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61-531: The trail is named after Sacagawea , a Lemhi Shoshone woman who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Portions of the trail are Class I (paved trail), Class II (center stripe) and Class III (signed route). There are mile markers along the entire length of the trail. Beginning at Sacajawea State Park, the trail heads westward through the industrial section of Pasco, going past the Port of Pasco and passing under

122-599: A Native American tribe that originated in the western Great Basin and spread north and east into present-day Idaho and Wyoming. By 1500, some Eastern Shoshone had crossed the Rocky Mountains into the Great Plains . After 1750, warfare and pressure from the Blackfoot , Crow , Lakota , Cheyenne , and Arapaho pushed Eastern Shoshone south and westward. Some of them moved as far south as Texas, emerging as

183-623: A Native American tribe with four large cultural/linguistic divisions: They traditionally speak the Shoshoni language , part of the Numic languages branch of the large Uto-Aztecan language family. The Shoshone were sometimes called the Snake Indians by neighboring tribes and early American explorers. Their peoples have become members of federally recognized tribes throughout their traditional areas of settlement, often co-located with

244-619: A Comanche tribe and had a number of children, including Tacutine's father, Ticannaf. Porivo left the tribe after her husband, Jerk-Meat, was killed. According to these narratives, Porivo lived for some time at Fort Bridger in Wyoming with her sons Bazil and Baptiste, who each knew several languages, including English and French. Eventually, she returned to the Lemhi Shoshone at the Wind River Reservation, where she

305-616: A Shoshone woman at the Wind River Reservation with the Comanche name Porivo ('chief woman'). Some of those he interviewed said that she spoke of a long journey wherein she had helped white men, and that she had a silver Jefferson peace medal of the type carried by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He found a Comanche woman named Tacutine who said that Porivo was her grandmother. According to Tacutine, Porivo had married into

366-628: A band of approximately 300 Eastern Shoshone (known as " Sheepeaters ") became involved in the Sheepeater Indian War . It was the last Indian war fought in the Pacific Northwest region of the present-day United States. In 1911 a small group of Bannock under a leader named Mike Daggett , also known as "Shoshone Mike," killed four ranchers in Washoe County, Nevada . The settlers formed a posse and went out after

427-564: A capsized boat, including the journals and records of Lewis and Clark. The corps commanders, who praised her quick action, named the Sacagawea River in her honor on May 20, 1805. By August 1805, the corps had located a Shoshone tribe and was attempting to trade for horses to cross the Rocky Mountains . They used Sacagawea to interpret and discovered that the tribe's leader, Cameahwait , was her brother. Lewis recorded their reunion in his journal: Shortly after Capt. Clark arrived with

488-713: A child in Germany named Anton Fries. After his infant son died, Jean Baptiste returned from Europe in 1829 to the United States. He lived after that as a Western frontiersman . In 1846, he was a guide for the Mormon Battalion during construction of the first wagon road to South California. While in California, he was appointed as a magistrate for the Mission San Luis Rey . He disliked

549-526: A journal entry from 1811 by Henry Brackenridge , a fur trader at Fort Lisa Trading Post on the Missouri River, wrote that Sacagawea and Charbonneau were living at the fort. Brackenridge recorded that Sacagawea "had become sickly and longed to revisit her native country." John Luttig, a Fort Lisa clerk, recorded in his journal on December 20, 1812, that "the wife of Charbonneau, a Snake Squaw [i.e. Shoshone ], died of putrid fever ." He said that she

610-673: A manner as to gain my friendship, your woman who accompanied you that long dangerous and fatigueing rout to the Pacific Ocian and back diserved a greater reward for her attention and services on that rout than we had in our power to give her at the Mandans. As to your little Son (my boy Pomp) you well know my fondness of him and my anxiety to take him and raise him as my own child. ... If you are desposed to accept either of my offers to you and will bring down you Son your famn [femme, woman] Janey had best come along with you to take care of

671-491: A parking area. Following this first parking area, the trail passes by Bateman Island and enters Columbia Park at the Kennewick City Limit. The Riverfront Trail leads north from Columbia Point, providing access to Howard Amon Park and WSU Tri-Cities . The trail runs the entire length of Columbia Park with dedicated bike lanes on Columbia Park Trail. At the east end of the park the trail again passes under

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732-527: A record of the pilot-woman's death in 1884 (when ninety-five years old) on the Shoshone Reservation, Wyoming, and her wind-swept grave." In 1925, Dr. Charles Eastman , a Dakota Sioux physician, was hired by the Bureau of Indian Affairs to locate Sacagawea's remains. Eastman visited various Native American tribes to interview elders who might have known or heard of Sacagawea. He learned of

793-574: A vast area and divided into many bands, therefore many estimates of their population did not cover the entire tribe. In 1820 Jedidiah Morse estimated the Shoshone population at 60,000 and 20,000 Eastern Shoshone . According to Alexander Ross the Shoshone were on the west side of the Rocky Mountains what the Sioux were on the east side - the most powerful tribe - and he estimated that in 1855

854-550: A woman with a party of men is a token of peace." Further he wrote that she "confirmed those people of our friendly intentions, as no woman ever accompanies a war party of Indians in this quarter" [ sic ]. As Clark traveled downriver from Fort Mandan at the end of the journey, on board the pirogue near the Ricara Village, he wrote to Charbonneau: You have been a long time with me and conducted your Self in Such

915-478: Is advisable to emphasize the second, long syllable, rather than the /i/ syllable, as is common in English. The name has several spelling traditions in English. The origin of each tradition is described in the following sections. The spelling Sacajawea ( / ˌ s æ k ə dʒ ə ˈ w iː ə / ) is said to have derived from Shoshone Saca-tzaw-meah, meaning 'boat puller' or 'boat launcher'. In contrast to

976-410: Is likely that Dye used Biddle's secondary source for the spelling, and her highly popular book made this version ubiquitous throughout the United States (previously most non-scholars had never even heard of Sacagawea). Shoshone The Shoshone or Shoshoni ( / ʃ oʊ ˈ ʃ oʊ n i / shoh- SHOH -nee or / ʃ ə ˈ ʃ oʊ n i / shə- SHOH -nee ) are

1037-552: Is no independent evidence supporting this tale. Sacagawea's son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau , had an adventurous life. Known as the infant who, with his mother, accompanied the explorers to the Pacific Ocean and back, he had lifelong celebrity status. At the age of 18, he was befriended by a German Prince , Duke Paul Wilhelm of Württemberg , who took him to Europe . There, Jean Baptiste lived for six years among royalty , while learning four languages and allegedly fathering

1098-634: Is spoken by approximately 1,000 people today. It belongs to the Central Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Speakers are scattered from central Nevada to central Wyoming. The largest numbers of Shoshoni speakers live on the federally recognized Duck Valley Indian Reservation , located on the border of Nevada and Idaho; and Goshute Reservation in Utah. Idaho State University also offers Shoshoni-language classes. The Shoshone are

1159-538: The Big Belley language visit us, he wished to hire & informed us his 2 Squars (squaws) were Snake Indians, we engau (engaged) him to go on with us and take one of his wives to interpret the Snake language . Charbonneau and Sacagawea moved into the expedition's fort a week later. Clark later nicknamed her "Janey." Lewis recorded the birth of Jean Baptiste Charbonneau on February 11, 1805, noting that another of

1220-649: The Cable and Blue Bridges. Beyond the Blue Bridge, the trail goes through Wade Park, where lanes are marked distinguishing between eastbound and westbound bicyclist lanes as well as a lane for walkers. These lane markings end when you exit the park and climb onto the Pasco Levee . At the west end of the levee travelers go through Chiawana Park before the trail goes onto Court Street with dedicated bike lanes in each direction for 1.1 miles (1.8 km) before crossing

1281-485: The Comanche by 1700. As more European American settlers migrated west, tensions rose with the indigenous people over competition for territory and resources. Wars occurred throughout the second half of the 19th century. The Northern Shoshone, led by Chief Pocatello , fought during the 1860s against settlers in Idaho (where the city Pocatello was named for him). As more settlers encroached on Shoshone hunting territory,

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1342-606: The Interstate 182 Bridge into Richland. At the base of the bridge the trail has its junction with Riverfront Trail and continues westward until SR 240 where the trail turns south and parallels the highway until it nears the Columbia Park Trail Exit. During this time travelers cross the Yakima River Delta . When you approach Columbia Park Trail the trail turns east onto a levee until coming to

1403-539: The Northern Paiute people of the Great Basin. The name "Shoshone" comes from Sosoni , a Shoshone word for high-growing grasses. Some neighboring tribes call the Shoshone "Grass House People," based on their traditional homes made from sosoni . Shoshones call themselves Newe , meaning "People". Meriwether Lewis recorded the tribe as the "Sosonees or snake Indians" in 1805. The Shoshoni language

1464-779: The University of Wyoming in Laramie and an active supporter of the Nineteenth Amendment , campaigned for federal legislation to erect an edifice honoring Sacajawea's alleged death in 1884. An account of the expedition published in May 1919 noted that "A sculptor, Mr. Bruno Zimm , seeking a model for a statue of Sacagawea that was later erected at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, discovered

1525-555: The Yellowstone River basin at what is now known as Bozeman Pass . Later, this was chosen as the optimal route for the Northern Pacific Railway to cross the continental divide . While Sacagawea has been depicted as a guide for the expedition, she is recorded as providing direction in only a few instances, primarily in present-day Montana. Her work as an interpreter helped the party to negotiate with

1586-402: The continental divide at the present-day Idaho- Montana border. In 1800, when she was about 12 years old, Sacagawea and several other children were taken captive by a group of Hidatsa in a raid that resulted in the deaths of several Shoshone : four men, four women, and several boys. She was held captive at a Hidatsa village near present-day Washburn, North Dakota . At about age 13, she

1647-618: The first transcontinental railroad in 1869 was followed by European-American immigrants arriving in unprecedented numbers in the territory. Indian Affairs 1875 gave the Shoshone as 1,740 in Idaho and Montana, 1,945 in Nevada, 700 in Wyoming and 244 (besides those intermixed with the Bannock) in Oregon. The census of 1910 returned 3,840 Shoshone. In 1937, the Bureau of Indian Affairs counted 3,650 Northern Shoshone and 1,201 Western Shoshone. As of

1708-792: The Blue Bridge and again goes onto a levee and passes Clover Island before crossing the Cable Bridge and ending the loop. An alternate route takes riders across the Blue Bridge. There are bike lanes separated from the highway on both bridges. During the HAPO Gold Cup , a portion of the trail in Columbia Park is closed for the event. Sacagawea Sacagawea ( / ˌ s æ k ə dʒ ə ˈ w iː ə / SAK -ə-jə- WEE -ə or / s ə ˌ k ɒ ɡ ə ˈ w eɪ ə / sə- KOG -ə- WAY -ə ; also spelled Sakakawea or Sacajawea ; May c.  1788 – December 20, 1812)

1769-494: The Hidatsa etymology more popular among academics, Sacajawea is the preferred spelling used by her own tribe, the Lemhi Shoshone people, some of whom claim that her Hidatsa captors transliterated her Shoshone name in their own language and pronounced it according to their own dialect. That is, they heard a name that approximated tsakaka and wia , and interpreted it as 'bird woman', substituting their hard "g/k" pronunciation for

1830-713: The Interpreter Charbono, and the Indian woman, who proved to be a sister of the Chief Cameahwait. The meeting of those people was really affecting, particularly between Sah cah-gar-we-ah and an Indian woman, who had been taken prisoner at the same time with her, and who had afterwards escaped from the Minnetares and rejoined her nation. And Clark in his: The Intertrepeter [ sic ] & Squar who were before me at Some distance danced for

1891-580: The Native Americans. They caught up with the Bannock band on February 25, 1911, and in a gun battle killed Mike Daggett and seven members of his band. They lost one man of the posse, Ed Hogle in the Battle of Kelley Creek . The posse captured a baby, two children and a young woman. (The three older captives died of diseases within a year; the baby, Mary Jo Estep , died in 1992). A rancher donated

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1952-597: The Shoshone numbered 36,000 people. They were much reduced in number after they had suffered infectious disease epidemics and warfare. According to Joseph Lane the Shoshone were divided into many bands and it was almost impossible to ascertain their exact numbers. According to Indian Affairs 1859 in Utah there were 4,500 Shoshones. Indian Affairs 1866 reported in Utah 4,500 eastern Bannock and Shoshone intermingled and 3,800 western and northwestern Shoshone as well as 2,000 Shoshone in Nevada and 2,500 Shoshone in Idaho, as well as an unspecified number in Oregon. The completion of

2013-583: The Shoshone. But, she also had significant value to the mission simply by her presence on the journey, as having a woman and infant accompany them demonstrated the peaceful intent of the expedition. While traveling through what is now Franklin County , Washington , in October 1805, Clark noted that "the wife of Shabono [Charbonneau] our interpreter, we find reconciles all the Indians, as to our friendly intentions

2074-499: The United States through Sacajawea (1933), a biography written by Grace Raymond Hebard, based on her 30 years of research. Mickelson recounts the findings of Thomas H. Johnson, who argues in his Also Called Sacajawea: Chief Woman's Stolen Identity (2007) that Hebard identified the wrong woman when she relied upon oral history that an old woman who died and is buried on the Wyoming Wind River Reservation

2135-496: The attention of national suffragists seeking voting rights for women, according to author Raymond Wilson. Wilson argues that Sacagawea became a role model whom suffragists pointed to "with pride". She received even more attention in the 1930s, after publication of a history novel about her. Wilson notes: Interest in Sacajawea peaked and controversy intensified when Dr. Grace Raymond Hebard , professor of political economy at

2196-521: The beach south of Fort Clatsop , Sacagawea insisted on her right to go see this "monstrous fish." On the return trip, they approached the Rocky Mountains in July 1806. On July 6, Clark recorded: The Indian woman informed me that she had been in this plain frequently and knew it well. ... She said we would discover a gap in the mountains in our direction [i.e., present-day Gibbons Pass ]. A week later, on July 13, Sacagawea advised Clark to cross into

2257-561: The boy untill I get him. ... Wishing you and your family great success & with anxious expectations of seeing my little danceing boy Baptiest I shall remain your Friend, William Clark. [ sic ] Following the expedition, Charbonneau and Sacagawea spent three years among the Hidatsa before accepting William Clark's invitation to settle in St. Louis, Missouri , in 1809. They entrusted Jean-Baptiste's education to Clark, who enrolled

2318-454: The early 20th century adopted Sacagawea as a symbol of women's worth and independence, erecting several statues and plaques in her memory, and doing much to recount her accomplishments. Reliable historical information about Sacagawea is very limited. She was born c.  1788 into the Agaidika ('Salmon Eater', aka Lemhi Shoshone ) tribe near present-day Salmon, Idaho . This is near

2379-590: The expedition approached the mouth of the Columbia River on the Pacific Coast , Sacagawea gave up her beaded belt to enable the captains to trade for a fur robe they wished to bring back to give to President Thomas Jefferson . Clark's journal entry for November 20, 1805, reads: one of the Indians had on a roab made of 2 Sea Otter Skins the fur of them were more butifull than any fur I had ever Seen both Capt. Lewis & my Self endeavored to purchase

2440-532: The expedition up the Missouri River in the springtime. Knowing they would need to communicate with the tribal nations who lived at the headwaters of the Missouri River, they agreed to hire Toussaint Charbonneau , who claimed to speak several Native languages, and one of his wives, who spoke Shoshone . Sacajawea was pregnant with her first child at the time. On November 4, 1804, Clark recorded in his journal: [A] french man by Name Chabonah, who Speaks

2501-470: The guardian of Tousant Charbonneau, a boy about ten years, and Lizette Charbonneau, a girl about one year old.' For a Missouri State Court at the time, to designate a child as orphaned and to allow an adoption, both parents had to be confirmed dead in court papers. The last recorded document referring to Sacagawea's life appears in William Clark's original notes written between 1825 and 1826. He lists

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2562-601: The highest number of deaths which the Shoshone suffered at the hands of United States forces. 21 US soldiers were also killed. During the American Civil War travelers continued to migrate westward along the Westward Expansion Trails . When the Shoshone, along with the Utes participated in attacks on the mail route that ran west out of Fort Laramie , the mail route had to be relocated south of

2623-431: The joyful Sight, and She made signs to me that they were her nation ... The Shoshone agreed to barter horses and to provide guides to lead the expedition over the Rocky Mountains. The mountain crossing took longer than expected, and the expedition's food supplies dwindled. When they descended into more temperate regions, Sacagawea helped to find and cook camas roots to help the party members regain their strength. As

2684-441: The name indicates a long vowel , while the diacritics suggest a falling pitch pattern. Hidatsa is a pitch-accent language that does not have stress ; therefore, in the Hidatsa pronunciation all syllables in [tsaɡáàɡawia] are pronounced with roughly the same relative emphasis. However, most English speakers perceive the accented syllable (the long /aa/ ) as stressed. In faithful rendering of Cagáàgawia to other languages, it

2745-454: The name's Hidatsa etymology essentially indisputable. The name is a compound of two common Hidatsa nouns : cagáàga ( [tsakáàka] , 'bird') and míà ( [míà] , 'woman'). The compound is written as Cagáàgawia ('Bird Woman') in modern Hidatsa orthography , and pronounced [tsakáàkawia] ( /m/ is pronounced [w] between vowels in Hidatsa). The double /aa/ in

2806-403: The names of each of the expedition members and their last known whereabouts. For Sacagawea, he writes, "Se car ja we au— Dead." Some oral traditions relate that, rather than dying in 1812, Sacagawea left her husband Charbonneau, crossed the Great Plains , and married into a Comanche tribe. She was said to have returned to the Shoshone in 1860 in Wyoming, where she died in 1884. However there

2867-469: The natives raided farms and ranches for food and attacked immigrants. The warfare resulted in the Bear River Massacre (1863) when U.S. forces attacked and killed an estimated 250 Northwestern Shoshone , who were at their winter encampment in present-day Franklin County, Idaho . A large number of the dead were non-combatants, including children, deliberately killed by the soldiers. This was

2928-773: The partial remains of three adult males, two adult females, two adolescent males, and three children (believed to be Mike Daggett and his family, according to contemporary accounts) to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., for study. In 1994, the institution repatriated the remains to the Fort Hall Idaho Shoshone-Bannock Tribe . In 2008 the Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation acquired

2989-475: The party's interpreters administered crushed rattlesnake rattles in water to speed the delivery. Clark and other members of the Corps nicknamed the boy "Pomp" or "Pompy." In April, the expedition left Fort Mandan and headed up the Missouri River in pirogues . They had to be poled against the current and sometimes pulled by crew along the riverbanks. On May 14, 1805, Sacagawea rescued items that had fallen out of

3050-542: The roab with different articles at length we precured it for a belt of blue beeds which the Squar—wife of our interpreter Shabono wore around her waste. [ sic ] When the corps reached the Pacific Ocean, all members of the expedition—including Sacagawea and Clark's enslaved servant York —voted on November 24 on the location for building their winter fort. In January, when a whale 's carcass washed up onto

3111-582: The site of the Bear River Massacre and some surrounding land. They wanted to protect the holy land and to build a memorial to the massacre, the largest their nation had suffered. "In partnership with the American West Heritage Center and state leaders in Idaho and Utah, the tribe has developed public/private partnerships to advance tribal cultural preservation and economic development goals." They have become leaders in developing tribal renewable energy. The Shoshone were scattered over

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3172-399: The softer "tz/j" sound that did not exist in the Hidatsa language. The use of this spelling almost certainly originated with Nicholas Biddle , who used the "j" when he annotated the journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition for publication in 1814. This use became more widespread with the publication in 1902 of Eva Emery Dye 's novel The Conquest: The True Story of Lewis and Clark . It

3233-474: The survivors. Charbonneau was mistakenly thought to have been killed at this time, but he apparently lived to at least age 76. He had signed over formal custody of his son to William Clark in 1813. As further proof that Sacagawea died in 1812, Butterfield writes: An adoption document made in the Orphans Court Records in St. Louis, Missouri, states, 'On August 11, 1813, William Clark became

3294-405: The trail through Wyoming . Allied with the Bannock , to whom they were related, the Shoshone fought against the United States in the Snake War from 1864 to 1868. They fought U.S. forces together in 1878 in the Bannock War . In 1876, by contrast, the Shoshone fought alongside the U.S. Army in the Battle of the Rosebud against their traditional enemies, the Lakota and Cheyenne . In 1879

3355-459: The way Indians were treated in the missions and left to become a hotel clerk in Auburn, California , once the center of gold rush activity. After working six years in Auburn, Jean Baptiste left in search of riches in the gold mines of Montana . He was 61 years old, and the trip was too much for him. He became ill with pneumonia and died in a remote area near Danner, Oregon , on May 16, 1866. The question of Sacagawea's burial place caught

3416-526: The young man in the Saint Louis Academy boarding school. Sacagawea gave birth to a daughter, Lizette Charbonneau, about 1812. Lizette was identified as a year-old girl in adoption papers in 1813 recognizing William Clark, who also adopted her older brother that year. Because Clark's papers make no later mention of Lizette, it is believed that she died in childhood. According to Bonnie "Spirit Wind-Walker" Butterfield, historical documents suggest that Sacagawea died in 1812 of an unknown sickness. For instance,

3477-472: Was "aged about 25 years. She left a fine infant girl." Documents held by Clark show that Charbonneau had already entrusted their son Baptiste to Clark's care for a boarding school education, at Clark's insistence (Jackson, 1962). In February 1813, a few months after Luttig's journal entry, 15 men were killed in a Native attack on Fort Lisa, which was then located at the mouth of the Bighorn River . John Luttig, as well as Sacagawea's infant daughter, were among

3538-423: Was Sacajawea. Critics have also questioned Hebard's work because she portrayed Sacajawea in a manner described as "undeniably long on romance and short on hard evidence, suffering from a sentimentalization of Indian culture." A long-running controversy has related to the correct spelling, pronunciation, and etymology of the Shoshone woman's name. Linguists studying Hidatsa since the 1870s have always considered

3599-492: Was a Lemhi Shoshone woman who, in her teens, helped the Lewis and Clark Expedition in achieving their chartered mission objectives by exploring the Louisiana Territory . Sacagawea traveled with the expedition thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean , helping to establish cultural contacts with Native American people and contributing to the expedition's knowledge of natural history in different regions. The National American Woman Suffrage Association of

3660-404: Was recorded as "Bazil's mother." This woman, Porivo, is believed to have died on April 9, 1884. Eastman concluded that Porivo was Sacagawea. In 1963, a monument to "Sacajawea of the Shoshonis" was erected at Fort Washakie on the Wind River Reservation near Lander, Wyoming , on the basis of this claim. The belief that Sacagawea lived to old age and died in Wyoming was widely disseminated in

3721-545: Was sold into a non-consensual marriage to Toussaint Charbonneau , a Quebecois trapper . He had also bought another young Shoshone girl, known as Otter Woman , for a wife. Charbonneau was variously reported to have purchased both girls from the Hidatsa, or to have won Sacagawea while gambling . In 1804, the Corps of Discovery reached a Mandan village, where Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark built Fort Mandan for wintering over in 1804–05. They interviewed several trappers who might be able to interpret or guide

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