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82-664: Sadat e-Bara sometimes pronounced Sadaat-e-Bahara, are a tribe of Indian Muslim Sayyids , originally Elite or Noble Sayyid families situated in the Muzaffarnagar district of Uttar Pradesh in India. This community had considerable influence during the reign of the Mughal Empire . Its members were also found in Hyderabad , Karnal District and Haryana , Gujarat & Karnataka , Maharashtra state in India. Some of

164-558: A centre of Shia culture in Uttar Pradesh . By the early 19th century, the British had established their control over what is now Uttar Pradesh. This led to an end of almost six centuries of Muslim rule over Uttar Pradesh. The British began to hire indigenous cavalry in their conquered provinces. The end of Muslim rule saw a large number of unemployed Muslim horsemen, who were employed in the British army. In early British India,

246-638: A composition of Sanskrit-derived languages, written in the Perso-Arabic script with literary conventions and specialized vocabulary being retained from Persian, Arabic, and Turkic; the new standard was eventually called Urdu . According to the Tashih Gharaib-ul-Lughat by Khan-i Arzu, the "zaban-e Urdu-e Shahi [the Imperial Urdu] had attained special importance in the time of Alamgir "(1658-1707). During this time period, Urdu

328-625: A follower. Among his followers were many leaders, rulers, and military and government officials. It was known to everyone that he lived in complete conviction. Because of the example Talibani set as a religious figure, the people's ties to him were solid and strong. After his death, his branch was populated in Turkey, and he was followed by Dede Osman Avni Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Ömer Hüdai Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Muhammed Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Mustafa Hayri Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Haydar Baba Trabzoni and Sheikh Al-Haj Mehmet Baba. The Qadri Noshahi silsila (offshoot)

410-523: A number of cultural norms arose over time which typified many Uttar Pradesh Muslim traditions. The Turkic Sultans of Delhi and their Mughal successors patronized the émigré Muslim culture: Islamic jurists of the Sunni Hanafi school, Persian literati who were Shia Ithnā‘ashariyyah , and Sufis of several orders, including the Chishti , Qadiri and Naqshbandi . Many Sufi missionaries from

492-531: A number of historic reasons, that the Muslim community as whole should not be subject to any affirmative action policies, such as other socially deprived groupings like the Scheduled Castes . However, the state has conceded that certain baradaris within the larger Muslim community of Uttar Pradesh deserve reservations in jobs and quotas in educational institutions. This principle has been established by

574-703: A number of pre-Islamic customs. A reaction to the growth of the Deobandi movement was the rise of the Barelvi sub-sect, which was much more tolerant of the customs and traditions of the local population. However, the Barelvis under Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi opposed Hindu-Muslim unity, declaring that the Quran forbade friendship with disbelievers, warning that this could result in Muslims losing their identity. He opposed

656-767: A particular craft or trade. In addition to occupational specialization, biradaris are also concentrated in a particular geographic area. For example, the Doab region is home some cultivation biradaris, such as the Baloch , Dogar , Garha , Gujjar , Turks , Kamboh , Rajput , and Muslim Tyagi . They often live in their own villages and follow distinct customs. The population is further divided by linguistic division. Muslims in Uttar Pradesh speak Urdu , as well as also local Hindi dialects, such as Bhojpuri , Awadhi , Kauravi, and Braj Bhasha . Both Muslim men and women wore

738-698: A reduction in communal violence between Hindus and Muslims . This was also a period where Muslims were led by Ashraf leaders such as Abdul Majeed Khwaja in Aligarh and Rafi Ahmed Kidwai in Barabanki . However, from the late 1960s onwards, there was an increase in the number of communal riots, culminating in the destruction of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in December 1992. This period has also seen

820-576: A religious school or Dar-ul-Uloom designed to revitalize Islamic learning. The aim of the Deobandis , as the movement became known as was to purge the Muslims of all strata of traditions and customs that were claimed to be Hindu . Most of the early proselytization was concentrated in the Doab region where Deoband is located, which was home to a number of peasant castes, such as the Rajput Muslim , Gujjar , Tyagi and Jat , who had maintained

902-465: A unified community as they were divided by ethnic, linguistic, and economic differences. When the Mongols rose to power under Genghis Khan , there was an influx of Muslim refugees into North India , many of whom settled in the provincial kasbahs and brought administrators from Iran ; painters from China; theologians from Samarkand , Nishapur and Bukhara . In Azamgharh, Mubarakpur, Mau, and Vanaras,

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984-516: Is a pilgrimage site in which congregational prayers, known as "Khoja-Digar" are held in honor of Baha-ul-Din on his death anniversary the 3rd Rabi ul Awwal of the Islamic lunar calendar. This practice including the "Khatm Muazzamt" is a practice that goes back to Mahmud and his son Moinuddin The Kashmiri population venerate Mahmud and his family as they are regarded them as the revivers of

1066-418: Is because of this that Mahmud claims direct spiritual connection to his ancestor Baha-u-din . Furthermore Mahmud had a significant amount of nobles as disciples, highlighting his popular influence in the Mughal Empire . His main emphasis was to highlight orthodox Sunni teachings . Mahmud's son Moinuddin lies buried in their Khanqah together with his wife who was the daughter of a Mughal Emperor. It

1148-526: Is commonly referred to as Mandal, a reference to the Mandal Commission , which was set up to consider the question of seat reservations and quotas for people to address caste discrimination. Among the groups identified for reservation were a number of Ajlaf communities, which led to greater assertion of Ajlaf political power and a decline in the Ashraf leadership. A major controversy is a demand for

1230-615: Is not really meaningful in understanding the existing pattern among the diverse social groups in any locality. Technically, the Ashraf are descendants of groups with foreign ancestry, while the Ajlaf are those whose ancestors are said to have converted to Islam . The Ashraf are further divided into four groups: the Sayyid , the alleged descendants of Mohammed ; the Shaikh and Siddiqui Manihar claiming descent from early Arab or Persian settlers;

1312-406: Is the little description of Main exercise of Sarwari Qadiri. "Focus on ISM ALLAH ( الله ) and meditate and write it throughout your body; specially on heart and five senses organs by your right index finger using sunlight as inkpot. Also, ISM Muhammad ( محمد ) inside chest using moon light Spiritual Book . " Its mainstream philosophy is contemplation of belovedness towards God. This branch of

1394-554: Is widespread and can be found in India, Bangladesh, China, Turkey, Indonesia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Balkans , Russia, Palestine . and East and West Africa . The founder of the Qadiriyya, Abdul Qadir Gilani , was a scholar and preacher. Having been a pupil at the madrasa of Abu Sa'id al-Mubarak , he became the leader of this school after al-Mubarak's death in 1119. Being the new sheikh , he and his large family lived in

1476-655: The Ansari were weavers, while the Saifi were blacksmiths. These artisan communities call themselves biradaries and each is characterised by strict endogamy. In the older parts of town and cities in Uttar Pradesh, they are also characterised by residential segregation. Among other traditional artisan biradaris in UP are the Mansoori , Bhatiara , Bhisti , Dhobi , Muslim Halwai , Teli and Raj , which were at one time associated with

1558-608: The Awadh region. Muslim artisan communities persevered with the growth of specialized industries such as lock manufacturing in Aligarh . The Muslim peasantry in western Uttar Pradesh benefited from the Green Revolution , while those in eastern Uttar Pradesh did poorly. The Muslim League eventually declined, with most Muslims initially supporting the Indian National Congress . The post partition period saw

1640-640: The Mandal Commission . Many of these baradaris that have been traditionally associated with a particular craft have been granted Other Backward Class (OBC) status, which in theory makes them eligible for a number of affirmative action schemes. There has been some criticism as the selection of criteria, which many disadvantaged Muslim Baradaris excluded from the lists drawn up by the Government of India . For example, certain Baradaris whose Hindu counterparts were lists as Scheduled Castes were omitted from

1722-589: The Mughal Empire disintegrated, their territory remained confined to the Doab region and Delhi. Other areas of Hindustan (Uttar Pradesh) were ruled by different rulers: Oudh was ruled by the Shia Nawabs of Oudh, Rohilkhand by the Rohillas . The state's capital city of Lucknow was established by the Muslim Nawabs of Oudh in the 18th century. It became an important centre of Muslim culture and

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1804-518: The Mughal Empire , the development of Urdu was further strengthened and started to emerge as a new language. The official language of the Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature, was Persian , while the language of religion was Arabic . Gradually, the need to communicate with local inhabitants led to

1886-622: The Noun river , d.   1504 in Akka ) established a Qadiri zawiya ( Sufi residence) in Walata . In the sixteenth century the family spread across the Sahara to Timbuktu , Agades , Bornu , Hausaland , and other places, and in the eighteenth century large numbers of Kunta moved to the region of the middle Niger where they established the village of Mabruk. Sidi Al-Mukhtar al-Kunti (1728–1811) united

1968-513: The Shaikh quom and Behlim Rangrez or Fareedi biradari . This system of stratification, unlike the Hindu caste system, lacks any concept of ritual purity or pollution. It is commonly believed that Muslims in Uttar Pradesh are divided into the Ashraf and Ajlaf categories which are distinguished by ethnic origin and descent. However, students making empirical studies of Muslim communities in different parts of India found that this distinction

2050-795: The Turks & the Mughal descent from the Mughal dynasty or Gurkani Turks; and the Pathan , who claim descents from Pashtun groups that have settled in India . Technically the first two groups intermarry with each other, while the latter two intermarry. Included sometimes in the Ashraf category are Muslim Rajput groups such as the Rangrez , manihar and Khanzada . A third category, arzaal are supposed to be converts from Hindu Dalit communities, though

2132-586: The Urdu language played an important role in the development of Muslim self-consciousness in the early twentieth century. Uttar Pradesh Muslims set up Anjumans or associations for the protection and promotion of Urdu . These early Muslim associations formed the core of the All India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1905. Many of the leaders belonged to the Ashraf category. Uttar Pradesh Muslims created

2214-538: The madrasa until his death in 1166, when his son, Abdul Razzaq , succeeded his father as sheikh. Abdul Razzaq published a hagiography of his father, adding to his already established reputation as founder of a prestigious Sufi order. The Qadiriyya flourished, surviving the Mongolian conquest of Baghdad in 1258 , and remained an influential Sunni institution. After the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate ,

2296-863: The shalwar kameez , while men also wore the sherwani . Indian Muslim women in urban areas historically also wore a white purdah , which hung around the figure around a small skull-cap. The Mughal and Indo-Iranian heritage influenced their cuisine, having tastes vary from mild to spicy and is often associated with aroma . It tends to use stronger spices and flavors. Most of a dastarkhawan dining table includes chapatti , rice, dal , vegetable and meat (beef, lamb , chicken , fish ) dishes. Special dishes include biryani , qorma , kofta , seekh kabab , Nihari and Haleem , Nargisi Koftay , Shashlik , Kata-Kat , Roghani Naan , Naan , Sheer khurma (sweet), qourma, chai (sweet, milky tea), paan , and other delicacies associated with North Indian Muslim culture. Sufis (Islamic mystics) played an important role in

2378-672: The Deobandi leaders for their political cooperation with Hindu figures, such as Gandhi. According to Ashraf Ali Thanwi the Shari'a norms mandate "distinguishing the Muslim community[qawm], the maintenance of difference in our clothing, our manners, our way of speaking, and our behavior." He forbade the wearing of the English coat and pants, tying a Dhoti [worn by Hindu men], Gurgabi shoes and Lehenga , which were "things that are purely characteristics of other communities[aqwam]". The role of

2460-762: The Heathens, or from the Persians, or other Nations. Urdu is often contrasted with Hindi , another standardised form of Hindustani. The main differences between the two are that Standard Urdu is conventionally written in the Nastaliq calligraphy style of the Perso-Arabic script and draws vocabulary from Persian, Arabic, Turkish and local languages while Standard Hindi is conventionally written in Devanāgarī and draws vocabulary from Sanskrit more heavily. Most linguists consider Urdu and Hindi to be two standardized forms of

2542-666: The Islamic Empire was established in India, the Sufi movement attracted followers from the artisan and untouchable communities; they assisted in bridging the distance between Islam and the indigenous traditions. Ahmad Sirhindi , a prominent member of the Naqshbandi Sufi , advocated the peaceful conversion of Hindus to Islam. Ahmed Rida Khan contributed a lot by defending traditional and orthodox Islam in India through his work Fatawa Razvia . The following table gives

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2624-550: The Khanquah-e-Barakatiyah. Silsila -e-Qadriyah Barkaatiyah Razviyah was founded by Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri Barkaati along with Khanqah E Razviyah, When Ahmed Raza became the Mureed of Shah Aale Rasool Marehrawi, who is descendant (great - great-grandson) of Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi in year 1294 AH (1877 CE ), When Khan became Mureed at the same time his Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat in

2706-735: The Kunta factions by successful negotiation, and established an extensive confederation. Under his influence the Maliki school of Islamic law was reinvigorated and the Qadiriyyah order spread throughout Mauritania , the middle Niger region, Guinea , the Ivory Coast , Futa Toro , and Futa Jallon . Kunta colonies in the Senegambian region became centers of Muslim teaching. Sheikh Usman dan Fodio (1754-1817) from Gobir popularized

2788-614: The Middle East and Central Asia migrated and settled in South Asia. Many natives converted to Islam due to the missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs populate South Asia. The Muslims from various Northern provinces such as Hyderabad Deccan , Balochistan , Sindh , Punjab , Gujarat, Kashmir and other parts of South Asia also moved to capitals of the Muslim empire in Delhi and Agra . Millions of natives converted to Islam during

2870-617: The Mughal armies. Their performance was appreciated by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir, and an additional force of 25,000 Pashtuns were recruited from modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Afghanistan and were given respected positions in Mughal Army. Nearly all of Pashtuns settled in the Katehar region and also brought their families from modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Afghanistan . During Nadir Shah 's invasion of northern India in 1739,

2952-649: The Muslim community to receive reservation as a whole, which is being opposed by many Ajlaf communities. There are also demands to extend the scheduled caste status, which the Indian Constitution restricts to Hindu castes and Muslim Ajlaf groups like the Halalkhor and Lal Begi . Some South Asian Muslims stratify their society according to quoms . Quoms are further divided into biradaris , which claim descent from an actual or putative common male ancestor. For example, an individual will belong to

3034-662: The Muslim rule. The Lodi dynasty was dominated by the Pashtuns soldiers from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Afghanistan who settled in northern India. After the First Battle of Panipat , Mughal Emperor Babur defeated the Lodi dynasty with Chagatai or Gurkani Türks, Uzbek , Turkmen and Uyghur soldiers and nobility. These soldiers and nobles were awarded estates and they settled with their families in northern India. These diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups merged with

3116-599: The Muslims of Uttar Pradesh over the centuries to form the Urdu speaking Muslim community of South Asia . The Rohilla leader Daud Khan was awarded the Katehar (later called Rohilkhand ) region in the then-northern India by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir (ruled 1658–1707) to suppress the Rajput uprisings. Originally, some 20,000 soldiers from various Pashtun tribes ( Yusafzai , Ghori, Osmani, Ghilzai , Barech, Marwat , Durrani , Tareen , Kakar , Naghar , Afridi and Khattak ) were hired by Mughals to provide soldiers to

3198-1001: The Naqshbandiyya in Kashmir . Mahmud was succeeded by his son Moinuddin and their progeny until the line died out in the eighteenth century. However this line was revived again by a descendant of Mahmud in the 8th generation called Sayyid Mir Jan Kabuli , who centered Mahmud's cult in Lahore. Sayyid Mir Jan is buried next to Mahmud in his mausoleum in Lahore. The Halisa offshoot was founded by Abdurrahman Halis Talabani (1212 – 1275 Hijra) in Kerkuk, Iraq. Hungry and miserable people were fed all day in his Tekke without regard for religion. Ottomans donated money and gifts to his Tekke in Kerkuk. Sultan Abdul-Majid Khan's (Khalife of İslam, Sultan of Ottoman Empire) wife Sultana Hatun sent many gifts and donations to his Tekke as

3280-484: The Persian language. Since the 1800s, English started to replace Persian as the official language in India and it also contributed to influence the Urdu language. As of today, Urdu's vocabulary is strongly influenced by the English language. Studies including the Sachar Report have claimed that the Muslim community in Uttar Pradesh lags behind in terms of economics, educational attainment and political representation. The general political consensus in India has been, for

3362-409: The Qadiri teachings in Nigeria . He was well educated in classical Islamic science, philosophy, and theology. He also became a revered religious thinker. In 1789 a vision led him to believe he had the power to work miracles, and to teach his own mystical wird , or litany. His litanies are still widely practiced and distributed in the Islamic world. Dan Fodio later had visions of Abdul Qadir Gilani ,

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3444-647: The Qadiriyya Harariya tariqa was the Hadhrami sharif, Abu Bakr bin 'Abd Allah 'Aydarus and his shrine is located in Harar City, Ethiopia. Other notable sheikhs have shrines scattered around the environs of Harar itself. The current shaykh is a Somali named Mohamed Nasrudin bin Shaykh Ibrahim Kulmiye. The tariqa spread in Djibouti, Somaliland, Ethiopia, and Somalia. Notable Harariya Qadiriyya leaders include, Uways Al-Barawi , Sheikh Madar , Al-Zaylaʽi and Abadir Umar ar-Rida . Founded by Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi, (26th Jumada al-Thani 1070 AH or June 1660 CE – tenth Muharram 1142 AH or October 1729 CE ),

3526-531: The Qadiriyya came into being in the eighteenth century resulting from a revivalist movement led by Al-Mukhtar al-Kunti , a Sufi of the western Sahara who wished to establish Qadiri Sufism as the dominant religion in the region. In contrast to other branches of the Qadiriyya that do not have a centralized authority, the Mukhtariyya brotherhood was highly centralized. Its leaders focused on economic prosperity as well as spiritual well-being, sending their disciples on trade caravans as far away as Europe. The founder of

3608-427: The Sayyids of Barha, " ...because a strong partner in government soon wants to seize the kingship for himself ", would eventually become true. Six years after the death of Aurangzeb, the Barhas became kingmakers in the Mughal empire under Qutub-ul-Mulk and Ihtisham-ul-Mulk , creating and deposing Mughal emperors at will. The Barha Sayyids regained many of their estates from the Marathas and regained their status in

3690-401: The Scheduled Caste list. Other economically deprived groups such as the Kankali , Kanmailia and Kingharia have also been excluded, while groups like the Kayastha Muslims and Muslim Kamboh have been included. Approximately 44 communities have been included in the Uttar Pradesh OBC list. The Government of India made an announcement to establish a sub-quota of 4.5% for minorities within

3772-459: The artisan groups evolved into caste-like groupings, such as the Momin , who were weavers. Many of these new converts continued to speak their original dialects, such as Awadhi and Khari boli . Over time a fourfold division arose among the Ashraf, with the Sayyids (the actual or claimed descendants of the Islamic prophet, Mohammad ), the Shaikh , communities signifies Arab descent and comes under high Baradari of society, however majority are

3854-503: The cavalry was almost entirely composed of Muslims, as Hindus were "not so much disposed as the Mahomedans to the duties of a trooper". These cavalry regiments were primarily recruited among Hindustani Musalman biradaris , such as the Ranghar(Rajput Muslims) , Sheikhs , Sayyids , Mughals , and localized Pathans , who made up three-fourths of the cavalry branch of the British army. Irregular cavalry regiments such as Skinner's Horse , Gardner , Hearsay's Horse and Tait's Horse preserved

3936-457: The community shares some unifying cultural factors. Uttar Pradesh has more Muslims than any Muslim-majority country in the world except Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Afghanistan. The earliest traces of Islam in Uttar Pradesh can be traced back to the early 11th century (1000-1030CE), when the religion was introduced to the region through various Ghurid and Ghaznavid attacks and incursions. However,

4018-408: The conversion of many members of the Kayastha community to Islam . The Muslim Kayasths speak Urdu and Hindi . The Kayasth sometimes use Siddiqui , Quraishi , Khan , Shaikh , Usmani and Farooqi as their surnames, and consider themselves to belong to the Shaikh community. Many of the converts belonged to the Hindu artisan castes , who were drawn to the new kasbahs. Over time, many of

4100-436: The country preaching until his death in 1689. One of Abdul-Allah's students, Qi Jingyi Hilal al-Din, is said to have permanently rooted Qadiri Sufism in China. He was buried in Linxia City , which became the center of the Qadiriyya in China. By the seventeenth century the Qadiriyya had also reached Ottoman -ruled areas of Europe. Sultan Bahu contributed to the spread of Qadiriyya in western India. His method of spreading

4182-412: The creation of Pakistan . The net result of partition and independence in 1947 was the division of the Urdu speaking Uttar Pradesh Muslims. It led to major social, political, and cultural changes; for example, Urdu lost its status. The abolishment of the zamindari system also had a profound impact on culture as these large landowners provided patronage to local artisans; this was especially true in

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4264-425: The decline of Muslim support for the Congress Party . From the 1990s there have been two issues confronting the Muslim community: the Mandir and Mandal . Mandir refers to the construction of a Hindu temple supported by the Bharatiya Janata Party in the town of Ayodhya in eastern Uttar Pradesh, on the site of Babri Mosque . The project was poorly received and resulted in communal violence . The other issue

4346-425: The development of Urdu literature. Of all the Muslim states and dependencies of the Mughal Empire, Awadh had the newest royal family. They were descended from a Persian adventurer called Sa'adat Khan , who was originally from Khurasan in Persia , one of many Khurasanis in the service of the Mughals, mostly soldiers, who hoped for rich rewards if successful. These Khurasanis were Shia , and Lucknow became

4428-425: The end of the fifteenth century, the Qadiriyya had distinct branches and had spread to Morocco . Spain, Turkey, India, Ethiopia , Somalia , and present-day Mali . Established Sufi sheikhs often adopted the Qadiriyya tradition without abandoning leadership of their local communities. During the Safavid dynasty 's rule of Baghdad from 1508 to 1534, the sheikh of the Qadiriyya was appointed chief Sufi of Baghdad and

4510-951: The existing 27% reservation meant for the OBC. This decision was said to be made to address Muslim communities that have been granted OBC status are unable to compete with wealthier section of the Hindu OBC community. However, Justice Sachar who headed the Sachar Committee criticized the government decision saying, "Such promises will not help the backward section of minorities. It is like befooling them. These people are making tall claims just to win elections" Notable Muslims from Uttar Pradesh include actress Shabana Azami, Vice President of India Mohammad Hamid Ansari , Vice President of Muslim Personal Law Board Dr. Kalbe Sadiq, actor and director Muzaffar Ali , journalist Saeed Naqvi , Persian scholar Dr. Naiyer Masud Rizvi , linguist Masud Husain Khan, Governor Syed Sibtey Razi , historian Irfan Habib , politician Salman Khursheed , and cricketer Mohammad Kaif . Qadiri The order, with its many offshoots,

4592-416: The first Uttar Pradesh list. This was part dealt with by including Muslim Nats , Muslim Mochis and Muslim Dhobis , whose Hindu counterparts have Scheduled Caste status as backward communities. However, a number of extremely marginalized Muslim communities such as the Muslim Dabgar . Muslim Bandhmatis . Muslim Dom and Muslim Bansphor remain excluded despite the fact that there Hindu counterparts are on

4674-437: The first consolidated Muslim rule over much of Uttar Pradesh began after 1205 CE, when the region formed part of the various sultanates and was ruled from their capital, Delhi; as a result there arose a community in what is now Uttar Pradesh, referred to as Hindustani Musalmans . The term Hindustani Musalman was applied to Muslims who either converted to Islam or who had settled for a long time in India . They did not form

4756-449: The founder of the Qadiri tariqah, an ascension to heaven, where he was initiated into the Qadiriyya and the spiritual lineage of Muhammad. His theological writings dealt with concepts of the mujaddid "renewer" and the role of the Ulama in teaching history, and other works in Arabic and the Fula language . The Hazrat Ishaans and their followers the Naqshbandis substantiate their leadership as rightful successors of Muhammad on

4838-423: The legend of Gilani was again found in many texts such as The Joy of the Secrets in Abdul-Qadir's Mysterious Deeds ( Bahjat al-asrar fi ba'd manaqib 'Abd al-Qadir ) attributed to Nur al-Din 'Ali al-Shattanufi, who reminded that Gilani was the ultimate channel of divine grace and helped the Qadiri order flourish far beyond Baghdad at that time as it always did to some extent since the time of its great founder. By

4920-478: The members of this community have migrated to Pakistan after independence and have settled in Karachi , Khairpur State in Sind and Lahore . The Barha Sayyid tribe was famous throughout the country for its obstinate valour and love of fight, as well as religious fervour. The tribe traditionally composed the vanguard of the imperial army, which they alone held the hereditary right to lead in every battle. Aurangzeb's warning to his sons to be cautious in dealing with

5002-406: The movement for a separate Muslim state, later known as Pakistan. The eventual effect of this movement led to the partition of India , and creation of Pakistan. This led to an exodus of many Muslim professionals to Pakistan, and the division of the Uttar Pradesh Muslims, with the formation of the Muhajir ethnic group of Pakistan. The role of the Aligarh Muslim University was extremely important in

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5084-450: The native Brahmin , Kshatriya and Vaishya clans who used the title of Sheikh after conversion to Islam , the Mughals , descendants of Central Asian Turks and Mongols and the Pathans , descendants of Pashtun tribesmen from Pakistan and Afghanistan . Occasionally, important convert communities such as the Kayastha Muslim and manihar of eastern Uttar Pradesh, were also granted Ashraf status. In western Uttar Pradesh, there

5166-629: The new wave of Pashtuns settled increasing their population to over one 1 million. Due to the large settlement of Rohilla Afghans, the Katehar region became known as Rohilkhand. Bareilly was made the capital of the Rohilkhand state and it became a major Pashtun city with Gali Nawaban as the main royal street. Other important cities included Moradabad , Rampur , Shahjahanpur , and Badaun . The Kayastha and Manihar community were historically involved in land record keeping and accounting. Many Hindu Kayasth found favour with Muslim rulers for whom they acted as Qanungos . This close association led to

5248-412: The occasion of a certain biological line of prediction from Muhammad over leading Saints, so called Ghaus or Aqtab reaching Sayyid Mir Jan as the promised Khwaja-e-Khwajagan-Jahan, meaning "Khwaja of all Khwajas of the world". This line is also considered the line of the Qadiri Imamate. They all are descending from each other. Khwaja Khawand Mahmud Al Alavi , known by his followers as " Hazrat Ishaan "

5330-496: The parganah by the time of British arrival. Islam in Uttar Pradesh Muslim in Uttar Pradesh is the second largest religion in the state with 38,483,967 adherents in 2011, forming 19.26% of the total population. Muslims of Uttar Pradesh have also been referred to as Hindustani Musalman ( Urdu : ہندوستانی مسلمان ). They do not form a unified ethnic community, but are differentiated by sectarian and Baradari divisions, as well as by language and geography. Nevertheless,

5412-401: The proportion of Muslims in the population of every district in Uttar Pradesh according to the 2011 Census. Excluded are the districts of Hapur , Sambhal and Shamli which did not exist at the time of the census. Urdu has much in common with the Hindustani language and is mutually intelligible with Standard Hindi . The grammatical description in this article concerns standard Urdu. During

5494-453: The region was known as Hindustan, which is used to this day as the name for India in several languages. Agra and Fatehpur Sikri were the capital cities of Akbar , the Mughal emperor of India. At their zenith, during the rule of Aurangzeb , the Mughal Empire covered almost all of South Asia (including present day Afghanistan , Pakistan , India and Bangladesh ), which was ruled at different times from Delhi, Agra , and Allahabad . When

5576-452: The same language; others classify them separately, while some consider any differences to be sociolinguistic . Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialized contexts. Due to religious nationalism since the partition of British India and consequent continued communal tensions, native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu increasingly assert them to be completely distinct languages. Urdu's vocabulary remains heavily influenced by

5658-621: The several Sufi Silsilas Founded by Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri Barkaati Noori (1892–1981), He is the younger son Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri Barkaati , an Indian Muslim scholar, jurist, poet, author, leader of the Sunni Barelvi movement and Grand Mufti of India of his time, He is Mureed (disciple) and Khalifa of Abul Hussain Ahmad Noori Marehrawi, who is descendant (great - great - great-grandson) of Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi, He got Khilafat and I'jaazat of Silsila Qadriyah Barkaatiyah from his Murshid along with Silsila E Chishti, Naqshbandi, Suharwardi, and Madaari. Muhammad Ansari

5740-922: The spread of Islam in India. They were successful in spreading Islam, as many aspects of Sufi belief systems and practices had their parallels in Indian philosophical literature, in particular nonviolence and monism . The Sufis' orthodox approach towards Islam made it easier for Hindus to practice. Hazrat Khawaja Muin-ud-din Chishti , Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki , syed jalaluddin surkh posh bukhari Nizam-ud-din Auliya , Shah Jalal , nasiruddin chirag Dehlvi, makhdoom jahaniya jahangasht, syed sadruddin raju qattal Amir Khusro , Sarkar Sabir Pak , Shekh Alla-ul-Haq Pandwi, Hazrat Qutabuddin Dehlvi , Hazrat Nasiruddin kaaly , Hazrat Jamal Shah Khurma Waly , Hazrat Shah Ahmad Shah Pir Ji Sarkar , Hazrat Syed Chishti Miyan (Muradabad) , Hazrat Imam Shah Chishti , Ashraf Jahangir Semnani , Sarkar Waris Pak , and Ata Hussain Fani Chishti trained Sufis to propagate Islam in different parts of India. When

5822-402: The surrounding lands. Shortly after the Ottoman Empire conquered Baghdad in 1534, Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned a dome to be built on the mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani , establishing the Qadiriyya as his main allies in Iraq . Khawaja Abdul-Allah, a sheikh of the Qadiriyya and a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , is reported to have entered China in 1674 and traveled

5904-506: The teachings of the Sufi doctrine of Faqr was through his Punjabi couplets and other writings, which numbered more than 140. He granted the method of dhikr and stressed that the way to reach divinity through selfless love carved out of annihilation in God, which he called fana . Sheikh Sidi Ahmad al-Bakka'i ( Arabic : الشيخ سيدي أحمد البكاي بودمعة of the Kunta family , born in the region of

5986-809: The tekke and headed the Qadiri Rifai Tariqa there from 1915 until his death. Ansari was succeeded by his son Muhyiddin Ansari, who started a tariqa in his own name called the Tariqat-i Ansariya or Ansari Tariqa. Before Muhyiddin died, he appointed Shaykh Taner Vargonen Tarsusi to establish the order in the United States. Today the Sufi Order is known as the Ansari Qadiri Rifai Tariqa, and the living leader

6068-464: The term is never used in Uttar Pradesh . Groups that tend to fall in this category include the Halalkhor and Lal Begi . Uttar Pradesh Muslims often identify themselves in smaller units called biradaris, which are localized lineage groupings; for example, the Qidwai Shaikh. Communities in the Ajlaf category were traditionally associated with the practice of a particular craft. For example,

6150-473: The traditions of cavalry under the former Mughal empire, which had a political purpose because it absorbed pockets of cavalrymen who might otherwise become disaffected plunderers. The British rulers created a class of feudal landowners who were generally referred to as zamindars , and in Awadh as taluqdars . Many of these large landowners provided patronage to the arts and funded many of the early Muslim educational institutions. A major educational institution

6232-621: Was a descendant of both Abdul Qadir Geylani and Ahmed er Rifai and a shaykh of the Rifai Tariqa. He moved to Erzincan in northeastern Turkey in the early 1900s, where he met Shaykh Abdullah Hashimi of the Qadiri order. After working together for many years, Hashimi sent Ansari to Istanbul to establish the Qadiri Rifai Tariqa and revive the Ayni Ali Baba Tekke. With permission from Sultan Abdul Hamid II, Ansari and his wife rebuilt

6314-577: Was an Islamic scholar, jurist, Sufi , at the time of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb , Shah Also founded Khanquah-e-Barkaatiya , Marehra Shareef , of Etah district in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India. Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi died on tenth Muharram 1142 AH or October 1729 CE and He is buried in Dargah-e-Barakatiyah in Marehra Shareef , Syed Muhammad Ameen Mian Qadri is the present custodian ( Sajjada Nashin ) of

6396-537: Was conversion to Islam of a number of agrarian castes such as the Tyagi , Ranghar and Muley Jat . Many of these convert communities kept many of their pre-Islamic customs, such as clan exogamy . According to some scholars, this also led to the creeping into Baradari system. With the collapse of the Sultanate of Delhi , the Mughal established control and Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of their vast empire;

6478-643: Was directed by his Pir Ishaq Wali Dahbidi to spread the Naqshbandiyya in Mughal India . His influence mostly remained in the Kashmir valley , whereupon Baqi Billah has expanded the order in other parts of India. Mahmud is a significant Saint of the order as he is a direct blood descendant in the 7th generation of Baha-ul-din Naqshband , the founder of the order and his son in law Ala-ul-din Atar It

6560-433: Was established by Syed Muhammad Naushah Ganj Bakhsh of Gujrat , Punjab, Pakistan, in the late sixteenth century. Also known as Qadiriya Sultaniya, the order was started by Sultan Bahu in the seventeenth century and spread in the western part of Indian subcontinent . Hence, it follows most of the Qadiriyya approach. In contrast, it does not follow a specific dress code or require seclusion or other lengthy exercises here

6642-576: Was referred to as "Moors" by European writers, such as the English priest John Ovington in 1689 after his visit to India: The language of the Moors is different from that of the ancient original inhabitants of India, but is oblig'd to these Gentiles for its characters. For though the Moors dialect is peculiar to themselves, yet it is destitute of Letters to express it; and therefore in all their Writings in their Mother Tongue, they borrow their letters from

6724-579: Was the Aligarh Muslim University , which gave its name to the Aligarh movement. Under the guidance of Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan , the Urdu speaking Muslim elite sought to retain their position of political and administrative importance by reconciling their Mughal and Islamic culture with English education. A somewhat different educational movement was led by the Ulema of Deoband , who founded

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