Misplaced Pages

#362637

62-500: The Wheel of the Year is an annual cycle of seasonal festivals , observed by a range of modern pagans , marking the year 's chief solar events ( solstices and equinoxes ) and the midpoints between them. Modern pagan observances are based to varying degrees on folk traditions , regardless of the historical practices of world civilizations . British neopagans popularized the Wheel of

124-712: A Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri , in 1965 before briefly enrolling in a doctoral program in clinical psychology at Washington University in St. Louis . He also received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Life Science College in Rolling Meadows, Illinois , (a defunct nonresidential seminary) in 1967. In 1968, he completed a teaching certificate at Harris–Stowe State University . His parents were Protestants. In an interview with Natalie Zaman in 2008, Zell described himself as

186-677: A Church of All Worlds presence at Starwood, called the CAWmunity, for over a decade. From 1998 to 2014 Oberon and Morning Glory Zell lived in Sonoma County, California , where they were members of the Sonoma County Pagan Network. He was a frequent speaker at the organization's local activities, served on the Board of Directors, and contributed articles to its website. During a routine colonoscopy , doctors found

248-411: A Wizard. Distinguishing his practice from the wizards of fiction , Zell used the alternative spelling magick (with final "k") and claimed that his interest therein began at an early age with the reading of Greek myths and fairy tales. As a child, Zell had visions, which his mother told him were derived from the life of his grandfather. An early advocate of deep ecology , Zell claims to have been

310-529: A business through which his artwork is distributed. As the creator and original editor of the NeoPagan magazine Green Egg in 1968, Zell was an early popularizer of the term " Neo-Pagan ". When Green Egg began publishing as a spirit-duplicated newsletter , Zell used the term "Neo-Pagan" to describe the new religious movement he was helping to create. Green Egg later grew to be a semi-glossy magazine with international distribution and, in an era before

372-541: A cancerous growth attached to Zell's colon , and removed it laparoscopically at Petaluma Valley Hospital. Following surgery, he underwent a six-month course of chemotherapy and continued a robust schedule of travel and teaching. Zell regards himself as cured of the cancer. He resided in Sonoma County, California , with Morning Glory until her death at age 65 from multiple myeloma on May 13, 2014. Morning Glory died at home, surrounded by family, friends, lovers, and more than 360 Goddess images she had collected from around

434-555: A community. Heathens may add to the demarcations of the Wheel of the Year with various Days of Remembrance celebrating heroes of the Edda and the Sagas and figures of Germanic history such as Leif Ericson , who explored parts of North America . Heathen organisations using the Wheel of the Year framework for their festival calendar include the Swedish group Samfundet Forn Sed Sverige ,

496-1022: A legendary 2-year “Walkabout of the Wandering Wizard,” driving back and forth and up and down all over the US, with a few month-long trips to the Yucatan, Guatemala and Ecuador. He spent four months in Salem, MA, and attended the 2018 Parliament of the World’s Religions in Toronto. After another four months in Nashville, TN, he was invited to the Venusian Church Longhouse in WA, where he spent the next 2½ years, departing in October 2022 for

558-466: A list of the (then-obsolete) Anglo-Saxon names for the months of the early Germanic calendar . Ærra Liða ( first or preceding Liða ) roughly corresponds to June in the Gregorian calendar , and Æfterra Liða ( following Liða ) to July. Bede writes that "Litha means gentle or navigable , because in both these months the calm breezes are gentle and they were wont to sail upon

620-645: A narrative of the Holly King and Oak King as rulers of the waning year and the waxing year respectively. These two figures battle endlessly with the turning of the seasons. At the summer solstice, the Holly King defeats the Oak King and commences his reign. After the Autumn equinox the Oak King slowly begins to regain his power as the sun begins to wane. Come the winter solstice the Oak King in turn vanquishes

682-513: A suitable new home. In October 2015, he moved in with a couple in Santa Cruz, CA, where they opened a center in town they called the Academy of Arcana. It featured a store, a library, classroom, museum, meeting space and offices. However, it was not economically viable, and had to close at the end of Nov. 2017. Oberon put everything he owned into storage. The following June Oberon embarked on

SECTION 10

#1732780423363

744-510: Is Alban Elfed . It is a neopagan festival of thanksgiving for the fruits of the earth and a recognition of the need to share them to secure the blessings of the Goddess and the Gods during the coming winter months. The name Mabon was coined by Aidan Kelly around 1970 as a reference to Mabon ap Modron , a character from Welsh mythology. Samhain ( / ˈ s ɑː w ɪ n / ), or Sauin ,

806-530: Is a name for the spring equinox in some modern pagan traditions. The term is derived from a reconstruction produced by linguist Jacob Grimm of an Old High German form of the Old English Ēostre , an Anglo-Saxon goddess for whom, according to Bede , feasts were held in her eponymous month , which he equated to April in the Julian calendar . Known as Alban Eilir in strands of neo-druidry, this holiday

868-470: Is the name of a traditional Gaelic festival held around 1 November. Its Welsh name is Calan Gaeaf . For Wiccans, it is a time to celebrate the lives of those who have passed on, and it often involves paying respect to ancestors, family members, elders of the faith, friends, pets, and other loved ones who have died. Aligned with the contemporary observance of Halloween and Day of the Dead , in some traditions

930-572: Is the second of three spring celebrations (the midpoint between Imbolc and Beltane), during which light and darkness are again in balance, with light on the rise. It is a time of new beginnings and of life emerging further from the grips of winter. Beltane comes from the Gaelic name for May Day ( Irish : Bealtaine and Scottish Gaelic : Bealtainn ), with the Welsh names being Calan Mai , Calan Haf , or Cyntefin . Traditionally, it marked

992-628: The Celtic names used by Gardner and the Germanic -derived names introduced by Kelly, regardless whether local celebrations are based on those cultures. In many traditions of modern pagan cosmology , all things are considered to be cyclical, with time as a perpetual cycle of growth and retreat tied to the Sun 's annual death and rebirth . This cycle is also viewed as a micro- and macrocosm of other life cycles in an immeasurable series of cycles composing

1054-612: The Gaels as Beltane (1 May), Lughnasadh (1 August), Samhain (1 November), and Imbolc (1 February). Influential works such as The Golden Bough (1890) by James George Frazer explored various European seasonal festivals and their possible pagan roots. The Witch-Cult in Western Europe (1921) by Margaret Murray examined reports of the European witch trials , including a 1661 trial record from Forfar , Scotland, where

1116-669: The Grimoire for the Apprentice Wizard and later the Companion for the Apprentice Wizard . While initially conceived for ages 11–17, the school currently has mostly adult students. The school comprises sixteen departments of study, various clubs and organizations, a forum area, a prefect/captain system, opportunities for awards and merits and a house/lodge system for adults and youths in which they can communicate directly with each other. Youth (under 18) students are grouped into

1178-471: The American inclusive group The Troth , and the folkish Ásatrú Alliance . According to some pagan traditions , for each holiday on the wheel, different colours are displayed. This practice is not universal, however, and there are a wide range of ways which different sects or individuals would decorate for the sabbats. Many of these colours are also used in the different holidays interchangeably with

1240-556: The Christian festival of All Hallows' Day (All Saints' Day, Hallowmas), and All Hallows' Eve, are appropriations of Samhain by early Christian missionaries to the British Isles. Celebration commonly takes place outdoors in the form of a communal gathering. The precise dates on which festivals are celebrated often vary to some degree, as would the related agricultural milestones of the local region. Celebrations may occur on

1302-604: The Germanic and later Northern European winter festival of the same name, those celebrations by Germanic heathens likely followed the Christianisation of the Germanic peoples . Historical sources indicate those observances coinciding with the full moon of the lunisolar month following the winter solstice, ranging between January 5 and February 2 in the Gregorian calendar. The reversal of the Sun 's ebbing presence in

SECTION 20

#1732780423363

1364-607: The Goddess at Beltane , reaches his peak at the summer solstice , wanes in power at Lammas , passes into the underworld at Samhain (taking with him the fertility of the Goddess/Earth, who is now in her crone aspect ) until he is once again born from Her mother/crone aspect at Yule. The Goddess, in turn, ages and rejuvenates endlessly with the seasons, being courted by and giving birth to the Horned God . Many Wiccan, modern Druids , and eclectic modern pagans incorporate

1426-465: The Holly King.After the spring equinox the sun begins to wax again and the Holly King slowly regains his strength until he once again defeats the Oak King at the summer solstice. The two are ultimately seen as essential parts of a whole, light and dark aspects of the male God, and would not exist without each other. The Holly King is often portrayed as a woodsy figure, similar to the modern Santa Claus , dressed in red with sprigs of holly in his hair and

1488-518: The Internet, its letters column provided a widely distributed public forum for discussion and networking. Green Egg is currently published as an online magazine, edited by Katrina Rasbold. Oberon is the founder and Headmaster Emeretus of the Grey School of Wizardry , an online school specializing in the teaching of a wide range of ancient wisdom and esoteric magic. In November 2022 he passed

1550-486: The Northern hemisphere, is celebrated by neopagans under various names, including Midwinter and Yule . A name used by neo-druids is Alban Arthan . It has been recognised as a significant turning point in the yearly cycle since the late Stone Age . Ancient megalithic sites Newgrange and Stonehenge were carefully aligned with the winter solstice sunrise and sunset. While commonly referred to as "Yule", after

1612-575: The Oak King as a fertility god . Seasonal Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 224035920 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:53:43 GMT Oberon Zell-Ravenheart Born on November 30, 1942, in St. Louis, Missouri , Zell earned

1674-500: The Southern Hemisphere often advance these dates by six months to coincide with their own seasons. Offerings of food, drink , various objects, etc. have been central in ritual propitiation and veneration for millennia. Modern pagan practice strongly avoids sacrificing animals in favour of grains, herbs, milk, wines, incense, baked goods, minerals, etc. The exception being with ritual feasts including meat , where

1736-471: The Universe. The days that fall on the landmarks of the yearly cycle traditionally mark the beginnings and middles of the four seasons . They are regarded with significance and host to major communal festivals. These eight festivals are the most common times for community celebrations. In addition to the quarter and cross-quarter days, other festivals may also be celebrated throughout the year, especially in

1798-405: The Year in the mid-20th century, combining the four solar events (" quarter days ") marked by many European peoples, with the four midpoint festivals ("cross-quarter days") celebrated by Insular Celtic peoples. Different paths of modern Paganism may vary regarding the precise timing of each observance, based on such distinctions as the lunar phase and geographic hemisphere . Some Wiccans use

1860-756: The accused witch (Issobell Smyth) was alleged to attend witches meetings " every quarter " at Candlemas (2 February), Roodmas (3 May), Lammas (1 August), and Hallowmas (1 November). The White Goddess (1948) by Robert Graves suggested that, despite Christianisation , the importance of agricultural and social cycles had preserved eight holidays of "the ancient British festal system", consisting of Candlemas (2 February), Lady Day (25 March), May Day (1 May), Midsummer Day (24 June), Lammas (1 August), Michaelmas (29 September), Halloween (31 October), and Christmas (25 December). Two neopagan streams in Britain popularised these seasonal festival calendars in

1922-561: The astrologically precise quarter and cross-quarter days, the nearest full moon , the nearest new moon , or the nearest weekend for contemporary convenience. The festivals were originally celebrated by peoples in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere . Consequently, the traditional timing for seasonal celebrations do not align with the seasons in the Southern Hemisphere or near the equator. Pagans in

Wheel of the Year - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-523: The beginning of summer. It is known as Walpurgis Night in Germanic countries. Ancient Rome observed Floralia at the same time of year. Following the Christianisation of Europe, the May Day festival was generally associated with maypole dancing and the crowning of the May Queen . May Day is celebrated in many neo-pagan traditions; in neo-druidry, it recognises the power of life in its fullness,

2046-831: The benefit of better aligning celebrations between the two neopagan groups. Gardner's first publications refer to the Celtic festivals as "May eve, August eve, November eve (Hallowe'en), and February eve". The phrase 'Wheel of the Year' was in use by the mid-1960s to describe an annual cycle of eight observances. Prominent Wiccan Aidan Kelly gave names to the Wiccan summer solstice (Litha) and equinox holidays (Ostara and Mabon) in 1974, which were then promoted by Timothy Zell through his Green Egg magazine. Popularisation of these names happened gradually; in her 1978 book Witchcraft For Tomorrow , influential Wiccan author Doreen Valiente did not use Kelly's holiday names, instead simply identifying

2108-544: The context of polytheistic reconstructionism and other ethnic traditions. While festivals of the Wheel are steeped in solar mythology and symbolism , many Wiccan esbats are commonly based on lunar cycles . Together, they represent the most common celebrations in Wiccan-influenced forms of modern paganism, especially in Neopagan witchcraft groups. The winter solstice , falling on or about 21 December in

2170-423: The different Celtic nations . Slavic mythology tells of a persisting conflict involving Perun , god of thunder and lightning, and Veles , the black god and horned god of the underworld . Enmity between the two is initiated by Veles' annual ascent up the world tree in the form of a huge serpent and his ultimate theft of Perun's divine cattle from the heavenly domain. Perun retaliates to this challenge of

2232-401: The divine order by pursuing Veles, attacking with his lightning bolts from the sky. Veles taunts Perun and flees, transforming himself into various animals and hiding behind trees, houses, even people. (Lightning bolts striking down trees or homes were explained as results of this.) In the end Perun overcomes and defeats Veles, returning him to his place in the realm of the dead. Thus the order of

2294-557: The first to have articulated and published the Gaia Hypothesis (using the spelling "Gaea" ) in 1970, independently of James Lovelock , who is usually given credit. Along with his wife Morning Glory and the other members of his group marriages, he has been influential in the modern polyamory movement. Zell co-founded the Ecosophical Research Association in 1977, an organization that explores

2356-449: The greening of the world, youthfulness, and flourishing. The summer solstice , falling on or about 21 June in the Northern hemisphere, is celebrated by neopagans under various names, including Midsummer and Litha . A name used by neo-druids is Alban Hefin . The name Litha , is found in Bede 's The Reckoning of Time ( De Temporum Ratione , eighth century), which preserves

2418-413: The harvest. After the harvest, however, Jarilo is unfaithful to his wife and she vengefully slays him, returning him to the underworld and renewing enmity between Perun and Veles. Without her husband, god of fertility and vegetation, Morana – and all of nature with her – withers and freezes in the ensuing winter. She grows into the old and dangerous goddess of darkness and frost, eventually dying by

2480-499: The holiday is named, while others draw on more eclectic sources. While Lughnasadh is one of the most common names for the holiday in Wicca currently, in early versions of Wiccan literature, the festival is referred to as August Eve . Lammas is often referenced interchangeably with Lughnasadh, though the two are sometimes recognised as distinct and separate holidays. While Lughnasadh has Celtic origins, Lammas has Anglo-Saxon origins, and

2542-426: The home and tree decorating are also common during this time. Imbolc is the traditional Gaelic name for 1 February and traditionally marks the first stirrings of spring . In Christianity it is Saint Brigid's Day, while 2 February is Candlemas . It aligns with the contemporary observance of Groundhog Day . It is time for purification and spring cleaning in anticipation of the year's new life. In ancient Rome, it

Wheel of the Year - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-675: The house of Psyche. Adult (18+) students are sorted into four lodges: Society of the Four Winds, Order of the Dancing Flames, Coterie of the Flowing Waters, and Circle of the Standing Stones. Zell regularly presents workshops, lectures, and ceremonies at NeoPagan events. He and his late wife Morning Glory have appeared at more than 40 Starwood Festivals and WinterStar Symposiums over four decades, and maintained

2666-426: The inedible parts of the animal are often burned as offerings while the community eats the rest. Sacrifices are typically offered to gods and ancestors by burning them. Burying and leaving offerings in the open are also common in certain circumstances. The purpose of offering is to benefit the venerated, show gratitude, and give something back, strengthening the bonds between humans and divine and between members of

2728-425: The others, and colour decorations are not exclusively these colours. However, it is widely believed that Samhain has a particular association with black (and orange) only. Colour associations vary across sects and practice, nor are they an integral part to a holiday. Some practitioners do not have colour associations for sabbats at all. It is a misconception in some quarters of the modern pagan community, influenced by

2790-400: The sky symbolises the rebirth of the solar god and presages the return of fertile seasons. From Germanic to Roman tradition, this is the most important time of celebration. Practices vary, but sacrifice offerings , feasting, and gift giving are common elements of Midwinter festivities. Bringing sprigs and wreaths of evergreenery (such as holly , ivy , mistletoe , yew , and pine ) into

2852-402: The smooth sea". In some neo-druid traditions the festival is called Alban Hefin . The sun in its greatest strength is greeted and celebrated on this holiday. While it is the time of greatest strength of the solar current, it also marks a turning point, for the sun also begins its time of decline as the wheel of the year turns. Arguably the most important neo-druidic festival, due to the focus on

2914-503: The solstices and equinoxes ("Lesser Sabbats") by their seasons. Valiente identified the four "Greater Sabbats", or fire festivals, by the names Candlemas, May Eve, Lammas, and Hallowe'en, while also naming their Gaelic counterparts Imbolc, Beltane, Lughnasa, and Samhain. Due to early Wicca's influence on modern paganism and the syncretic adoption of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic motifs, Wheel of the Year festival names in English commonly combine

2976-455: The spirits of the departed are invited to attend the festivities. It is seen as a festival of darkness, which is balanced at the opposite point of the Wheel by the festival of Beltane , which is celebrated as a festival of light and fertility. Many neopagans believe that the veil between this world and the afterlife is at its thinnest point of the year at Samhain, making it easier to communicate with those who have departed. Some authorities claim

3038-400: The sun and its light as a symbol of divine inspiration. Neo-druid groups frequently celebrate this event at Stonehenge. Lughnasadh or Lúnasa ( / ˈ l uː n æ s ə / ) is the Gaelic name for a harvest festival held on or around 1 August. Its Welsh name is Calan Awst . In English it is Lammas . Some Wiccan traditions base their celebrations on the Celtic deity Lugh , for whom

3100-410: The term sabbat ( / ˈ s æ b ə t / ) to refer to each festival, represented as a spoke in the Wheel. Seasonal festival activities of pagan peoples differed across ancient Europe . Among the British Isles, Anglo-Saxons primarily marked the solar stations (solstices and equinoxes), while Insular Celtic peoples marked the four midpoints between them. The four Celtic festivals were known to

3162-473: The time of the spring equinox, Jarilo returns across the sea from the world of the dead, bringing with him fertility and spring from the evergreen underworld into the realm of the living. He meets his sister Morana and courts her. With the beginning of summer, the two are married bringing fertility and abundance to Earth, ensuring a bountiful harvest. The union of Perun's kin and Veles' stepson brings peace between two great gods, staving off storms which could damage

SECTION 50

#1732780423363

3224-570: The title and mantle of Headmaster to his protege, Nicholas Kingsley. Zell continues to teach in the School, and remains President of the Board of Directors. The Grey School incorporated on March 14, 2005 as a non-profit educational institution in the State of California . The school grew from lessons originally created by the Grey Council, a team of two dozen practitioners, who with Zell, wrote

3286-551: The truth behind myths. This group was known for the authentic "Living Unicorns " they created by minor surgery to the horn buds of goats , a technique he was granted a patent for in 1984. One of their unicorns, Lancelot, toured with the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus . With R. Lance Christie, Zell founded the Church of All Worlds (CAW) on April 7, 1962, by the ritual of "sharing water". This foundation ritual

3348-520: The twentieth century: the Bricket Wood coven , a Wiccan group founded by Gerald Gardner , and the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids , a neo-Druidic group founded by Ross Nichols . Legend holds that Gardner and Nichols harmonised an eight-fold calendar during a naturist retreat, merging the four solar stations alongside their four midpoints as a unified festival cycle. Coordination eventually had

3410-540: The two also echoes the ancient Indo-European narrative of a fight between the sky-borne storm god and chthonic dragon . On the great night ( New Year ), two children of Perun are born, Jarilo , god of fertility and vegetation and son of the Moon, and Morana , goddess of nature and death and daughter of the Sun. On the same night, the infant Jarilo is snatched and taken to the underworld, where Veles raises him as his own. At

3472-418: The world is maintained. The idea that storms and thunder are actually divine battle is pivotal to the changing of the seasons. Dry periods are identified as chaotic results of Veles' thievery. This duality and conflict represents an opposition of the natural principles of earth, water, substance, and chaos (Veles) and of heaven, fire, spirit, order (Perun), not a clash of good and evil. The cosmic battle between

3534-652: The world. Her body was laid into the Earth at the Church of All Worlds sanctuary of Annwfn, with an apple tree planted over her heart. Arranging all the legalities for Morning Glory's green burial secured Annwfn as an officially-recognized cemetery for full body burials—something Morning Glory herself had tried to do for decades without success. In the years since, other Pagans have had their green burials at Annwfn. After burying Morning Glory, Oberon remained at their home (RavenHaven) for another year, while searching with friends for

3596-551: The writings of Robert Graves , that historical Celts had an overarching narrative for the entire cycle of the year. While the various Celtic calendars include some cyclical patterns, and a belief in the balance of light and dark, these beliefs vary between the different Celtic cultures . Modern preservationists and revivalists usually observe the four 'fire festivals' of the Gaelic Calendar, and some also observe local festivals that are held on dates of significance in

3658-465: The year's end only to be reborn again with her brother in the new year. In Wicca , the narrative of the Wheel of the Year traditionally centers on the sacred marriage of the God and the Goddess and the god / goddess duality. In this cycle, the God is perpetually born from the Goddess at Yule, grows in power at the vernal equinox (as does the Goddess, now in her maiden aspect ), courts and impregnates

3720-605: Was a shepherd's holiday, while the Gaels associated it with the onset of ewes' lactation, prior to birthing the spring lambs. For Celtic neopagans , the festival is dedicated to the goddess Brigid , daughter of The Dagda and one of the Tuatha Dé Danann . In the Reclaiming tradition , this is the traditional time for pledges and rededications for the coming year and for initiation among Dianic Wiccans . Ostara

3782-471: Was often marked with the blessing of loaves of bread by the church. The name Lammas (contraction of loaf mass ) implies it is an agrarian-based festival and feast of thanksgiving for grain and bread, which symbolises the first fruits of the harvest. The holiday of the autumnal equinox is known variously among neopagans as Mabon , Harvest Home , or Feast of the Ingathering . A name used by neo-druids

SECTION 60

#1732780423363

3844-638: Was practiced by a fictional church of the same name in Robert A. Heinlein 's Stranger in a Strange Land . Zell and Christie attributed their inspiration to Heinlein's novel. From the 1960s through the late 1990s, Zell served as High Priest and Primate of the church. He returned to lead the Church of All Worlds, Inc. in 2005 and currently serves as First Primate. A sculptor and graphic artist as well as an author, Zell has created numerous images of Pagan deities—some based upon historical images, others his original creations. With his family, he created Mythic Images,

#362637