47-499: Sabinian or Savinian may refer to: People [ edit ] Marcus Iunius Rufinus Sabinianus, Roman consul in 155 Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes , Roman consul circa 176 Gaius Vettius Gratus Sabinianus , Roman consul in 221 Gaius Vettius Gratus Atticus Sabinianus , Roman consul in 242 Sabinian of Troyes , a Christian martyr and saint Savinian and Potentian , Christian martyrs and saints Sabinian (proconsul) ,
94-543: A Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire : the consuls who were appointed by the court in the Western Empire, which was sometimes at Rome, are commonly identified as the "Western consul", and those appointed by the court in the Eastern, usually Constantinople, the "Eastern consul". These designations were used until the end of the consulship in the sixth century. For a list of consuls whose year of office
141-405: A tribune of the plebs . Some modern scholars such as A. H. M. Jones have defined imperium as "the power vested by the state in a person to do what he considers to be in the best interests of the state". Imperium was indicated in two prominent ways: a curule magistrate or promagistrate carried an ivory baton surmounted by an eagle as his personal symbol of office; any such magistrate
188-484: A consul each, which sometimes led to one consul not being recognized by the other. The order of the names also varied at times depending on the sources, with the western consul appearing as the consul prior in western sources while being listed as the consul posterior in eastern sources, and viceversa. Western consuls continued to be appointed after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476. During
235-509: A gap. All known dictators have been included in this table. Two other types of magistrates are listed during the period of the Republic. In the year 451 BC, a board of ten men, known as decemviri , or decemvirs, was appointed in place of the consuls in order to draw up the tables of Roman law, in a sense establishing the Roman constitution. According to tradition, a second college of decemvirs
282-471: A limited period. From the establishment of the Republic to the time of Augustus , the consuls were the chief magistrates of the Roman state . Traditionally, two were simultaneously appointed for a year-long term, so that the executive power of the state was not vested in a single individual, as it had been under the kings . As other ancient societies dated historical events according to the reigns of their kings, it became customary at Rome to date events by
329-430: A maximum period of six months, and did not continue in office longer than the year for which the nominating consul had been elected. However, in four years at the end of the fourth century BC, dictators are said to have continued in office in the year following their nomination, in place of consuls. Modern scholars are skeptical of these years, which might be due to later editing of the lists of magistrates in order to fill
376-519: A specific military unit , or it could be over a province or territory . Individuals given such power were referred to as curule magistrates or promagistrates . These included the curule aedile , the praetor , the consul , the magister equitum , and the dictator . In a general sense, imperium was the scope of someone's power, and could include anything, such as public office, commerce, political influence, or wealth. Imperium originally meant absolute or kingly power —the word being derived from
423-529: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages List of Roman consuls This is a list of consuls known to have held office, from the beginning of the Roman Republic to the latest use of the title in Imperial times , together with those magistrates of the Republic who were appointed in place of consuls, or who superseded consular authority for
470-453: Is known to have held the fasces for a single day, October 31, AD 69. Where neither consul is known or inferred for a portion of the year, their names are omitted for convenience; if one consul can be named, but his colleague is unknown, the unnamed colleague is listed as ignotus (unknown). The consul named first in the lists was identified as consul prior , whereas the other was called consul posterior . The two consuls' authority
517-528: Is uncertain or entirely unknown (usually suffecti , although some of the ordinarii in the breakaway Gallic Empire also lack dates ), see the List of undated Roman consuls . For those individuals who were elected consul but never assumed the office due to death, disgrace, or any other reason, see List of Roman consuls designate . Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of the consuls between 509 and 31 BC are taken from Thomas Broughton 's Magistrates of
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#1732771806791564-444: The consul ordinarius whom he replaced; but the eponymous magistrates for each year were normally the consules ordinarii . Because of this method of dating events, it was important to keep records of each year's eponymous magistrates. Many such lists have survived, either in the form of monumental inscriptions, conventionally referred to as fasti , or indirectly through the ancient historians, who had access to linen rolls recording
611-488: The law beyond its mere interpretation, extending imperium from formal legislators under the ever-republican constitution: popular assemblies, senate, magistrates, emperor and their delegates to the jurisprudence of jurisconsults . While the Byzantine Eastern Roman Emperors retained full Roman imperium and made the episcopate subservient, in the feudal West a long rivalry would oppose
658-511: The pirates , were invested with imperium maius , meaning they outranked all other holders of imperium of the same type or rank (in Pompey's case, even the consuls) within their sphere of command (his being "ultimate on the seas, and within 50 miles inland"). Imperium maius later became a hallmark of the Roman emperor . Another technical use of the term in Roman law was for the power to extend
705-405: The tribunes of the plebs , Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, blocked the election of any magistrates for the following year, unless the senate would agree to place a law before the people opening the consulship to the plebeians, and effecting other important reforms. The senate refused, and the tribunes continued to prevent the election of magistrates for several years until
752-572: The (now Christian) world. Rome was again to be the capital of the world and Frederick was to become the real emperor of the Romans, so he energetically protested against the authority of the Pope. The emperor's successes, especially his victory over the Lombards at the battle of Cortenuova (1237), only aggravated tensions between Church and State. The pope again excommunicated the "self-confessed heretic",
799-602: The Byzantine court dignity of hypatos (the Greek translation of the Latin consul ), which survived until the 12th century. Imperium In ancient Rome , imperium was a form of authority held by a citizen to control a military or governmental entity. It is distinct from auctoritas and potestas , different and generally inferior types of power in the Roman Republic and Empire . One's imperium could be over
846-530: The Decemvirate may have been plebeians, the office was definitely closed to them in the second half of the fifth century BC. To prevent open hostility between the two orders, the office of military tribune with consular power , or "consular tribune", was established. In place of patrician consuls, the people could elect a number of military tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian. According to Livy , this compromise held until 376 BC, when two of
893-460: The Holy See possessed both an earthly and a heavenly imperium , the royal priesthood. Thenceforth, the "Donatio" acquires more importance and is more frequently used as evidence in the ecclesiastical and political conflicts between the papacy and the secular power: Anselm of Lucca and Cardinal Deusdedit inserted it in their collections of canons; Gratian excluded it from his Decretum , but it
940-400: The Latin verb imperare (to command)—which became somewhat limited under the Republic by the collegiality of the republican magistrates and the right of appeal, or provocatio , on the part of citizens. Imperium remained absolute in the army, and the power of the imperator (army commander) to punish remained uncurtailed. The title imperator later was exclusively held by the emperor, as
987-471: The Pope and the Emperor the antagonism between Church and State became more evident: the Pope claimed for himself the imperium animarum ("command of the souls", i.e. voicing God's will to the faithful) and the principatus rerum et corporum in universo mundo ("primacy over all things and bodies in the whole world"), while the Emperor wished to restore the imperium mundi , imperium (as under Roman Law) over
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#17327718067911034-702: The Pope, Bishop of Rome , versus the Holy Roman Emperor (even though his seat of power was north of the Alps). The Donatio Constantini , by which the Papacy had allegedly been granted the territorial Patrimonium Petri in Central Italy, became a weapon against the Emperor. The first pope who used it in an official act and relied upon it, Leo IX , cites the "Donatio" in a letter of 1054 to Michael Cærularius , Patriarch of Constantinople, to show that
1081-657: The Roman Republic . Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of the consuls after 284 are taken from Roger S. Bagnall 's Consuls of the Later Roman Empire . See also the list of consuls in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire . In 395, the Roman Empire was permanently divided into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire . The separate courts often appointed
1128-585: The attention of Joseph Scaliger , who helped popularize it in modern times. For Imperial times, the dates of the consules ordinarii are far more certain than those of the suffecti , who were not recorded with the same attention as the eponymous magistrates. Their identification and dating is far more controversial, and despite the efforts of generations of scholars, gaps in coverage remain. Known consules suffecti are shown with their known (or reconstructed) dates of tenure, which normally varied from two to six months — although one suffect consul, Rosius Regulus,
1175-408: The cases. Lily Ross Taylor argues that the emperor Augustus falsified some of the records in order to give prominence to several families, and that the order of consuls as reported by the historian Livy is the most reliable. Drummond disagrees: he argues that Livy himself switches the correct order at times for literary purposes, and that discrepant entries in the sources are most likely simply
1222-470: The claims to supremacy within post-Roman Christianity between sacerdotium in the person of the Pope and the secular imperium of the Holy Roman Emperor, beginning with Charlemagne, whose title was claimed to have "restored" the office of Western Roman Emperor among the new kingdoms of Western Europe. Both would refer to the heritage of Roman law by their titular link with the very city of Rome:
1269-496: The commander of the armed forces. In fact, the Latin word imperator is the root of the English word emperor . In ancient Rome, imperium could be used as a term indicating a characteristic of people, their wealth in property, or the measure of formal power they had. This qualification could be used in a rather loose context (for example, poets used it, not necessarily writing about state officials). However, in Roman society, it
1316-440: The consulship to the plebeians. In Imperial times the consulship became the senior administrative office under the emperors, who frequently assumed the title of consul themselves, and appointed other consuls at will. The consulship was often bestowed as a political favour, or a reward for faithful service. Because there could only be two consuls at once, the emperors frequently appointed several sets of suffecti sequentially in
1363-437: The course of a year; holding the consulship for an entire year became a special honour. As the office lost much of its executive authority, and the number of consuls appointed for short and often irregular periods increased, surviving lists from Imperial times are often incomplete, and have been reconstructed from many sources, not always with much certainty. In many cases it is stated that a particular person had been consul, but
1410-654: The exact time cannot be firmly established. As an institution, the consulship survived the abdication of the last emperor of the West, and for a time consuls continued to be appointed, one representing the Eastern Roman Empire, and the other the Western, even as the Western Empire dissolved as a political entity. The last consuls appointed represented only the Eastern Empire, until finally the title became
1457-462: The field, a curule magistrate possessing an imperium greater or equal to that of a praetor wore a sash ritually knotted on the front of his cuirass . Furthermore, any man executing imperium within his sphere of influence was entitled to the curule chair . As can be seen, dictatorial imperium was superior to consular, consular to praetorian, and praetorian to aedilician; there is some historical dispute as to whether or not praetorian imperium
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1504-490: The leader of a revolt against Roman Emperor Gordian III in province of Africa Sabinianus Magnus , Roman general Sabinian (consul 505) , consul in 505 Anastasius (consul 517) , consul in 517, whose full name was Anastasius Paulus Probus Sabinianus Pompeius Pope Sabinian Other [ edit ] Sabinian school , a school of law in ancient Rome named after Masurius Sabinus See also [ edit ] Sabinianus (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
1551-430: The names of magistrates. Although these lists account for the entire period of the Republic, and most of Imperial times, there are discrepancies due to gaps and disagreements between different sources. Many of these no doubt arose as copying errors, especially those that involved the substitution of a familiar name for a less common one. Others may represent later attempts to edit the lists in order to explain deficiencies in
1598-405: The names of the consuls in office when the events occurred, rather than (for instance) by counting the number of years since the foundation of the city , although that method could also be used. If a consul died during his year of office, another was elected to replace him. Although his imperium was the same as his predecessor's, he was termed consul suffectus , in order to distinguish him from
1645-421: The record, to reconcile conflicting traditions, or to ascribe particular actions or events to the time of a particular individual. Occasionally, the authority of the consuls was temporarily superseded by the appointment of a dictator , who held greater imperium than that of the consuls. By tradition, these dictators laid down their office upon the completion of the task for which they were nominated, or after
1692-579: The reign of Justinian I (527–565), the position of consul altered in two significant ways. From 535, there was no longer a Roman consul chosen in the West. In 541, the separate office of Roman consul was abolished. When used thereafter, the office was used as part of the imperial title. The office was finally abolished as part of the Basilika reforms of Leo VI the Wise in 887. The late antique practice of granting honorary consulships eventually evolved into
1739-467: The result of negligence. Although there is probably one 'correct' order for all the consuls of the republic, or at least one underlying tradition reporting it, no surviving source seems to be more reliable than another to a significant extent. When the emperor assumed the consulship, he was necessarily consul prior . This distinction continued until the fourth century AD, when the Empire was divided into
1786-452: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sabinian . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabinian&oldid=1143453583 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1833-426: The senate capitulated, and the lex Licinia Sextia was passed, leading to the election of the first plebeian consul in 367. Other accounts of this event are inconsistent, and current scholarly opinion is that the duration of the period without magistrates may have been exaggerated, or even invented to fill a gap in the record; nevertheless Roman tradition unanimously holds that Licinius and Sextius were able to open
1880-524: The sole province of the Emperor, who might or might not assume it upon taking office. For the early Republic, this article observes the Varronian chronology , established by the historian Marcus Terentius Varro , who calculated that Rome was founded in what is now called the year 753 BC (the founding of the city was traditionally observed on the Palilia , a festival occurring on April 21). This becomes
1927-499: The year 1 ab urbe condita , or AUC. The Republic was established in AUC 245, or 509 BC . Although other ancient historians gave different years and modern scholarship knows Varro to have been mistaken in his calculations by at least a few years, Varro's chronology was the most widely accepted in antiquity, in official use for various purposes by at least the reign of Claudius . Its use by Censorinus brought it to
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1974-442: Was also a more formal concept of legal authority . A man with imperium (an imperator ) had, in principle, absolute authority to apply the law within the scope of his magistracy or promagistracy . He could be vetoed or overruled either by a magistrate or promagistrate who was a colleague with equal power (e.g., a fellow consul ), by one whose imperium outranked his – that is, one of imperium maius (greater imperium ), or by
2021-421: Was also escorted by lictors bearing the fasces (traditional symbols of imperium and authority), when outside the pomerium , axes being added to the fasces to indicate an imperial magistrate's power to inflict capital punishment outside Rome (the axes being removed within the pomerium ). The number of lictors in attendance upon a magistrate was an overt indication of the degree of imperium . When in
2068-407: Was appointed for the next year, and these continued in office illegally into 449, until they were overthrown in a popular revolt, and the consulship was reinstated. Among the disputes which the decemvirs failed to resolve was the relationship between the patricians , Rome's hereditary aristocracy, and the plebeians , or common citizens. Although it has been argued that some of the consuls prior to
2115-447: Was equal and their duties were shared on an alternating basis. There is evidence that, during the late Republic, the consul elected with the most votes became the consul prior , and the consul elected first also may have been the first in the year to hold fasces (take precedence), but the evidence is not conclusive. The surviving sources for the order of the consuls in the early Republic show some measure of conflict in just under half of
2162-494: Was soon added to it as Palea ; the ecclesiastical writers in defence of the papacy during the conflicts of the early part of the 12th century quoted it as authoritative. In one bitter episode, Pope Gregory IX , who had several times mediated between the Lombards and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II , reasserted his right to arbitrate between the contending parties. In the numerous manifestos of
2209-462: Was superior to "equine-magisterial" imperium . A promagistrate , or a man executing a curule office without actually holding that office, also possessed imperium in the same degree as the actual incumbents (i.e., proconsular imperium being more or less equal to consular imperium , propraetorian imperium to praetorian) and was attended by an equal number of lictors . Certain extraordinary commissions , such as Pompey 's famous command against
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