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64-771: Saalgasse is one of the oldest streets in the Altstadt of Frankfurt am Main . It runs parallel to the bank of the Main . From the Middle Ages to the destruction of the city on 22 March 1944, the Saal, together with the more northerly alte Markt and the central Bendergasse , formed one of the three east-west traffic axes of the Old Town. Initially, the Jews of the city lived on the street. After they were murdered and expelled in 1349,

128-399: A decision by the city council in 2007. A few former streets and squares that once stood in the area were rebuilt, most notably the historical coronation route of German emperors through the old town from the cathedral. The Altstadt is the smallest district of Frankfurt, covering less than half a square kilometre. The area is completely built-up with the only open spaces being accounted for by

192-556: A high office is influenced by the mismanagement of the Cabinet of Three Counts in Prussia (1702-1710). The " Preußische Oberrechnungskammer " (Prussian High Audit Office) was founded in 1714 by King Frederick William I as the " General-Rechen-Kammer " (General Audit Office), given more powers in 1723 becoming the " Ober-Kriegs- und Domänen-Rechenkammer " (High War and Domains Audit Office). This office did exist until 1945. It

256-430: A limited view". There were numerous half-timbered buildings in the old town area, however by the time of their destruction in the war, many went with little documentation and recognition because their status as notable historical buildings was only just being realised. As the war progressed, it became clear that the old town of Frankfurt am Main could become the target of aerial bombardment. The Federation of Friends of

320-655: A raised, flood-proof plateau, the Dominsel (cathedral island). At the time it was protected to the north by a branch of the Main, the Brauchbach. This island represents the historic origin of the city and was presumably settled in the Neolithic era . Archaeological excavations in the 1950s and 1990s brought to light the remains of a Roman military camp, an Alamanni property yard and a Merovingian king's court. Legends of

384-478: A role in goods traffic; instead, the city's good transport links became the engine of the economic upswing. Around 1830 steam shipping was introduced on the Main, in 1836 Frankfurt joined the German Customs Union and as early as 1839 was an important node in the emerging German rail network. This economic boom passed the old town by. At the latest after the annexation of Frankfurt by Prussia in 1866,

448-649: A set of articles for the city of Frankfurt on behalf of the Grand Duke Carl Theodor von Dalberg, which basically remained in force until 1880. It made classicism mandatory as an architectural style. Hess was influenced by the spirit of the Enlightenment and campaigned radically for the architecture of classicism. He refused to preserve the numerous medieval buildings in Frankfurt because they did not meet his hygienic and aesthetic requirements. In

512-498: A special technical challenge. The underground junction of Willy-Brandt-Platz connects parts of the Altstadt, the rapid-transit system of Hauptwache and Konstablerwache to the north. Tram lines 11 and 12 operate along the central thoroughfare of Bethmannstrasse-Braubachstrasse-Battonnstrasse. At the start of the 20th century, two tram lines were laid through Altstadt, the first—the so-called Dienstmädchenlinie (Handmaid's line)—from

576-495: A style in keeping with the historical styles in the old town. Frankfurts old town was gradually recognised for its cultural and historical value as one of the best preserved old towns in Central Europe. The National Socialists planned to replace large parts of the old town with modern buildings in accordance with their ideology. A citizens' initiative, the association of active friends of the old town founded in 1922 under

640-569: A whole: the German Federal Court of Auditors of Berliner Straße which was relocated to Bonn , and the headquarters of Degussa from Weißfrauenstraße which moved to Düsseldorf . While the monument-listed building of the German Federal Court of Auditors is currently being redeveloped, the former Degussa building had been torn down, and the area has been redeveloped into flats and offices. Other important factors of

704-609: Is a quarter ( Stadtteil ) of Frankfurt am Main , Germany . It is part of the Ortsbezirk Innenstadt I and is located on the northern Main river bank. It is completely surrounded by the Innenstadt district, Frankfurt's present-day city centre. On the opposite side of the Main is the district of Sachsenhausen . The historic old town of Frankfurt was one of the largest half-timbered towns in Germany until

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768-418: Is clear from the description: The overload with carving and lappy artistry and the shapeless three- and four-story roofs make them easily recognizable by the eye. They do not belong to any order of architecture. The loss of prestige corresponded to a political and economic decline. The Frankfurt fair, which was held twice a year in the old town, had passed to Leipzig in the middle of the 18th century. With

832-615: Is the basis of the " Rechnungshof des Norddeutschen Bundes " (Court of Auditors of the North German Confederation) founded in 1868, which was soon to become the " Rechnungshof des Deutschen Reiches " (Court of Auditors of the German Reich) in 1871. It was reestablished in 1948 as the " Rechnungshof im Vereinigten Wirtschaftsgebiet " (Court of Auditors of the United Economic Area), and with

896-602: Is the conversion of the Römer by Max Meckel (1896–1900). By the beginning of the 20th century, the structure of the old town had remained largely unchanged since the Middle Ages, as a comparison with Merian copper engravings shows. In the old town alone there were around 2,000 historic buildings. The wooden half-timbered houses were still predominant, although there were a few stone patrician houses and numerous public buildings. Almost all stone buildings were made of local red sandstone. The first really far-reaching structural change in

960-531: The Innenstadt equated to the historic Neustadt, an expansion in 1333. The Jewish ghetto of the Judengasse was established On the border between the two. Over the course of the centuries, the population of the city always continued to increase, whereby the population density of the Altstadt continuously increased. The buildings finally had up to five full storeys and (due to the usual, very steep roofs) several attics. Each floor protruded outwards in excess of

1024-713: The Zeil past the Trierischen Hof (hotel) in the direction of the cathedral, the other along the newly laid Brauchbachstrasse in an east to west direction. While the Dienstmädchen line was never successful and had been shut down after the First World War , the east–west line remained and is now known as the Altstadtstrecke. In 1986 its redundant status was brought to an end due to the intervention of

1088-417: The "renovation by demolition" that was common until the 1970s, which was carried out in some of the courtyards that were completely built up over the centuries. The Nazi city administration under Mayor Friedrich Krebs used the project to change the social structure of the old town in terms of its ideology. They believed that old-established residents of the old town should be placed in new housing developments on

1152-602: The 1950s and 60s. A handful of the most important historic buildings, churches and squares were restored or reconstructed, especially around the main square, the Römerberg . However, from 2012 to 2018, a small section of the old town was reconstructed. A construction project known as the Dom-Römer project , restored a small section of the old town between the Imperial Cathedral and the Römer town hall, following

1216-423: The 19th century, Frankfurt was considered one of the most beautiful cities in Germany due to the numerous classical buildings. The medieval old town, on the other hand, was considered backward and outdated. Goethe made Mephisto scoff at the old town: The city historian Anton Kirchner also wrote about the buildings of the old town in 1818 in his panel work Views of Frankfurt am Main . The classicist zeitgeist

1280-473: The Altstadt) and two for Sachsenhausen . Each area placed a militarily organised citizen's resistance under the command of a civilian captain, which the only democratically elected department in the otherwise corporate composed imperial city. Substantial changes to the cityscape only occurred after a large fire in 1719 when 430 houses burnt down in the north east Altstadt. In order to prevent such disasters in

1344-764: The Bundesrechnungshof's new headquarters were transferred from Frankfurt am Main to Bonn , effective 1 July 2000. The Bundesrechnungshof also has a branch office in Potsdam . The first precursor of that auditory branch in Germany is the Prussian Audit Office. Its name as " Rechnungskammer " comes from the medivial concept of a Chambres des Comptes overseeing the spending of the state. In medieval times it did have regulatory functions which it lost to various administrative offices, so much that only reporting functions were left. The installation of

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1408-547: The Carolingian wall at this time. Recent publications cautiously point out that at the earliest from the middle of the 10th century there was a very long transition from the post house to the half-timbered building with stone foundations. The scanty finds actually point to a slow expansion of the city limits at that time. After the Carolingian Palatinate probably ended with a fire between 1017 and 1027 and

1472-501: The Federal Government. The Bundesrechnungshof provides advice to the executive and legislative branches by including recommendations for improvement in its management letters and annual reports, as well as by commenting - orally or in writing - on topical issues such as government bills and major procurement projects, or in the course of the annual budget procedure. By virtue of legislation regarding German reunification ,

1536-465: The Main and the river bank, the streets, squares and backyards. The construction descends predominantly from the reconstruction phase of the post-war era, aside from which there are numerous historical buildings partly reconstructed after their destruction in the Second World War . Approximately 3,400 people reside in the Altstadt of which an estimated 32% are of foreign origin. This is above

1600-460: The Main. In the middle of the district Neue Kräme connected the two largest squares of the Altstadt, Liebfrauenberg to Römerberg and further towards the south lying Fahrtor on the bank of the Main and the harbour there. The Fahrgasse ran east of the cathedral from Bornheimer Gate near today's Konstablerwache to the Main bridge. It was one of the most busy streets for Frankfurt traffic in the 20th century. The majority of Frankfurt's inhabitants lived in

1664-511: The Old Town, therefore, often with the help of external institutions such as the students from the Frankfurt School of Engineering or retired architects, had the entire existing building stock photographed and drawn as of summer 1942. Bundesrechnungshof The institution is a supreme federal authority only as far as it administers internal tasks such as personnel affairs, management of buildings or clearance of travel expenses and

1728-671: The Royal Palatinate Frankfurt was only created under the son of the legendary founder, Ludwig the Pious, between 815 and 822. According to the current state of research, the core settlement was on the Samstagsberg. Archaeological digs on the Römerberg , and most recently near the Alte Nikolaikirche, revealed slight remains of a wall to be considered Carolingian, which would presumably have surrounded

1792-421: The activities of the Federal Government in private-law enterprises of which it is a shareholder. This includes areas such as defence, roadworks, taxation, and the Federal Government's activity as a minority shareholder of the formerly nationalised railways , post , and phone companies ( Deutsche Bahn AG, Deutsche Post AG and Deutsche Telekom AG respectively). The Bundesrechnungshof makes recommendations on

1856-784: The audited bodies for comment. In addition the Bundesrechnungshof submits an annual report ("Observations") to both Houses of the German Parliament, the Bundestag and the Bundesrat , as well as to the Federal Government. The annual report is also used as a basis for Parliament authorising the Federal Government's budget . The annual report is presented to the public at a federal press conference. The Bundesrechnungshof may at any time submit special reports on matters of major significance to both Houses of Parliament, and to

1920-403: The basis of its audit experience and provides advice to the audited bodies, to the German Parliament and the Federal Government. Its consulting activities have steadily increased and set out significant recommendations for quality improvement, pointing out the potential for savings or increases in revenue. The Bundesrechnungshof reports on its audit findings in management letters which are sent to

1984-541: The citizens of the city appropriated the houses. Initially the street was called Saalhofgasse after the imposing Saalhof, but in the seventeenth century it was shortened to Saalgasse. In the middle was a small square called the Heilig-Geist-Plätzchen. The city was destroyed during the Second World War. After the war it was decided that with the exception of some important historical buildings,

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2048-462: The city administration to preserve the old town as an overall monument; they took place simultaneously in Hamburg , Cologne , Braunschweig , Kassel and Hanover , among others. In Frankfurt, the distinction was made between 'clearing out'; newbuild or reconstructive addition, and the exposure of half-timbering. 'Clearing out' was a euphemism for in part extensive gutting measures, in modern usage

2112-529: The city's founding name Karl the Great as the city's founder, which corresponds to the oldest known documents (Frankfurt council, 794), but contradicts the archaeological findings. Around the start of the 2nd millennium, the city expanded to the west of today's Römerberg. One of the oldest city walls, the Staufenmauer , was built round these two areas, which make up today's Altstadt. The adjacent district of

2176-596: The city. Ships are still moored there today; however, these only serve tourists along the Main and the Rhine . Ships transporting goods are instead found, as in the city's early days, in the main harbours of Frankfurt. The city's founding legend names Charlemagne as the city's founder, which corresponds to the oldest surviving documentary mention on the occasion of a donation to the St. Emmeran monastery near Regensburg on 22 February 794, but not to any archaeological finds. Accordingly,

2240-478: The construction of an alluvial sewage system based on the English model from 1867. More and more houses were connected to the drinking water network, especially after the construction of a pipeline from Vogelsberg in 1873. In the course of industrialisation after 1870, numerous workers flocked to the city and quickly found cheap housing in the dilapidated buildings. Large parts of the old town were now considered to be

2304-402: The construction of the most important public buildings, most recently the town hall which was rebuilt in 1405, fell into this first political and economic heyday through the acquisition of numerous imperial privileges. The Altstadt is on the right bank of the Main on the outer edge of a gentle bend in the river. Here was the ford which gave the city its name. In the place of today's cathedral was

2368-429: The course of which is still clearly visible in the shape of the city due to minor remains above ground. Until the destruction of the Second World War, the street map was still recognisable from this period. This is clear from an impression of the street network from the early 14th century which shows that the Altstadt had already taken the form it would take for centuries. Most of the church and monastery foundations and

2432-538: The densely populated Altstadt, while the Neustadt remained characteristically suburban until far into the 18th century with loose land development and agriculture featuring prominently in contrast with Altstadt. The city in general was divided into fourteen parts after the Fettmilch uprising of 1614. Seven of these formed the relatively small Altstadt, five belonged to the Neustadt (which made it three times bigger than

2496-492: The direction of art historian Fried Lübbecke, opposed these efforts. As of the early 1940s, when these restorations came to a stand still due to the war, more than 600 buildings had been renovated. After the National Socialist seizure of power in 1933 , the new regime elevated Altstadtgesundung (old town healing) into a prestige project. In Nazi Germany , this neologism was an umbrella term for measures taken by

2560-522: The district president in Darmstadt . In the meantime the Altstadtstrecke gained a firm place in local public passenger transport, especially with the Ebbelwei-express, which serves an exclusive tourist route. Three bridges lead out of the Altstadt over the Main; Alte Brücke , Eiserner Steg and Untermainbrücke. The Mainkai (Main quay), as the name suggests, stands on the oldest harbour in

2624-555: The eastern part until the destruction of the Second World War was reflected by the parcels within their former borders. In the 9th century the Palatinate Franconofurd developed into one of the political centres of the eastern Franconian empire. Around the year 1000, the old town area was fortified under the Ottonian dynasty with a wider wall ring. It is unclear whether the core settlement had already expanded beyond

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2688-504: The economy are the retail and tourist industries. Although there were still numerous small industrial businesses in the narrow lanes up until the Second World War, the retail sector now outweighs all other types of business. Particularly in Neue Kräme and Töngesgasse many niche eateries can be found. In Berliner Straße there a numerous shops specialised on Asian tourists who come to the city for extensive shopping trips. The Fahrgasse and

2752-976: The end of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, imperial coronations no longer took place. The economic and political focus of Frankfurt has been the Neustadt since the Napoleonic Wars . After the restoration of the Free City of Frankfurt at the Vienna Congress, the Bundestag took its seat here in the Palais Thurn and Taxis. Frankfurt became the European financial centre with the banking houses Bethmann, Rothschild and Gontard. The trade fair business no longer played

2816-460: The extensive destruction in World War II with its around 1250 half-timbered houses, most of which date from the Middle Ages. It was one of the most important tourist attractions for Germany. The historic old town was largely destroyed by the air raids on Frankfurt am Main in 1944 . The streets and the entire district are predominantly characterized by quickly and easily erected buildings from

2880-452: The future the council intensified construction specifications in 1720. Between 1740 and 1800 around 3,000 houses were either adapted or built anew. The number and width of overhangs were drastically limited. As well as that houses had to be built in future with the eaves side facing the road. Only small attics were certified as opposed to gabled dormers . In 1785, Johann Georg Christian Hess took office as city architect. In 1809 he wrote

2944-402: The largest employer in the old part of the city is the city's administration. Even today the Altstadt is the political centre of the city. The city council, magistrates and a considerable part of the city departments are located in Römer square, either in the town hall itself or in the surrounding properties. In the past years, two other important facilities abandoned the Altstadt and the city as

3008-428: The like. Processing its core duties - auditing, reporting and counseling as external financial controllers - it is not part of the executive branch of Germany, but is positioned beyond the three classical constitutional powers. The Bundesrechnungshof is not subordinated to the federal government. Even the legislative (parliament) cannot instruct it. At best, the parliament can ask the authority to audit certain issues. From

3072-478: The most meaningful sights such as Paulskirche , Römer , and the Frankfurt Cathedral , as well as being the seat of the city's administrative branch. In the north of the district the retail industry is well represented, particularly in Neue Kräme and Töngesgasse. Residential flats are found in the east in an area which also contains most of Frankfurt's art trade (Braubachstraße and Fahrgasse). By far

3136-526: The new town and in the new neighbourhoods emerging outside of the city walls, which were torn from 1804 to 1808, he effortlessly prevailed with his ideas, but in the old town he encountered stubborn resistance from conservative citizens. Only the new public buildings emerging in the old town, e.g. B. the Paulskirche (1833) or the Alte Börse (1843) on Paulsplatz corresponded to his classicist ideal. In

3200-404: The new town with their customers. When the new small market hall between Fahrengasse and Hasengasse was built between 1877 and 1878, the traditional parapets also disappeared. The former Coronation Trail Markt no longer deserved its name, which was a symbol of the beginning of the social and structural deterioration of the old town. The horse-drawn tram, which started operating in 1872, did not reach

3264-502: The old town either. Early photographs of the old town, for example by Carl Friedrich Mylius, or the watercolors by Carl Theodor Reiffenstein, not only show the picturesque and beautiful sides of the old town, but are also witnesses of their decay. The first street widenings were made in the second half of the 19th century in order to better open the old town to traffic. In 1855 the Liebfrauengasse between Liebfrauenberg and Zeil

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3328-539: The old town took place in the years 1904–1908 with the creation of a new road breakthrough; Braubachstrasse. This was in order to better open up the old town to traffic, especially for the tram. Around 100 old town houses, including art-historical complexes that date back to the Middle Ages, such as the Nürnberger Hof or the Hof Rebstock, were demolished. On the new road, historizing buildings were built, in

3392-557: The old town would not be rebuilt. The Saalhof, the oldest building in the city, was restored. However, part of the Saalgasse remained undeveloped until the eighties when the Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt was built. Today it is an access road to a residential area from the 1950s; on its northern side there are post-modern town houses from the 1980s. Altstadt (Frankfurt am Main) The Altstadt ( old town )

3456-470: The one beneath it so the inhabitants of the highest floors could reach out and touch the hand of the person living on the other side of the alley. The Altstadt began to display a clear structure with three north–south axis identifiable: in the west the Kornmarkt ran between Bockenheimer Gate (to the church later erected and named Katharinenpforte) and Leonhardstor (tower) next to Leonhardskirche (church) on

3520-482: The outskirts of the city and the renovated old town apartments should primarily be awarded to traders, craftsmen and party members. In doing so, the city also wanted to correspond to its Nazi honorary title awarded in 1935 as the city of German crafts. Fried Lübbecke and the poet Alfons Paquet opposed the destruction of medieval buildings. Her submissions were disqualified as "shouting from old town fanatics who judge things of community life not even out of bad will but from

3584-525: The quarter around the Weckmarkt at the cathedral form the traditional centre for antique dealers in Frankfurt. The Altstadt is remarkably open because of its attachment to the suburban traffic network. The underground station "Dom/Römer", opened in 1974, connected the historical core of the city to the Underground lines 4 and 5. The building of the track and the station in the years 1968–74 represented

3648-405: The ratio of the entire town, but far under that of the other town quarters. The adjacent Neustadt, for example, is home to 44% non-German inhabitants. Museums and theatres dominate the western part of Altstadt and service jobs are a major part of the economy, especially along Weißfrauenstraße and Berliner Straße. The centre of Altstadt is a hot spot for the city's tourism industry, with tours around

3712-463: The residential area of the proletariat and poorer petty bourgeoisie, where poverty, prostitution and crime were rampant. At the same time, however, people began to discover the picturesque sides of the old town and to open it up to tourism . On many half-timbered buildings, the early 19th century plaster was removed and the infill was often painted traditionally, referring to Frankfurt's important past, so that well-known postcard motifs were created in

3776-632: The rulers of the Salians showed little interest in the city, the settlement activity only expanded again significantly with the active support of the Staufers in the 12th century. King Conrad III had a royal castle built on the Main in the middle of the 12th century with the Saalhof, which is still preserved in part. A little later, the urban area was enclosed by a wall named after the Swabian noble family,

3840-415: The settlement on the Samstagsberg and, in a continued process, would also satisfactorily explain the striking rounding of the plots on the former Goldhutgasse . If one follows this assumption, to the south the wall roughly followed the course of the later Bendergasse; however the northern and western extent can only be guessed at. Overall it is a typical, ring-like fortification, the former row of buildings in

3904-588: The third power, justice, it differs firstly by freely choosing the subject matters it intends to audit and secondly by not delivering legally binding rules, but by issuing recommendations. Bundesrechnungshof’s exact placement within a classical system of the division of powers is disputed. The Bundesrechnungshof examines the financial management of the Federal Government , its various property funds and state-owned companies , carrying out sample audits of revenue and expenditure totalling over 500 billion Euros. Its audit mandate also covers social security institutions and

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3968-611: The touristically important places such as the Roseneck or the Five-Finger Square . As in the classicist era, however, many measures were limited to public buildings: in 1874, the medieval city weighhouse was demolished. Cathedral master builder Franz Josef Denzinger created a much larger neo-Gothic building, which was completed in 1877. Other large medieval buildings such as churches or patrician houses were restored or decorated in traditional style. The best-known example

4032-645: The wealthy citizens moved to the new districts outside the ramparts, especially to the Westend. The city centre gradually shifted to the new town, where numerous Wilhelminian style buildings were erected at the Hauptwache, the Zeil and the Roßmarkt. The former exhibition halls in the buildings of the old town were transformed into warehouses or second-hand shops, and the long-established craftsmen were forced to move to

4096-855: Was built, and in 1872 the Weißfrauengasse in the west to connect the old town with the railway stations at the Taunusanlage. The associated demolition of historical buildings, in particular the Weiße Hirsch , was accepted. The Lower Main Bridge and the Upper Main Bridge were built in 1874 and 1878. The Old Bridge and Fahrgasse lost their importance because the traffic flowed around the old town as far as possible. The medieval houses, not to mention their backyards, were now often in poor condition. The hygienic conditions improved with

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