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131-460: Sacromonte , sometimes also called Sacramonte , is a traditional neighbourhood in the eastern area of the city of Granada in Andalusia, Spain. It is one of the six neighbourhoods that make up the urban district of Albayzín and borders the neighbourhoods of Albayzín, San Pedro, Realejo-San Matías, El Fargue and Haza Grande. It is located on the hillside and in the valley of Valparaíso, opposite

262-588: A Christian city over the course of the 16th century. The Alhambra , a medieval Nasrid citadel and palace, is located in Granada. It is one of the most famous monuments of Islamic architecture and one of the most visited tourist sites in Spain. Islamic-period influence and Moorish architecture are also preserved in the Albaicín neighborhood and other medieval monuments in the city. The 16th century also saw

393-523: A sanctuary from where a god could enfranchise him. In very rare circumstances, the city could affranchise a slave. A notable example is that Athens liberated everyone who was present at the Battle of Arginusae (406 BC). Even once a slave was freed, he was not generally permitted to become a citizen, but would become a metic . The master then became the metic's prostatès (guarantor or guardian). The former slave could be bound to some continuing duty to

524-469: A state tax . The soft felt pileus hat was a symbol of the freed slave and manumission; slaves were not allowed to wear them: Among the Romans the cap of felt was the emblem of liberty. When a slave obtained his freedom he had his head shaved, and wore instead of his hair an undyed pileus (πίλεον λευκόν, Diodorus Siculus Exc. Leg. 22 p625, ed. Wess.; Plaut. Amphit. I.1.306; Persius , V.82). Hence

655-405: A civil servant but not hold higher magistracies (see, for instance, apparitor and scriba ), serve as priests of the emperor or hold any of the other highly respected public positions. If they were sharp at business, however, there were no social limits to the wealth that freedmen could amass. Their children held full legal rights, but Roman society was stratified . Famous Romans who were

786-612: A desire to die with a clear conscience as part of their reasoning for freeing their slaves. Testamentary manumission could often be disputed by heirs claiming fraud, or that an enslaved person had preyed upon a relative's weak mental or physical condition. Legally testamentary manumissions were usually respected by the courts, who understood enslaved people as part of their owner's property to distribute as they wished. Relatives who claimed fraud had to provide evidence of their claims or they would be dismissed. As in baptismal manumission, conditions of ongoing servitude were sometimes placed upon

917-483: A district of Granada. Founded by Andrés Maya Fajardo and Rocío Fernándaz Bustamante in 1951, this cave is still in the hands of the Maya family, one of the most important families in the flamenco world. In Rocio's cave, a show called "Zambra Gitana" is produced every night, a musical and dance genre inspired by Sacromonte's flamenco rituals, such as gypsy weddings. Fiestas Pilgrimage of San Cecilio In Granada, San Cecilio

1048-536: A flourishing of Mudéjar architecture and Renaissance architecture , followed later by Baroque and Churrigueresque styles. The University of Granada has an estimated 47,000 undergraduate students spread over five different campuses in the city. The pomegranate (in Spanish, granada ) is the heraldic device of Granada. Granada's historical name in the Arabic language was غرناطة ( Ġarnāṭa ). Both

1179-538: A generous gift. As in other parts of Latin America under the system of coartación , slaves could purchase their freedom by negotiating with their master for a purchase price and this was the most common way for slaves to be freed. Manumission also occurred during baptism, or as part of an owner's last will and testament. In baptismal manumission, enslaved children were freed at baptism. Many of these freedoms came with stipulations which could include servitude often until

1310-473: A left-bank tributary of the former, also passes through the city, discharging into the Genil to the west of the city centre. Granada has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) close to a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ). Summers are hot and dry with daily temperatures averaging 34 °C (93 °F) in the hottest month (July); however, temperatures reaching over 40 °C (104 °F) are not uncommon in

1441-711: A lesser extent, with the Venetians, the Florentines, and the Portuguese. It provided connections with Muslim and Arab trade centers, particularly for gold from sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb , and exported silk and dried fruits produced in the area. Despite its frontier position, Granada was also an important Islamic intellectual and cultural center, especially in the time of Muhammad   V, with figures such as Ibn Khaldun and Ibn al-Khatib serving in

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1572-467: A person had not disinherited his children or spouse, a slave owner could manumit their slaves as they wished. Manumission laws varied between the various colonies in the Caribbean . For instance, the island of Barbados had some of the strictest laws, requiring owners to pay £200 for male slaves and £300 for female slaves, and show cause to the authorities. In some other colonies, no fees applied. It

1703-650: A process which continued for most of the century. In December 1568, during a period of renewed persecution against moriscos , the Second Morisco Rebellion broke out in the Alpujarras. Although the city's morisco population played little role in the rebellion, King Philip II ordered the expulsion of the vast majority of the morisco population from the Kingdom of Granada , with the exception of those artisans and professionals judged essential to

1834-466: A program of forced baptisms , creating the converso class for Muslims and Jews. Cisneros's new strategy, which was a direct violation of the terms of the treaty, provoked the Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501) centered in the rural Alpujarras region southeast of the city. The rebellion lasted until 1500 in Granada and continued until 1501 in the Alpujarras. Responding to the rebellion of 1501,

1965-609: A reputation as a major center of flamenco song and dance, including the Zambra Gitana , an Andalusian dance originating in the Middle East. The zone is a protected cultural environment under the auspices of the Centro de Interpretación del Sacromonte , a cultural center dedicated to the preservation of Gitano cultural forms. This formerly blue collar but now upmarket neighborhood houses 100,000 residents of Granada, making it

2096-581: A self-contained palace-city, with its own mosque, hammams, fortress, and residential quarters for workers and servants. The most celebrated palaces that survive today, such as the Comares Palace and the Palace of the Lions , generally date from the reigns of Yusuf   I (r. 1333–1354) and his son Muhammad   V (r. 1354–1391, with interruptions). Some smaller examples of Nasrid palace architecture in

2227-570: A set of 36 neighborhoods . All boundaries of districts and neighborhoods were modified in February 2013. The municipal government team has organized the distribution of management responsibilities, structuring itself in the following service areas: Weddings and Palaces, Equal opportunities, Economy, Education, Communication office, Unified license management, Youth, Environment, Municipal Office of Consumer Information, Citizen Participation, Group of Civil Protection Volunteers, Local Police . Realejo

2358-417: A slave's children at baptism could be one way for owners to ensure the loyalty of the children's still-enslaved parents. Enslaved people could also be freed as part of a slave owner's last will and testament. Testamentary manumission frequently involved expressions of affection on the part of the slave owner to the enslaved person as part of the rationale behind manumission. Slave owners also frequently cited

2489-432: A slave, a person must pay the cost for them to be transported out of the colony. A 1723 law stated that slaves may not "be set free upon any pretence whatsoever, except for some meritorious services to be adjudged and allowed by the governor and council". In some cases, a master who was drafted into the army would send a slave instead, with a promise of freedom if he survived the war. The new government of Virginia repealed

2620-634: A small yet densely-populated territory which was more uniformly Muslim and Arabic-speaking than before. The city itself expanded and new neighbourhoods grew around the Albaicín (named after refugees from Baeza ) and in Antequeruela (named after refugees from Antequera after 1410). A new set of walls was constructed further north during the 13th–14th centuries, with Bab Ilbirah (present-day Puerta de Elvira ) as its western entrance. A major Muslim cemetery existed outside this gate. The city's heart

2751-672: A unique character. In addition to the troglodyte houses, another important feature of the neighbourhood is the legends that relate to all corners and places, one of the most well-known being the Ravine of the Blacks. Popular legends hold that after the loss of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs in the Granada War , the formerly ruling Arabs – who made their way in exile to African lands – never gave up hope of someday returning to

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2882-410: Is a mass every Sunday at 12:00. Next to the abbey are the catacombs or holy caves where various chapels are preserved, one of which tradition says that Santiago el Menor came to officiate. The pilgrimage of San Cecilio takes place there on the first Sunday in February. Zambras: Cueva de Curro Albaicín. FRANCISCO GUARDIA CONTRERAS, gypsy singer, known by the artistic name of CURRO ALBAICIN,

3013-725: Is a provincial delegation from each of the governmental departments to the Junta de Andalucía , coordinated by a government delegate under the Ministry of the Interior. The national government of Spain has a sub-delegation in Granada, subordinate to the government delegate in the autonomous community. The headquarters of the Superior Court of Justice of Andalusia, Ceuta and Melilla is in Granada, located in Plaza Nueva, in

3144-676: Is also made in the city. Vineyards and wines are also a significant contributor to the city and region. In 2020, Granada exported a total of $ 1.3 billion products. The University of Granada (UGR), founded in 1531 by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , meant the continuation of higher studies in La Madraza, when the city was the capital of the last Nasrid Kingdom . The university has become internationally recognised in many university fields: teaching, research, cultural and services to its members and its surroundings. It

3275-822: Is celebrated (first Sunday in February) with a pilgrimage to Sacromonte. The carnival – in February – and the Day of Mariana Pineda – in May – acquire more importance every year and the Semana Santa Holy week has reached a spectacular development. The Sacromonte district celebrates its festivals in the first ten days of August. Popular Festivals of the Sacromonte Organised by the Sacromonte Neighbourhood Association, one of

3406-489: Is that it derived from Latin granum (or its plural grana ), meaning "seed", "beads", or a "scarlet color", which would have been adapted into Arabic as Ġarnāṭa or Iġranāṭa . The Arab chronicler Al-Maqqari believed that it came from the Latin word for pomegranate , granata . In either case, the Latin word may have been used not in its primary sense, but in the more derived sense of "red", referring to

3537-672: Is therefore one of the destinations that receives more exchange students from the Erasmus Program13 and the fourth Spanish university in number of students, after the Complutense University of Madrid, and the University of Seville. The university has around 47,000 undergraduate students. Manumission Manumission , or enfranchisement , is the act of freeing slaves by their owners. Different approaches to manumission were developed, each specific to

3668-526: The Alcaicería , is made up of several narrow streets, which start from this place and continue as far as the cathedral. The Sacromonte neighborhood is located on the extension of the hill of Albaicín, along the Darro River. This area, which became famous by the nineteenth century for its predominantly Gitano inhabitants, is characterized by cave houses, which are dug into the hillside. The area has

3799-509: The 2023 Spanish local elections Cuenca was ousted by Marifrán Carazo of the PP. Carazo increased the PP's number of seats from 7 to 14, gaining her a slim majority and making her the first female mayor of the city. The municipality of Granada consists of eight districts whose population is distributed in the attached chart according to the 2009 census of the City of Granada. These districts formed

3930-629: The Alhambra – emblem of Granada. The neighbourhood occupies both banks of the Darro river , whose name seems to be derived from the phrase " d'auro " ("of gold") because of its famous gold-bearing sediments . Traditionally the neighborhood of the Granadian Romani , who settled in Granada after the Christian conquest of the city in 1492, it is one of the most picturesque neighbourhoods of

4061-574: The American Civil War . In South Carolina , to free a slave required permission of the state legislature ; Florida law prohibited manumission altogether. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire gradually became less central to the functions of Ottoman society throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Responding to the influence and pressure of European countries in the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire began taking steps to curtail

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4192-589: The Corral del Carbón ), built in the early 14th century, the Maristan (hospital), built in 1365–1367 and demolished in 1843, and the main mosque of the Albaicín, dating from the 13th century. When Ibn Al-Ahmar established himself in the city he moved the royal palace from the old Zirid citadel on the Albaicín hill to the Sabika hill, beginning construction on what became the present Alhambra. The Alhambra acted as

4323-598: The Crown of Castile rescinded the Treaty of Granada, and mandated that Granada's Muslims convert or emigrate. Many of the remaining Muslim elites subsequently emigrated to North Africa. The majority of the Granada's mudéjares converted (becoming the so-called moriscos or Moorish) so that they could stay. Both populations of converts were subject to persecution, execution, or exile, and each had cells that practiced their original religion in secrecy (the so-called marranos in

4454-515: The Kingdom of Granada , where the hammer of depopulation caused by the expulsion of the moriscos had taken a far greater toll in the previous century. The 17th-century demographic stagnation in the city and overall steady population increase in the wider kingdom went in line with the demographic disaster experienced throughout the century in the rest of the Crown of Castile. The city was overshadowed in importance by other cities including Seville and

4585-709: The Nasrids , who ruled the Emirate of Granada . On multiple occasions Ibn al-Ahmar aligned himself with Ferdinand III, eventually agreeing to become his vassal in 1246. Granada thereafter became a tributary state to the Kingdom of Castile, although this was often interrupted by wars between the two states. The political history of the emirate was turbulent and intertwined with that of its neighbours. The Nasrids sometimes provided refuge or military aid to Castilian kings and noblemen, even against other Muslim states, while in turn

4716-499: The Synod of Elvira , took place near this area (the name Elvira being derived from the name Iliberri ), but there is no concrete archeological or documentary evidence establishing the exact location of the meeting. It may have taken place in the former Roman town or it may have taken place somewhere in the surrounding region, which was known as Elvira. The Umayyad conquest of Hispania , starting in 711   AD, brought large parts of

4847-457: The slave trade , which had been legally valid under Ottoman law since the beginning of the empire. Ottoman Empire policy encouraged manumission of male slaves, but not female slaves. The most telling evidence for this is found in the gender ratio; among slaves traded in Islamic empire across the centuries, there were roughly two females to every male. Sexual slavery was a central part of

4978-737: The 11th century to include the Albaicín, the Sabika, the Mauror, and a part of the surrounding plains. The city was fortified with walls encompassing an area of approximately 75 hectares . The northern part of these walls, near the Albaicin citadel, have survived to the present day, along with two of its gates: Bāb al-Unaydar (now called Puerta Monaita in Spanish) and Bāb al-Ziyāda (now known as Arco de las Pesas or Puerta Nueva ). The city and its residences were supplied with water through an extensive network of underground cisterns and pipes. On

5109-467: The 1490s. Many of the city's affluent Muslims and its traditional ruling classes emigrated to North Africa in the early years after the conquest, but these early emigrants numbered only a few thousand, with the rest of the population unable to afford leaving. By 1499, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros grew frustrated with the slow pace of the efforts of the first archbishop of Granada , Hernando de Talavera , to convert non-Christians and undertook

5240-407: The 1890 Brussels Conference Act for the suppression of the slave trade. However, clandestine slavery persisted well into the 20th century. Gangs were also organized to facilitate the illegal importation of slaves. Slave raids and the taking of women and children as "spoils of war" lessened but did not stop entirely, despite the public denial of their existence, such as the enslavement of girls during

5371-588: The 19th century, slave revolts such as the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, and especially the 1831 rebellion led by Nat Turner , increased slaveholders' fears. Most Southern states passed laws making manumission nearly impossible until the passage of the 1865 Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which abolished slavery "except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted," after

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5502-457: The 2021 national census , the population of the city of Granada proper was 227,383, and the population of the entire municipal area was estimated to be 231,775, ranking as the 20th-largest urban area of Spain . About 3.3% of the population did not hold Spanish citizenship, the largest number of these people (31%; or 1% of the total population) coming from South America . Its nearest airport is Federico García Lorca Granada-Jaén Airport . The area

5633-603: The 90's, there has been a slight decrease in the population of Granada city, in favour of smaller towns in the metropolitan area. According to the population pyramid: 18,455 people living in the municipality of Granada in 2021 were of foreign nationality, which represents 7.95% of total population, rate lower than the national average. Resident foreigners come from all continents, the most numerous being Moroccan (4,890), Chinese (1,047), Senegalese (947), Colombian (889), Italian (854), and Bolivian (763). Granada's metropolitan area consists of about fifty municipalities and

5764-596: The Alhambra , which revived some international interest in southern Spain and in its Islamic-era monuments. In the 1930s the tensions that eventually divided Spain were evident in Granada, with frequent riots and friction between landowners and peasants. When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, Granada was one of the cities that joined the Nationalist uprising. There was local resistance against

5895-731: The Almohads. Remnants of the Almohad period in the city include the Alcázar Genil , built in 1218–1219 (but later redecorated under the Nasrids), and possibly the former minaret attached to the present-day Church of San Juan de los Reyes in the Albaicin. In 1228 Idris al-Ma'mun , the last effective Almohad ruler in al-Andalus, left the Iberian Peninsula. As Almohad rule collapsed local leaders and factions emerged across

6026-683: The Castilians provided refuge and aid to some Nasrid emirs against other Nasrid rivals. On other occasions the Nasrids attempted to leverage the aid of the North African Marinids to ward off Castile, although Marinid interventions in the Peninsula ended after Battle of Rio Salado (1340). The population of the emirate was also swollen by Muslim refugees from the territories newly conquered by Castile and Aragon, resulting in

6157-867: The Church of San José. Under the Zirid kings Habbus ibn Maksan and Badis , the most powerful figure was the Jewish administrator known as Samuel ha-Nagid (in Hebrew ) or Isma'il ibn Nagrilla (in Arabic). Samuel was a highly educated member of the former elites of Cordoba, who fled that city after the outbreak of the Fitna. He eventually found his way to Granada, where Habbus ibn Maksan appointed him his secretary in 1020 and entrusted him with many important responsibilities, including tax collection. Under Badis, he even took charge of

6288-579: The Darro River Valley (a Site of Cultural Interest since 2016). Through these 11 caves visitors can recognize the cave-house, the stable, the traditional trades (basketry, forge, loom, pottery), a cave exclusively dedicated to the history of flamenco in the Sacromonte and another one specialized in troglodyte architecture in the world. Escuelas del Ave María. They were founded by Don Andrés Manjón – better known as "Father Manjón" – at

6419-471: The Darro River, along the wall connecting the Zirid citadel with the Sabika hill, was a sluice gate called Bāb al-Difāf ("Gate of the Tambourines"), which could be closed or opened to control the flow of the river and retain water if necessary. The nearby Bañuelo , a former hammam (bathhouse), also likely dates from this time, as does the former minaret of a mosque in the Albaicín, now part of

6550-506: The Iberian Peninsula under Moorish control and established al-Andalus . The earliest Arabic historical sources mention that a town named Qashtīliya , later known as Madīnat Ilbīra (Elvira), was located on the southern slopes of the Sierra de Elvira mountains (near present-day Atarfe ) and became the most important settlement in the area. A smaller settlement and fortress ( ḥiṣn ) named Ġarnāṭa (also transliterated as Gharnāṭa) existed on

6681-499: The Jamaica manumission deeds shows that manumission was comparatively rare on the island around 1770, with only an estimated 165 slaves winning their freedom through this fashion. While manumission had little demographic impact on the size of the enslaved population, it was important to the growth and development of the free population of colour, in Jamaica, during the second half of the eighteenth century. African slaves were freed in

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6812-618: The Nasrid court. Ibn Battuta , a famous traveller and historian, visited the Emirate of Granada in 1350. He described it as a powerful and self-sufficient kingdom in its own right, although frequently embroiled in skirmishes with the Kingdom of Castile. In his journal, Ibn Battuta called Granada the "metropolis of Andalusia and the bride of its cities." On 2 January 1492, the last Muslim ruler in Iberia, Emir Muhammad XII , known as "Boabdil" to

6943-435: The Nationalists, particularly from the working classes in the Albaicín, which was violently repressed. During the 1950s and 1960s, under the Franco regime , the province of Granada was one of the poorest areas in Spain. In recent decades tourism has become a major industry in the city. The city of Granada sits on the Vega de Granada , one of the depressions or plains located within the Baetic mountain ranges , continued to

7074-445: The North American colonies as early as the 17th century. Some, such as Anthony Johnson , went on to become landowners and slaveholders themselves. Slaves could sometimes arrange manumission by agreeing to "purchase themselves" by paying the master an agreed amount. Some masters demanded market rates; others set a lower amount in consideration of service. Regulation of manumission began in 1692, when Virginia established that to manumit

7205-432: The Ottoman slave system throughout the history of the institution, and the most resistant to change. Outside of explicit sexual slavery, most female slaves had domestic occupations, and often, this also included sexual relations with their masters . This was a lawful motive for their purchase, and the most common one. It was similarly a common motivation for their retention. The Ottoman Empire and 16 other countries signed

7336-433: The Roman-era Iliberis and the historical continuity between the two settlements has long been debated by scholars. Modern archeological digs on the Albaicín hill have uncovered finds demonstrating the presence of a significant Roman town on that site. Little is known, however, about the history of the city in the period between the end of the Roman era and the 11th century. An important Christian synod circa 300 AD,

7467-401: The Socialist Party, four belonging to Citizens Party, three to Vamos, Granada and one to the United Left-Socialist Alternative-For the People. Luis Salvador , leader of Citizens , became mayor with support from the PP and Vox. Salvador resigned in 2021, having lost the support of the PP. He was succeeded by the Socialist Francisco Cuenca who had previously served as mayor from 2016-2019. In

7598-430: The Spanish, surrendered complete control of the Emirate of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs ( Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile ), after the last episode of the Granada War . The 1492 capitulation of the Kingdom of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs is one of the most significant events in Granada's history. It brought the demise of the last Muslim-controlled polity in the Iberian Peninsula. The terms of

7729-464: The Virginia legislature passed laws forbidding them from moving into the state (1778), and requiring newly freed slaves to leave the Commonwealth within one year unless special permission was granted (1806). In the Upper South in the late 18th century, planters had less need for slaves, as they switched from labour-intensive tobacco cultivation to mixed-crop farming. Slave states such as Virginia made it easier for slaveholders to free their slaves. In

7860-402: The Zirids, a Sanhaja Berber group and offshoot of the Zirids who ruled parts of North Africa . This group became an important contingent in the army of ʿAbd al-Malik al-Muẓaffar , the prime minister of Caliph Hisham II (r. 976–1009) and successor to Ibn Abi ʿAmir al-Mansur (Almanzor) as de facto ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba . For their service, the Zirids were granted control of

7991-445: The act of manumissio vindicta , Latin for "freedom by the rod" (emphasis added): The master brought his slave before the magistratus , and stated the grounds ( causa ) of the intended manumission. "The lictor of the magistratus laid a rod ( festuca ) on the head of the slave, accompanied with certain formal words, in which he declared that he was a free man ex Jure Quiritium ", that is, " vindicavit in libertatem ". The master in

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8122-457: The area belong to an oppidum called Ilturir , founded by the Iberian Bastetani tribe around 650   BC. The name Elibyrge is also attested in reference to this area. This settlement became later known as Iliberri or Iliberis . In 44   BC Iliberis became a Roman colony and in 27   BC it became a Roman municipium named Florentia Iliberritana ('Flourishing Iliberri'). The identification of present-day Granada with

8253-443: The area, they supposedly attempted to use many spells in search of the exact places where the treasures were hidden. Many older witches , known as ferminibí , were reported to try talking with water and others with fire , or staring unblinking into basins of water, trying to get some clues to the locations of the lost treasures. To this day it is unknown whether any were discovered and secretly taken away by treasure seekers, or if

8384-482: The army. During this period, the Muslim king was looked upon as a mainly symbolic figurehead. Granada was the center of Jewish Sephardi culture and scholarship. According to Daniel Eisenberg: Granada was in the eleventh century the center of Sephardic civilization at its peak, and from 1027 until 1066 Granada was a powerful Jewish state. Jews did not hold the foreigner ( dhimmi ) status typical of Islamic rule. Samuel ibn Nagrilla, recognized by Sephardic Jews everywhere as

8515-407: The baptismal record and must be assessed through other evidence. Although slave owners often characterized these baptismal manumissions as a result of their generous beneficence, there are records of payments by parents or godparents to ensure the child's freedom. Mothers were almost never manumitted alongside their children, even when the mothers gave birth to their master's own children. Manumitting

8646-402: The beginning of the 20th century to teach gypsy children and whose pedagogical innovations are still in force. Abadia del Sacromonte. Another monument of the Sacromonte is Abadía , built by the archbishop Don Pedro de Castro in the 17th century where the supposed relics and other testimonios of what would have been the first Christians of Granada appeared, among them San Cecilio , who

8777-399: The building of the historic Royal Chancery , as well as the Superior Prosecutor's Office of Andalusia, located in the building of the Bank of Spain. It has a Provincial Court, located in Corteza del Carmen Street, and is also head of the Judicial Party No. 3 of the province, whose demarcation includes the city and 49 towns, some of them very populated, in the metropolitan area region. Most of

8908-515: The capital, Madrid . Between 1810 and 1812 Granada was occupied by Napoleon 's army during the Peninsular War . The French troops occupied the Alhambra as a fortified position and caused significant damage to the monument. Upon evacuating the city, they attempted to dynamite the whole complex, successfully blowing up eight towers before the remaining fuses were disabled by Spanish soldier José Garcia, thus saving what remains today. In 1830 Washington Irving lived in Granada and wrote his Tales of

9039-400: The capital. Although it is not formally constituted as a political and administrative body, there are several public services that are combined. The arrival of many inhabitants of the capital and other towns in the province, influences a large population growth . Despite the fact that the capital loses inhabitants, who move to neighboring towns. The main causes of the exodus towards the towns of

9170-465: The case of the conversos accused of the charge of crypto-Judaism ). Over the course of the 16th century, Granada took on an ever more Catholic and Castilian character, as immigrants arrived from other regions of Castile, lured by the promise of economic opportunities in the newly conquered city. At the time of the city's surrender in 1492 it had a population of 50,000 which included only a handful of Christians (mostly captives), but by 1561 (the year of

9301-407: The city have survived in the Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo (late 13th century) and the Dar al-Horra (15th century). Partly due to the heavy tributary payments to Castile, Granada's economy specialized in the trade of high-value goods. Integrated within the European mercantile network, the ports of the kingdom fostered intense trading relations with the Genoese , but also with the Catalans, and to

9432-414: The city of their parents and grandparents, where they and their children were born. Afraid of being preyed upon by bandits or groups of renegade Christian soldiers on the roads to the ports of Almuñécar or Almería , where they embarked for Africa, they hid great treasures among the olive groves which at the time covered Sacromonte. At the same time, they granted freedom to the many slaves owned by

9563-477: The city with two massive heat waves that broke long-standing record temperatures starting on June 13, 2017, with a new maximum high for the month at 40.6 °C (old record 40.0), which was topped three times within the span of four days at 40.9 °C on June 14, 41.3 (June 15) and, eventually, 41.5 (June 17). The second extreme surge in temperatures followed roughly a month later when readings soared to 45.7 and 45.3 °C on July 12 and 13, respectively, surpassing

9694-518: The city, with cave houses installed in whitewashed caves. The Romani of Sacromonte have a mixed language known as Caló , which has seen a rapid decline in use over the past century. It is derived from India, where the Romani originated . The Romani of Sacromonte were famously portrayed by the poet Federico García Lorca in his book of poems Romancero Gitano . The neighborhood owes its name to an episode which occurred between 1595 and 1599 on

9825-494: The color of the area's soil and its buildings. This would also mirror the etymology of the name of the Alhambra . The region surrounding what today is Granada has been populated since at least 5500   BC. Archeological artifacts found in the city indicate that the site of the city, including the area around the present-day avenue of Gran Vía de Colón , was inhabited since the Bronze Age . The most ancient ruins found in

9956-472: The context of Ancient Greece , affranchisement came in many forms. A master choosing to free his slave would most likely do so only "at his death, specifying his desire in his will". In rare cases, slaves who were able to earn enough money in their labour were able to buy their own freedom and were known as choris oikointes . Two 4th-century bankers, Pasion and Phormion, had been slaves before they bought their freedom. A slave could also be sold fictitiously to

10087-421: The courts are located in two administrative buildings, in Plaza Nueva and Avenida del Sur. The set of judicial bodies is as follows: Its political administration is carried out through a City Council, of democratic management, whose components are chosen every four years by universal suffrage. The electoral roll is composed of all residents registered in Granada over 18 years of age, of Spanish nationality and of

10218-734: The creation of a number of other new institutions such as the Cathedral Cabildo, the Captaincy–General  [ es ] , the Royal Chapel and the Royal Chancellery . For the rest of the 16th century the Granadan ruling oligarchy featured roughly a 40% of (Jewish) conversos and about a 31% of hidalgos . From the 1520s onward, the mosque structures themselves began to be replaced with new church buildings,

10349-407: The economy. The expelled population was redistributed to other cities throughout the Crown of Castile. The final expulsion of all moriscos from Castile and Aragon was carried out between 1609 and 1614. During the 17th century, despite the importance of immigration, the population of the city stagnated at about 55,000, contrary to the trend of population increase experienced in the rural areas of

10480-420: The edition of another one entitled "La decadencia del Sacromonte". He has written opinion columns for the newspapers Ideal and La Opinión de Granada . In 2002, his book "Cartas de amor y odio" appeared in which he gives his personal vision of politics, feelings and art. He is also the author of a tragicomedy entitled "Los amantes del Fracaso" Cueva de la Rocío. was one of the first gypsy villages in Sacromonte,

10611-624: The end of an owner's life. Children freed at baptism were also frequently the children of still-enslaved parents. A child who was freed at baptism but continued to live with enslaved family was far more likely to be re-enslaved. Baptismal manumission could be used as evidence of a person's freed status in a legal case but they did not always have enough information to serve as a carta de libertad . Female slave owners were more likely than males to manumit their slaves at baptism. The language used by women slave owners who freed their slaves also differed substantially from that of men, with many women using

10742-432: The enslaved person, by obligating them to care for another relative. In Iberoamerican law, a person had discretion over one-fifth of their estate with the rest going to children, spouses, and other relatives. An enslaved person could be sold in order to cover debts of the estate, but not if they had already paid part of their purchase price towards manumission as this was considered a legally binding agreement. As long as

10873-481: The first royal census of the city) the population was composed of over 30,000 Christian immigrants and approximately 15,000 moriscos . After 1492 the city's first churches had been installed in some converted mosques. The vast majority of the city's remaining mosques were subsequently converted into churches during and after the mass conversions of 1500. In 1531, Charles V founded the University of Granada on

11004-411: The former kings of Greece, Bill Clinton, Antonio Gala, Ian Gibson, Luis Rosales, Pedro Almodovar and Paco Rabal among many others. In 1985, in a personal attempt to recover the almost extinct Zambra of Sacromonte, Curro gathered all the veteran artists of Sacromonte. In 1992, he edited the book Cancionero del Sacromonte. This first book was followed by "Zambra y flamencos del Sacromonte" and he has prepared

11135-411: The founder of the Emirate of Córdoba and a new Umayyad dynasty. In the late 9th century, during the reign of Abdallah (r. 844–912), the city and its surrounding district were the site of conflict between muwallad s (Muslim converts) who were loyal to the central government and Arabs, led by Sawwār ibn Ḥamdūn, who resented them. At the beginning of the 11th century, the area became dominated by

11266-501: The hill of Valparaíso: the supposed discovery of relics and the so-called " lead books " or "Lead Books of Sacromonte", containing indecipherable drawings and texts in Latin and Arabic characters , which came to be interpreted by some as the fifth gospel . These findings were declared a forgery in the 17th century, but nonetheless led to the construction of the Abbey of Sacromonte , where

11397-599: The largest neighborhood or 'barrio'. Traditionally populated by Romani people, now many residents are from North and West Africa, China, and many South American countries. Every Saturday morning it hosts a large outdoor market or "mercadillo", where many people come and sell their wares of fruits and vegetables, clothes and shoes, and other bits and bobs. Granada produces agricultural products such as barley, wheat, sugarcane and tobacco. Besides these crops, olive trees as well as oranges, lemons, figs, almonds, and pomegranates are also commonly grown. For manufacturing, sugar refining

11528-528: The late 11th century to the early 13th century, Al-Andalus was dominated by two successive North African Berber empires. The Almoravids ruled Granada from 1090 and the Almohads from 1166. Granada also served as an administrative capital of Almoravid rule in al-Andalus. Evidence from the artistic and archeological remains of this period suggest that the city thrived under the Almoravids but declined under

11659-486: The laws in 1782, and declared freedom for slaves who had fought for the colonies during the American Revolutionary War of 1775–1783. Another law passed in 1782 permitted masters to free their slaves of their own accord. Previously, a manumission had required obtaining consent from the state legislature, an arduous process which was rarely successful. As the population of free Negroes increased,

11790-510: The marginalised, located outside the walls of the city , which meant being outside of administrative and ecclesiastical control, particularly the Spanish Inquisition . To dig a cave it was necessary to carve away a part of the face of the hill where they wanted to build, making a vertical cut that served as a facade. The builder then inserted an arch at the midpoint to serve as a door. They then excavated as much space for rooms as

11921-433: The master and was commonly required to live near the former master ( paramone ). Ex-slaves were able to own property outright, and their children were free of all constraint. Under Roman law , a slave had no personhood and was protected under law mainly as his or her master's property. In Ancient Rome , a slave who had been manumitted was a libertus ( feminine liberta ) and a citizen. Manumissions were subject to

12052-527: The master's will of a devoted servant after long years of service. A trusted bailiff might be manumitted as a gesture of gratitude. For those working as agricultural labourers or in workshops, there was little likelihood of being so noticed. In general, it was more common for older slaves to be given freedom. Legislation under the early Roman Empire put limits on the number of slaves that could be freed in wills ( lex Fufia Caninia , 2 BC), which suggests that it had been widely used. Freeing slaves could serve

12183-423: The meantime held the slave, and after he had pronounced the words " hunc hominem liberum volo ," he turned him round (momento turbinis exit Marcus Dama, Persius, Sat. V.78) and let him go ( emisit e manu , or misit manu , Plaut. Capt. II.3.48), whence the general name of the act of manumission. The magistratus then declared him to be free [...] A freed slave customarily took the former owner's family name, which

12314-429: The metropolitan area are, mainly, the difficulty of accessing a home in the capital because of the high prices it has and labor reasons, because in the towns of the periphery the majority are being located of industrial estates. The city of Granada is the capital of the province of the same name, thus all administrative entities of provincial scope dependent on the regional government and the state are located there. There

12445-436: The most important cities of al-Andalus . Until the 11th century it had a mixed population of Christians, Muslims, and Jews. The Zirids built their citadel and palace, known as the al-Qaṣaba al-Qadīma ("Old Citadel"), on the hill now occupied by the Albaicín neighborhood. It was connected to two smaller fortresses on the Sabika hill (site of the future Alhambra) and Mauror hill to the south. The city around it grew during

12576-465: The mountain and recover for themselves the treasures that had once belonged to their former owners. They dug and dug into the slopes of the ravine reportedly without success, and exhausted by the effort but left with no alternative shelter, decided to condition the resulting caves and make them their homes. This gave the area the name of "Ravine of the Blacks", as these were believed to be the first inhabitants. In later years, as Roma began to settle in

12707-539: The name's meaning and origin are uncertain and have been debated. The toponym definitely existed prior to the Zirid period in the 11th century. It probably first appeared in the 9th century and it is found in Arabic sources from the 10th century. The word Gárnata (or Karnata ) possibly meant "hill of strangers". Another meaning might be "hill of pilgrims". It could even have been of Berber origin. Another theory

12838-464: The noble Arab families, because of the expense and difficulty of performing the journey with a large entourage. Many of these slaves were black , and had noticed the comings and goings of their former owners to Mount Valparaíso (as the area was then called), were aware of their former owners' fears and had overheard many conversations between them regarding burying their possessions. Granted their freedom but without work or belongings, many decided to climb

12969-478: The old July record by almost 3 degrees. In the municipality of Granada there are five urban areas: Granada city, Alquería del Fargue, Bobadilla, Cerrillo de Maracena and Lancha del Genil. Due to the expansion of Granada city, Cerrillo de Maracena has been integrated into it. According to the municipal register of inhabitants, in 2021 the municipality of Granada had a population of 231,775 people, of whom 106,987 were men (46.15%) and 124,738 were women (53.85%). Since

13100-550: The oldest in the city, they are held on the first weekend in September, and among the festivals and popular meals, the old and famous Pasacalles de Disfraces (Costume Parade) is held on Sunday, where, accompanied by a group, the neighbours parade in costume through the whole neighbourhood, invading the neighbouring Albaicin with music and a lot of cheek. 37°10′51″N 3°35′34″W  /  37.18083°N 3.59278°W  / 37.18083; -3.59278 Granada In

13231-768: The other member countries of the European Union. According to the provisions of the General Electoral Regime Law, which establishes the number of eligible councilors according to the population of the municipality, the Municipal Corporation of Granada is made up of 27 councilors. In the municipal elections held in 2019 the constitution of the City Council was eleven councilors belonging to the Popular Party , eight to

13362-498: The phrase servos ad pileum vocare is a summons to liberty, by which slaves were frequently called upon to take up arms with a promise of liberty ( Liv. XXIV.32). "The figure of Liberty on some of the coins of Antoninus Pius , struck A.D. 145, holds this cap in the right hand". The cap was an attribute carried by Libertas , the Roman goddess of freedom, who was also recognized by the rod ( vindicta or festuca ), used ceremonially in

13493-453: The phrasing “for the love I have for her” as well as other expressions of intimacy as part of the reasoning for freeing their slaves as written on the baptismal record or carta de libertad . Male slave owners were far less likely to speak in intimate terms about their reasoning for freeing their slaves. Many children manumitted at baptism were likely the illegitimate children of their male owners, though this can be difficult to determine from

13624-400: The pragmatic interests of the owner. The prospect of manumission worked as an incentive for slaves to be industrious and compliant. Roman slaves were paid a wage ( peculium ), which they could save up to buy themselves freedom. Manumission contracts found, in some abundance at Delphi (Greece), specify in detail the prerequisites for liberation. A History of Ancient Greece explains that in

13755-443: The proportion of free black people nationally increased to ~14% of the total black population. New York and New Jersey adopted gradual abolition laws that kept the free children of slaves as indentured servants into their twenties. After the 1793 invention of the cotton gin , which enabled the development of extensive new areas for cotton cultivation, the number of manumissions decreased because of increased demand for slave labour. In

13886-598: The province of Elvira. When the Caliphate collapsed after 1009 and the Fitna (civil war) began, the Zirid leader Zawi ben Ziri established an independent kingdom for himself, the Taifa of Granada . Arab sources such as al-Idrisi consider him to be the founder of the city of Granada. His surviving memoirs – the only ones for the Spanish "Middle Ages" – provide considerable detail for this brief period. Because Madīnat Ilbīra

14017-469: The quasi-political ha-Nagid ('The Prince'), was king in all but name. As vizier he made policy and—much more unusual—led the army. [...] It is said that Samuel's strengthening and fortification of Granada was what permitted it, later, to survive as the last Islamic state in the Iberian peninsula. All of the greatest figures of eleventh-century Hispano-Jewish culture are associated with Granada. Moses Ibn Ezra

14148-523: The region. With the Reconquista in full swing, the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon – under kings Ferdinand III and James I , respectively – made major conquests across al-Andalus. Castile captured Cordoba in 1236 and Seville in 1248 . Meanwhile, the ambitious Ibn al-Ahmar (Muhammad I) established what became the last and longest reigning Muslim dynasty in the Iberian peninsula,

14279-662: The same name: Cartuja. This is an old monastery started in a late Gothic style with Baroque exuberant interior decorations. In this district also, many buildings were created with the extension of the University of Granada . The toponym derives from a gate (Bab al-Ramla, or the Gate of the Ears ) that was built when Granada was controlled by the Nasrid dynasty . Nowadays, Bib-Rambla is a high point for gastronomy, especially in its terraces of restaurants, open on beautiful days. The Arab bazaar ,

14410-441: The same protections, independence, or rights as men, either in the public or private spheres. In reflection of unwritten, yet strictly enforced contemporary social codes, women were also legally prevented from participating in public and civic society. For example: through the illegality of women voting or holding public office. The freed slaves' rights were limited or defined by particular statutes . A freed male slave could become

14541-589: The site of the former madrasa built by Yusuf I. Granada's Town Council did not fully establish until almost nine years after the Castilian conquest, upon the concession of the so-called 'Constitutive Charter' of the Ayuntamiento of Granada on 23 September 1500. From then on, the municipal institution became a crucible for the " Old Christian " and the converted morisco elites, resulting in strong factionalism, particularly after 1508. The new period also saw

14672-730: The sons of freedmen include the Augustan poet Horace and the 2nd century emperor, Pertinax . A notable freedman in Latin literature is Trimalchio , the ostentatiously nouveau riche character in the Satyricon , by Petronius . In colonial Peru, the laws around manumission were influenced by the Siete Partidas , a Castilian law code. According to the Siete Partidas , masters who manumitted their slaves should be honored and obeyed by their former slaves for giving such

14803-484: The south side of the Darro River or on the site of the current Albaicín neighbourhood. The latter had a mainly Jewish population and thus was also known as Gharnāṭat al-Yahūd (" Gharnāṭa of the Jews"). The district around the city was known as Kūrat Ilbīra (roughly "Province of Elvira"). After 743 the town of Ilbīra was settled by soldiers from the region of Syria who played a role in supporting Abd al-Rahman I ,

14934-516: The summer months. Winters are cool and damp, with most of the rainfall concentrated from November through to January. The coldest month is January with daytime temperatures hovering at 13 °C (55 °F) and dropping to around 1 °C (34 °F) during the night. Frost is common as temperatures usually reach below-freezing in the early morning. Snow is rare and occurs once every few years. Spring and autumn are unpredictable, with temperatures ranging from mild to warm. Early summer in 2017 confronted

15065-477: The supposed relics of Saint Caecilius (co-patron of Granada) and the lead books are now kept. The origin of the houses excavated on the slopes of Sacromonte, the traditional dwelling type of the neighbourhood, is not very clear. It is assumed that they began to be built from the 16th century, after the Jewish and Muslim populations were expelled from their homes , and intermixed with the nomadic Romani, adopting some of their customs. The caves became housing for

15196-577: The surrender, outlined in the Treaty of Granada at the end of 1491, explicitly allowed the Muslim inhabitants, known as mudéjares , to continue unmolested in the practice of their faith and customs. This had been a traditional practice during Castilian (and Aragonese ) conquests of Muslim cities since the takeover of Toledo in the 11th century. The terms of the surrender pressured Jewish inhabitants to convert or leave within three years, but this provision

15327-411: The terrain would allow. The forms and limits of this unique house type are determined by the terrain, altitude and extent of the hills where the excavation takes place, so there are no two identical caves. These elements, along with the paths, gullies, small squares , whitewashed facades and interiors form a unique landscape, alongside the customs and crafts of their inhabitants, giving the neighbourhood

15458-401: The time and place of a particular society. Historian Verene Shepherd states that the most widely used term is gratuitous manumission, "the conferment of freedom on the enslaved by enslavers before the end of the slave system". The motivations for manumission were complex and varied. Firstly, it may present itself as a sentimental and benevolent gesture. One typical scenario was the freeing in

15589-410: The treasures remain hidden in the area. Sacromonte Caves Museum, Darro Valley Interpretation Centre. This Museum opened its doors in 2002 and occupies a space of 4800 square metres in which up to 11 caves have been recovered for viewing in their original state as maintained by their inhabitants. The aim of the museum is to make known and help understand the culture, history and natural environment of

15720-481: The two decades after the American Revolutionary War , so many slaveholders accomplished manumissions by deed or in wills that the proportion of free black people to the total number of black people rose from less than 1% to 10% in the Upper South. In Virginia, the proportion of free black people increased from 1% in 1782 to 7% in 1800. Together with several Northern states abolishing slavery during that period,

15851-625: The west by those of Archidona and Antequera and to the East by those of Guadix , Baza and Huéscar. The fertile soil of the Vega, apt for agriculture, is irrigated by the water streams originated in Sierra Nevada , as well as minor secondary ranges, all drained by the catchment basin of the Genil River , that cuts across the city centre following an east to west direction. The Monachil ,

15982-429: Was born in the Sacromonte neighbourhood, Granada, on 22 January 1948, into a family with a long flamenco tradition, "Los Cabreras", and grew up among the local artists Mario Maya, Manolete, Los Heredias, Los Habichuelas and Los Amayas. Curro Albaicin has also been asked to sing or organize parties for a number of personalities from the world of politics and culture, the kings of Spain on several occasions and those of Syria,

16113-469: Was from Granada; on his invitation Judah ha-Levi spent several years there as his guest. Ibn Gabirol ’s patrons and hosts were the Jewish viziers of Granada, Samuel ha-Nagid and his son Joseph. After Samuel's death, his son Joseph took over after his position but proved to lack his father's diplomacy, bringing on the 1066 Granada massacre , which ended the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain . From

16244-577: Was its Great Mosque (on the site of the present-day Granada Cathedral ) and the commercial district known as the qaysariyya (the Alcaicería ). Next to this was the only major madrasa built in al-Andalus, the Madrasa al-Yusufiyya (known today as the Palacio de la Madraza ), founded in 1349. Other monuments from this era include the al-Funduq al-Jadida ("New Inn" or caravanserai , now known as

16375-426: Was made his first bishop, as early as the first century, and some other apostolic men, companions of Santiago . A very important library, with numerous incunabula and manuscripts, has been preserved and is now closed, as have the forgeries of the so-called "Lead Books", in which Cecilio was presented as a disciple of Santiago and the first bishop of Granada. The abbey is the canonical seat of the gypsy brotherhood. There

16506-488: Was not uncommon for ex-slaves to purchase family members or friends in order to free them. For example, ex-slave Susannah Ostrehan became a successful businesswoman in Barbados and purchased many of her acquaintances. For Jamaica, manumission went largely unregulated until the 1770s, when manumitters had to post a bond in order to ensure those that they freed did not become wards of the parish. One quantitative analysis of

16637-476: Was quickly superseded by the Alhambra Decree , issued only a few months later on March 31, which instead forced all Jews in Spain to convert or be expelled within four months. Those who converted became known as conversos (converts). This move, along with the progressive erosion of other guarantees provided by the surrender treaty, raised tensions and fears within the remaining Muslim community during

16768-559: Was settled since ancient times by Iberians , Romans , and Visigoths . The current settlement became a major city of Al-Andalus in the 11th century during the Zirid Taifa of Granada . In the 13th century it became the capital of the Emirate of Granada under Nasrid rule, the last Muslim -ruled state in the Iberian Peninsula . Granada was conquered in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs and progressively transformed into

16899-415: Was situated on a low plain and, as a result, difficult to protect from attacks, the ruler decided to transfer his residence to the higher situated area of Ġarnāṭa . According to Arabic sources Ilbīra was razed during the Fitna, afterwards it was not restored at its previous place and instead Ġarnāṭa , the former Jewish town, replaced it as the main city. In a short time this town was transformed into one of

17030-531: Was the nomen (see Roman naming conventions ) of the master's gens . The former owner became the patron ( patronus ) and the freed slave became a client ( cliens ) and retained certain obligations to the former master, who owed certain obligations in return. A freed slave could also acquire multiple patrons. A freed slave became a citizen. Not all citizens, however, held the same freedoms and privileges. In particular contrast, women could become citizens , but female Roman citizenship did not allow anywhere near

17161-603: Was the Jewish district in the time of the Nasrid Granada. (The centuries since the Jewish population were so important that Granada was known in Al-Andalus under the name of "Granada of the Jews", Arabic : غرناطة اليهود Gharnāṭah al-Yahūd .) It is today a district made up of many Granadinian villas, with gardens opening onto the streets, called Los Cármenes . This district contains the Carthusian monastery of

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