional Cyrillic alphabet as in Russian Synodal recension; however, there are differences in spelling because the Old Moscow recension reproduces an older state of orthography and grammar in general (before

369-793: Is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Belarus , Bulgaria , North Macedonia , Montenegro , Poland , Ukraine , Russia , Serbia , the Czech Republic and Slovakia , Slovenia and Croatia . The language appears also in the services of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia , the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese , and occasionally in

410-668: Is the continuation of the liturgical tradition introduced by two Thessalonian brothers, Saints Cyril and Methodius , in the late 9th century in Nitra , a principal town and religious and scholarly center of Great Moravia (located in present-day Slovakia ). There the first Slavic translations of the Scripture and liturgy from Koine Greek were made. After the Christianization of Bulgaria in 864, Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum of Preslav were of great importance to

451-645: Is the use of Ґ in the Rusyn variant. Г is pronounced as h and Ґ is pronounced as G. For example, Blagosloveno is Blahosloveno in Rusyn variants. Typographically, Serbian and Ukrainian editions (when printed in traditional Cyrillic) are almost identical to the Russian ones. Certain visible distinctions may include: The variant differences are limited to the lack of certain sounds in Serbian phonetics (there are no sounds corresponding to letters ы and щ, and in certain cases

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492-731: The Croatian , Slovak and Ruthenian Greek Catholics, as well as by the Roman Catholic Church (Croatian and Czech recensions). In the past, Church Slavonic was also used by the Orthodox Churches in the Romanian lands until the late 17th and early 18th centuries, as well as by Roman Catholic Croats in the Early Middle Ages . Church Slavonic represents a later stage of Old Church Slavonic , and

533-1049: The Eastern Orthodox faith and the Old Church Slavonic liturgy in the First Bulgarian Empire . The success of the conversion of the Bulgarians facilitated the conversion of the East Slavs . A major event was the development of the Cyrillic script in Bulgaria at the Preslav Literary School in the 9th century. The Cyrillic script and the liturgy in Old Church Slavonic, also called Old Bulgarian , were declared official in Bulgaria in 893. By

574-608: The Gothic style of the 13th to 14th centuries, notably the unfinished three-nave Gothic basilica. The monastery is the site of the hermitage of Procopius of Sázava (d. 1052), a hermit (canonized in 1204 by Innocent III ). Procopius attracted a community of hermits, which formed the basis of the Benedictine monastery established in 1032. It is one of the oldest monasteries founded in the Duchy of Bohemia , established some 40 years after Břevnov Monastery . In 1056, duke Spytihněv II had

615-558: The Latin alphabet (a method used in Austro-Hungary and Czechoslovakia) just contain the letter "i" for yat. Other distinctions reflect differences between palatalization rules of Ukrainian and Russian (for example, ⟨ч⟩ is always "soft" (palatalized) in Russian pronunciation and "hard" in the Ukrainian one), different pronunciation of letters ⟨г⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ , etc. Another major difference

656-735: The Ostrog Bible of Ivan Fedorov (1580/1581) and as въ началѣ бѣ слово in the Elizabethan Bible of 1751, still in use in the Russian Orthodox Church. Emmaus Monastery The Emmaus Monastery ( Czech : Emauzy or Emauzský klášter ), called Na Slovanech in the Middle Ages , is a Benedictine abbey established in 1347 in Prague . In the 1360s, the cloisters of the Monastery were decorated with

697-545: The 12th century, the Romanesque basilica and monastery buildings were completed. A 12th-century chronicle, De exordio Zazavensis monasterii , records the history of the monastery up to the year 1177. It also contains a continuation of Cosmas of Prague down to 1162. The monastery's founder Procopius was formally canonized in Sázava, in the presence of Ottokar , the first hereditary king of Bohemia , on 4 July 1204. In

738-436: The 1650s). The most easily observable peculiarities of books in this recension are: A main difference between Russian and Ukrainian recension of Church Slavonic as well as the Russian " Civil Script " lies in the pronunciation of the letter yat (ѣ). The Russian pronunciation is the same as е [je] ~ [ʲe] whereas the Ukrainian is the same as и [i] . Greek Catholic variants of Church Slavonic books printed in variants of

779-649: The 1760s, Lomonosov argued that Church Slavonic was the so-called "high style" of Russian, during the nineteenth century within Russia, this point of view declined. Elements of Church Slavonic style may have survived longest in speech among the Old Believers after the late-seventeenth century schism in the Russian Orthodox Church. Russian has borrowed many words from Church Slavonic. While both Russian and Church Slavonic are Slavic languages, some early Slavic sound combinations evolved differently in each branch. As

820-551: The Baroque buildings, which were restored under architect Kilian Ignatius Dientzenhofer in the late Baroque or Rococo style. The Rococo altar with a painting of the Assumption of Mary by Jan Petr Molitor and frescos of this period are extant. The monastery was finally closed down by decree of Emperor Joseph II in 1785. The monastery domain again fell to secular owners from 1809, first to Wilhelm Tiegel of Lindenkrone, who used

861-525: The Russian recension). Many, but not all, occurrences of the imperfect tense have been replaced with the perfect. Miscellaneous other modernisations of classical formulae have taken place from time to time. For example, the opening of the Gospel of John , by tradition the first words written down by Saints Cyril and Methodius , (искони бѣаше слово) "In the beginning was the Word", were set as "искони бѣ слово" in

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902-518: The addition of letter ⟨ě⟩ for yat ) or in Glagolitic script. Sample editions include: Church Slavonic is in very limited use among Czech Catholics. The recension was developed by Vojtěch Tkadlčík in his editions of the Roman missal: Although the various recensions of Church Slavonic differ in some points, they share the tendency of approximating the original Old Church Slavonic to

943-652: The article on the Old Church Slavonic language. The Russian recension of New Church Slavonic is the language of books since the second half of the 17th century. It generally uses traditional Cyrillic script ( poluustav ); however, certain texts (mostly prayers) are printed in modern alphabets with the spelling adapted to rules of local languages (for example, in Russian/Ukrainian/Bulgarian/Serbian Cyrillic or in Hungarian/Slovak/Polish Latin). Before

984-521: The cloister as a chateau, while the basilica remained in operation as a parish church. The domain was sold to Johann Friedrich Neuberg in 1869, who commissioned reconstruction work in neo-Renaissance style . The domain and chateau were sold to Friedrich Schwarz in 1876. Part of the domain was sold to Benedictine monks from Emmaus Monastery in 1932, who intended to re-establish the monastery in Sázava. Benedictine monk and priest Method Klement moved from Emmaus to Sázava in 1940 and began preparatory work, but

1025-401: The corpus of work of the great Russian authors (from Gogol to Chekhov , Tolstoy , and Dostoevsky ), the relationship between words in these pairs has become traditional. Where the abstract meaning has not commandeered the Church Slavonic word completely, the two words are often synonyms related to one another, much as Latin and native English words were related in the nineteenth century: one

1066-833: The early 12th century, individual Slavic languages started to emerge, and the liturgical language was modified in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and orthography according to the local vernacular usage. These modified varieties or recensions (e.g. Serbian Church Slavonic, Russian Church Slavonic , Ukrainian Church Slavonic in Early Cyrillic script, Croatian Church Slavonic in Croatian angular Glagolitic and later in Latin script , Czech Church Slavonic, Slovak Church Slavonic in Latin script, Bulgarian Church Slavonic in Early Cyrillic and Bulgarian Glagolitic scripts, etc.) eventually stabilized and their regularized forms were used by

1107-556: The eighteenth century, Church Slavonic was in wide use as a general literary language in Russia . Although it was never spoken per se outside church services, members of the priesthood, poets, and the educated tended to slip its expressions into their speech. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it was gradually replaced by the Russian language in secular literature and was retained for use only in church. Although as late as

1148-438: The fall of the yers is fully reflected, more or less to the Russian pattern, although the terminal ъ continues to be written. The yuses are often replaced or altered in usage to the sixteenth- or seventeenth-century Russian pattern. The yat continues to be applied with greater attention to the ancient etymology than it was in nineteenth-century Russian. The letters ksi , psi , omega , ot , and izhitsa are kept, as are

1189-586: The garden north of the monastery building. In December 1096, the monks were expelled for the second time, by duke Bretislav II , marking the end of the Slavic rite in Bohemia. The Byzantine Catholic Benedictines were replaced by Latin Rite Benedictines from Břevnov Monastery under abbot Diethard (d. 1133). It would be under Diethard that all Slavonic books in the monastery library were destroyed . In

1230-480: The later 13th to 14th centuries, the Romanesque basilica was transformed into a Gothic one, intended as a monumental three-nave structure, which however remained unfinished. The monastery buildings were also rebuilt in the Gothic style. The Madonna of Sázava is a notable 14th-century fresco in the capitular hall, unusually depicting Mary, mother of Jesus walking alongside a child Jesus aged about five years old. Sázava

1271-435: The letter-based denotation of numerical values, the use of stress accents, and the abbreviations or titla for nomina sacra . The vocabulary and syntax, whether in scripture, liturgy, or church missives, are generally somewhat modernised in an attempt to increase comprehension. In particular, some of the ancient pronouns have been eliminated from the scripture (such as етеръ /jeter/ "a certain (person, etc.)" → нѣкій in

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1312-509: The local Slavic vernacular. Inflection tends to follow the ancient patterns with few simplifications. All original six verbal tenses, seven nominal cases, and three numbers are intact in most frequently used traditional texts (but in the newly composed texts, authors avoid most archaic constructions and prefer variants that are closer to modern Russian syntax and are better understood by the Slavic-speaking people). In Russian recension,

1353-670: The monks expelled from the abbey. The monks found sanctuary in Hungary until 1061, when Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia had them returned to the abbey. Unusually for a Benedictine abbey, Sázava was an important center of the Byzantine Rite Divine Liturgy in Old Church Slavonic (rather than Ecclesiastical Latin ) until 1096. The first stone church, consecrated to the Holy Cross , was built in 1070. The ruins of this church have been excavated and are visible in

1394-526: The palatalization is impossible to observe, e.g. ть is pronounced as т etc.). The medieval Serbian recension of Church Slavonic was gradually replaced by the Russian recension since the early 18th century. Nowadays in Serbia, Church Slavonic is generally pronounced according to the Russian model. This is in limited use among Croatian Catholics. Texts are printed in the Croatian Latin alphabet (with

1435-599: The plan was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II and the subsequent communist regime. The area was managed by the National Cultural Committee of Czechoslovakia from 1951. In 1962, the area became a National Cultural Heritage Site, managed by the National Heritage Institute. Archaeological excavations were carried out during the 1960s to 1990s by Ivan Borkovský , Petr Sommer , and others. The exhibition "Old Slavic Sázava"

1476-691: The scribes to produce new translations of liturgical material from Koine Greek , or Latin in the case of Croatian Church Slavonic. Attestation of Church Slavonic traditions appear in Early Cyrillic and Glagolitic script . Glagolitic has nowadays fallen out of use, though both scripts were used from the earliest attested period. The first Church Slavonic printed book was the Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483) in angular Glagolitic, followed shortly by five Cyrillic liturgical books printed in Kraków in 1491. The Church Slavonic language

1517-903: The services of the Orthodox Church in America . In addition, Church Slavonic is used by some churches which consider themselves Orthodox but are not in communion with the Orthodox Church, such as the Montenegrin Orthodox Church and the Russian True Orthodox Church . The Russian Old Believers and the Co-Believers also use Church Slavonic. Church Slavonic is also used by Greek Catholic Churches in Slavic countries , for example

1558-465: The threatened pillars of the unfinished Gothic three-nave structure and on the restoration of the baroque frescos. Sázava Monastery is featured in the 2018 video game Kingdom Come: Deliverance , where it is called Sasau Monastery. "The Madonna of Sasau" is the name of a story arc in the game. 49°52′34″N 14°53′53″E  /  49.8761°N 14.8981°E  / 49.8761; 14.8981 Church Slavonic language Church Slavonic

1599-597: The time of the Hussite Wars , the manuscript later became part of the Reims Cathedral treasury. The monastery became a center of culture and art, students of Saints Cyril and Methodius studied there in addition to Jan Hus . During the Second World War the monastery was seized by the Gestapo and the monks were sent to Dachau concentration camp . The monastery building and vaults were destroyed by

1640-611: Was opened in 1983. As part of the reprivatization following the establishment of the Czech Republic , the property was restored to Marie Hayessová, as heiress of the Schwarz family in 2003. She sold the property to the state in 2006. Under the 2013 act on church restitution, parts of the domain were returned to the Roman Catholic parish of Černé Budy (Sázava) and parts to Emmaus Monastery. The National Heritage Institute remains in charge of restoration and conservation, focussing on

1681-466: Was sacked by Hussite troops in 1421 and the monks were expelled, interrupting building activity. Over the following two centuries, the monastery had secular owners and fell into decay. In 1664, the monastery was again revived, bought by Seifert, abbot of the Břevnov and Broumov monasteries. The dilapidated buildings were reconstructed in the Baroque style by architect Vít Václav Kaňka. A fire in 1746 damaged

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