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64-777: Saddleworth Moor is a moorland in North West England . Reaching more than 1,312 feet (400 m) above sea level, it is in the Dark Peak area of the Peak District National Park . It is crossed by the A635 road and the Pennine Way passes to its eastern side. The moor takes its name from the parish of Saddleworth to the west, historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire , although it

128-427: A Tactical Aid Unit which is deployed for crowd control and riot policing . The service has policed notable riots such as the 2001 Oldham race riots , the 2008 UEFA Cup final riots and the 2011 England riots which affected Salford and Manchester city centre in 2011. The SCD is a unit of GMP responsible for dealing with serious crimes and providing protection for vulnerable people. The GMP Counter Terrorism Unit

192-605: A city, resulting in Salford Borough Police becoming Salford City Police. These two city forces operated until 1968 when, as a result of compulsory amalgamation, as per the Police Act 1964 , Salford City Police merged with Manchester City Police, resulting in the new force of Manchester and Salford Police . This new force lasted only six years, when in 1974 the Local Government Act 1972 created

256-482: A covering of peat . On western moors, the peat layer may be several metres thick. Scottish "muirs" are generally heather moors, but also have extensive covering of grass , cotton-grass , mosses , bracken and under-shrubs such as crowberry , with the wetter moorland having sphagnum moss merging into bog-land . There is uncertainty about how many moors were created by human activity. Oliver Rackham writes that pollen analysis shows that some moorland, such as in

320-489: A fleet of marked Ford Capris , as well as unmarked Lotus Sunbeam cars, which were externally downgraded to appear as a regular Talbot Sunbeam. By the early 1990s, TASS had been replaced by the Tactical Vehicle Crime Unit (TVCU), operating a majority-unmarked high-performance fleet which included Ford Escort XR3i and Ford Sierra RS Cosworth cars. This unit notably featured in the 1995 fly on

384-437: A helpful force rather than a hindrance. In the 2011 England riots , with criticism of the role social media such as Twitter and Facebook had in instigating the riots, GMP stated that support on social media had resulted in many responses from members of the public in trying to catch suspects. GMP then naming and shamed any convicted individuals over the riots. The following officers of Greater Manchester Police are listed by

448-483: A man of action and got more "bobbies on the beat", with himself often doing so. GMP's Deputy Chief Constable became the acting chief constable until the appointment of Peter Fahy , previously head of Cheshire Police , as chief constable in September 2008. Police constable Ian Rodgers was the first GMP officer to be killed in the line of duty in 1975. His death occurred in a railway incident at Stockport . Since

512-484: A relationship to tundra (where the subsoil is permafrost or permanently frozen soil), appearing as the tundra and the natural tree zone. The boundary between tundra and moorland constantly shifts with climatic change . Heathland and moorland are the most extensive areas of semi-natural vegetation in the British Isles . The eastern British moorlands are similar to heaths but are differentiated by having

576-542: A result, burning is now a controversial practice; Rackham calls it "second-best land management". Mechanical cutting of the heather has been used in Europe, but it is important for the material to be removed to avoid smothering regrowth. If heather and other vegetation are left for too long, a large volume of dry and combustible material builds up. This may result in a wildfire burning out a large area, although it has been found that heather seeds germinate better if subject to

640-422: A rise in violent crime in the region. Burnham told The Guardian , "There’s no question about it: GMP needs more officers. They are at their limits, probably beyond them, in terms of what they are dealing with. The chief constable has described it as the low end of reasonable. Therefore, that’s borderline unreasonable." His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS) conducts

704-472: A sensitivity to nature and one's physical surroundings grew with the rise of interest in landscape painting , and particularly the works of artists that favoured wide and deep prospects, and rugged scenery. To the English Romantic imagination, moorlands fitted this image perfectly, enhancing the emotional impact of the story by placing it within a heightened and evocative landscape. Moorland forms

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768-892: Is home to an estimated 10–15% of the world's moors. Notable areas of upland moorland in Britain include the Lake District , the Pennines (including the Dark Peak and Forest of Bowland ), Mid Wales , the Southern Uplands of Scotland, the Scottish Highlands , and a few pockets in the West Country . Moorlands are called páramos in Spanish. They are particularly common in Northern Spain and

832-602: Is on the western side of the Pennines and so has been administrated by Oldham and part of Greater Manchester since 1974. The moor, an elevated plateau with gritstone escarpments or edges and, around its margins, deeply incised v-shaped valleys or cloughs with fast-flowing streams, straddles the metropolitan boroughs of Oldham in Greater Manchester and Kirklees in West Yorkshire . Moorland east of

896-454: The Lonk , thrive on the austere conditions of heather moors. Burning of moorland has been practised for a number of reasons, for example, when grazing is insufficient to control growth. This is recorded in Britain in the fourteenth century. Uncontrolled burning frequently caused (and causes) problems and was forbidden by statute in 1609. With the rise of sheep and grouse management in

960-471: The Meseta Central . Two similar habitats, although more arid, found in western North America: Colombia is one of only three countries in the world to be home to páramo (tropical moorland) and more than 60% of the paramo regions are found on its soil. Greater Manchester Police Greater Manchester Police ( GMP ) is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement within

1024-661: The Police Roll of Honour Trust as having died during the course of their duties: From November 2012 to May 2017, the Greater Manchester Police and Crime Commissioner was Tony Lloyd . The police and crime commissioner was scrutinised by the Greater Manchester Police and Crime Panel , made up of elected councillors from the local authorities in the police area. Before November 2012 the Greater Manchester Police Authority

1088-399: The metropolitan county of Greater Manchester in North West England . As of March 2020 , Greater Manchester Police employed 6,866 police officers, 3,524 members of police staff, and 560 police community support officers . Additionally, the force has 325 special constables . GMP is headquartered at Central Park, Northampton Road, Newton Heath , Manchester. In December 2020, GMP

1152-458: The GMP maintains a firearms unit to provide them with a capability to deal with armed criminals. The Greater Manchester Police, Tactical Firearms Unit maintains Armed Response Vehicles , which transport armed officers to the scene. The GMP maintains a mounted policing capability. The mounted officers are employed to target crime hotspots and are also seen at many events including demonstrations and

1216-695: The Greater Manchester Police use is the same as all other British territorial police forces, excluding London. The Greater Manchester Police also have a special constabulary with five ranks. These are the numbers of police officers for each rank: In June 2017, less than a month after the Manchester Arena bombing , the Chief Constable of GMP, Ian Hopkins , said the force was under strain due to funding cuts. Mayor of Greater Manchester, Andy Burnham , intended to write to

1280-475: The Metropolitan County of Greater Manchester and with it, Greater Manchester Police. An increase of 284,241 acres (115,028 ha) in terms of policing area and 2,267,090 people over the abolished Manchester and Salford Police. Indirectly, GMP can also trace its heritage to a number of other borough forces, each with their own significant history, which had been abolished in the late 1960s (under

1344-557: The Police Act 1964) and which had been amalgamated into the county forces of Lancashire and Cheshire. These two county forces only policed these boroughs for around six years before Greater Manchester was created and GMP took over responsibility for providing police services. In the historic Lancashire county area these borough police forces were Bolton Borough Police (1839–1969), Oldham Borough Police (1849–1969), Rochdale Borough Police (1857–1969) and Wigan Borough Police (1836–1969). In

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1408-513: The Prime Minister claiming that the GMP was up to its limits "and probably beyond them". In March 2010 there was a total workforce of 13,189 staff, but projections suggested there would be only 10,108 by 2020. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) maintained that the number of police officers would reduce by 1,800 over the next ten years. Burnham feared that pressure on the GMP was increasing due to terrorism and also because of

1472-571: The RPU to only 100 officers over a 5 shift system providing only 20 officers per shift to cover the police area. 2014 has seen this further reduced to 10–12 officers working the force area per shift as further cuts reduce officer numbers. In response to a rise in vehicle-related crime across Greater Manchester in the early 1980s, GMP formed the Traffic Area Support Services (TASS) unit, which among other vehicles, operated using

1536-650: The Road Policing Units (RPU's), undertaking a full and complete duties within the traffic department. In addition there are a number of special constables engaged, with support of their employers in the Employee Supported Policing scheme. This is where the officers employer supports the officers duties, usually with paid time, 8 hours per month are commonly covered to undertake their special constabulary duties at their normal place of work. Special constables are normally coordinated by

1600-532: The TVIU & RPU are the only departments trained in this field. Aviation support has been provided to the GMP by the National Police Air Service (NPAS) since 2012. NPAS operates a EurocopterEC135 T2+ helicopter call sign NPAS 21 from City Airport Manchester , which provides support to all neighbouring police forces. GMP had formed an Air Support Unit in 1989. GMP's first helicopter

1664-808: The Tactical Vehicle Intercept Unit. The unit continued to utilise a selection of high performance unmarked vehicles and officers worked alongside the ANPR Intercept Unit to combat serious and organised criminals using the road network. In 2016, the unit merged with firearms, dogs and the Tactical Aid Unit to form the Specialist Operations Branch. The Roads Policing Unit (RPU) and TVIU often work hand in hand in implementing certain tactics such as Tactical Pursuit and Containment for which

1728-549: The bodies on the moor. The body of Pauline Reade, their first victim, who had been murdered in July 1963, was recovered on 1 July 1987, a year after the pair admitted the murder. They also admitted murdering Keith Bennett and burying his body on the moors in June 1964. On 30 September 2022 Greater Manchester Police searched for the body of Bennett after receiving information from amateur investigator and author Russell Edwards. On 7 October

1792-551: The brief heat of controlled burning. In terms of managing moorlands for wildlife, in the UK, vegetation characteristics are important for passerine abundance, whilst predator control benefits red grouse, golden plover, and curlew abundances. To benefit multiple species, many management options are required. However, management needs to be carried out in locations that are also suitable for species in terms of physical characteristics such as topography, climate and soil. The development of

1856-581: The chief officer of the special constabulary, currently Michael Walmsley, and divisional commanders. Under the guidance of the chief constable, it was envisaged that the number of special constables within GMP would increase to 1,000 officers, within a three-year period from 2009, to date this target has not been achieved. This unit conducts overt surveillance of certain released prisoners and upload some footage onto YouTube of people that they believe have reoffended. Greater Manchester Police has eight specialist Major Incident syndicates. The Transport Unit

1920-443: The city had shaken off the tag. On 14 October 2010, Greater Manchester Police posted details of all calls made to them in a 24-hour period on Twitter. The service posted details of every incident reported to its officers in 24 hours to demonstrate how much of their time is spent on what the chief constable called "social work" instead of fighting crime. They repeated this exercise on 14 October 2014. GMP have used social media as

1984-435: The cooler conditions. In Europe, only the common viper is frequent, though in other regions moorlands are commonly home to dozens of reptile species. Amphibians such as frogs are well represented in moorlands. When moorland is overgrazed , woody vegetation is often lost, being replaced by coarse, unpalatable grasses and bracken , with a greatly reduced fauna. Some hill sheep breeds, such as Scottish Blackface and

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2048-593: The county boundary with West Yorkshire is known as Wessenden Moor and Wessenden Head Moor. The moor is crossed by the A635 between the Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire Urban Areas . The A635 is known locally as the Isle of Skye road, taking the name from a former public house at Wessenden Head, Upperthong that was demolished after a fire. The Pennine Way arrives from the Wessenden Valley to

2112-477: The county, which includes over 280 miles (450 km) of motorway. In 2009, the RPU's were divided into three strategic units, based at RPU 1 Leigh, RPU 2 Hyde & RPU 3 Chadderton. Due to the constraints on budgets and the latest review, the Road Policing Unit will lose a further 78 officers and in 2012 restructured/reduced to two RPU's based at Eccles and Chadderton. This has reduced the strength of

2176-508: The divisions that remain on their own are also still referred to as a command area. Each command area is run by a chief superintendent , with each 'division' or 'cluster' being led by a superintendent . As of March 2021 , these are the six command areas: Manchester Airport (I) Division falls within the Specialist Operations branch. GMP also operates a Road Policing Unit (RPU) responsible for all traffic policing in

2240-559: The formation of GMP, 20 officers have been killed or died in the line of duty. GMP then assisted with the reconstruction of Manchester following the 1996 Manchester bombing. In the 1990s, Manchester had gained the deriding tag of 'Gunchester', in reference to the city's high gun crime rate at the time. Greater Manchester Police faced the problem of gun crime in Manchester , particularly in the deprived districts in south Manchester. Key gang leaders were jailed for life in 2009. By 2011,

2304-401: The historic Cheshire county area this included Stockport Borough Police (at least 1835–1967). The first chief constable of GMP was William James Richards. Richards had been the chief constable of the short lived Manchester and Salford Police (1968 to 1974) and before that chief constable of Manchester City Police (1966 to 1968). Following his retirement on 30 June 1976, James Anderton became

2368-550: The islands and extreme north of Scotland, are clearly natural, never having had trees, whereas much of the Pennine moorland area was forested in Mesolithic times. How much the deforestation was caused by climatic changes and how much by human activity is uncertain. A variety of distinct habitat types are found in different world regions of moorland. The wildlife and vegetation forms often lead to high endemism because of

2432-581: The military have been brought in. As a peat moor, the fire burns primarily underground before setting different parts of the moor alight, which makes it particularly hard to fight as well as releasing excessive smoke and reaching extremely high temperatures. It was predicted by fire chiefs that it could grow on for another few weeks after the fire first ignited. Jonathan Reynolds said ministers would "need to look seriously at our capacity to deal with these kinds of fires in future, including military capacity we might have lost in recent years". In February 2019, on

2496-464: The moor on 24 June 2018, resulting in mass evacuations and damage to a large area. Fifty homes were evacuated and about 150 people have been affected in Carrbrook , near Stalybridge . On 30 June firefighters were still fighting the blaze. Greater Manchester Mayor Andy Burnham said a "request to the military for extra support" was being prepared "so there is a back-up plan" to support firefighters and

2560-463: The moor. Cottongrass is the most dominant feature but sphagnum mosses are scarce. Heather , crowberry , bilberry and the rare cloudberry are also found. The peat formation is 9,000 years old but extensive areas contain bare peat from which the surface has eroded. Dovestone , Yeoman Hey , Greenfield and Chew Reservoirs east of Oldham , are accessed from the A635 road. They supply water to

2624-565: The murder of Edward Evans in Hattersley , the bodies of Lesley Ann Downey and John Kilbride were discovered buried on the moors. Kilbride had been murdered on the moors by Brady on 23 November 1963; Downey had been murdered, at the couple's house, on Boxing Day 1964, before being buried on the moor the next day. The police were led to Saddleworth Moor by photographs found among Brady's possessions, and claims by Hindley's brother-in-law that Brady had boasted of committing several murders and burying

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2688-462: The new chief constable on 1 July 1976. Anderton was a controversial figure during his 15 years in office due to his outspoken style of leadership and hardline views on crime, policing and morality. In 1991, David Wilmot succeeded Anderton. In 2002, Michael J. Todd was appointed to chief constable until his death in 2008. There was much press coverage of Todd's death in March 2008. Todd was seen as

2752-531: The nineteenth century, it again became common practice. Heather is burnt at about 10 or 12 years old when it will regenerate easily. Left longer, the woodier stems will burn more aggressively and will hinder regrowth. Burning of moorland vegetation needs to be very carefully controlled, as the peat itself can catch fire, and this can be difficult if not impossible to extinguish. In addition, uncontrolled burning of heather can promote alternative bracken and rough grass growth, which ultimately produces poorer grazing. As

2816-432: The north and crosses the moor on its ascent to Black Hill on Holme Moss to the south. The high moorland is sparsely inhabited. Scattered farmsteads, built of gritstone , and fields demarcated by dry stone walls are on the lower land and in the valleys where there is some coniferous woodland. The overlying peat is cut by drainage channels or groughs. Much of the area is open access land . Blanket bog covers much of

2880-596: The older helicopter. Prior to the establishment of NPAS in 2012, the Air Support Unit had amalgamated with Cheshire Constabulary , North Wales Police and Lancashire Constabulary to form the North West Air Operations Group (NWAOG) in July 2011, operating four helicopters. The group was established to save money and provide flexibility with the closest helicopter able to be deployed to an incident and if there were two incidents in

2944-462: The police announced they had ended their search without finding any sign of human remains. In December 2015, the body of an unknown man was found beneath Rob's Rocks on the track between Chew and Dovestone Reservoirs . He had died of strychnine poisoning . He was identified in January 2017 as David Lytton who had flown from Pakistan two days before his body was found. A wildfire broke out on

3008-482: The region's football matches. Horses are also used to search inaccessible areas for missing or wanted people. The unit is made up of a team of specialist police officers, skilled grooms and trainers , and 35 horses. The mounted unit is based at Hough End, in Chorlton , and uses horseboxes to transport the horses for duties around Greater Manchester. GMP has over 183 special constables , who are assigned to each of

3072-546: The reservoir is used for recreation. In August 1949, a BEA Douglas DC3 crashed into the hill at Wimberry Stones at the top of the Chew Valley killing 24 passengers and crew and leaving eight survivors. The moor was the burial site of at least four victims of the serial killers Ian Brady and Myra Hindley; consequently, the murders they committed became known as the Moors murders . In October 1965, following their arrest for

3136-662: The same force area then two helicopters could be sent if necessary. The Air Support Unit had also operated a fixed wing aircraft. In January 2002, GMP ordered a Britten-Norman Defender 4000 fixed wing aircraft for the Commonwealth Games in July. In July, GMP began operating the Defender call sign India 66 for the Games which flew on average seven hours a day. The Defender flew around 1,200 hours each year including targeting terrorists and major criminals. The Defender

3200-797: The setting of various works of late Romantic English literature, ranging from the Yorkshire moorland in Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights and The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett to Dartmoor in Arthur Conan Doyle 's Holmesian mystery The Hound of the Baskervilles . They are also featured in Charlotte Bronte 's Jane Eyre representing the heroine's desolation and loneliness after leaving Mr Rochester . Enid Blyton 's Famous Five series featured

3264-564: The severe soil and microclimate characteristics. An example of this is the Exmoor Pony , a rare horse breed which has adapted to the harsh conditions in England's Exmoor . In Europe, the associated fauna consists of bird species such as red grouse , hen harrier , merlin , golden plover , curlew , skylark , meadow pipit , whinchat , ring ouzel , and twite . Other species dominate in moorlands elsewhere. Reptiles are few due to

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3328-471: The surrounding area. The valley is surrounded by rocky outcrops and moorland. Spruce and pine plantations are found in the valley and broad-leaved trees have been introduced to provide a more diverse habitat. Yeoman Hey was built in 1880 and Chew Reservoir in 1914, and when built, was the highest reservoir in the British Isles at 1,601 feet (488 m) above sea level. The bed of a tramway , built to aid its construction, remains visible. The area around

3392-526: The true story of some of England's most infamous witch trials. In Erin Hunter 's Warriors series, one of the four Clans, WindClan, lives in the moorland alone. Michael Jecks , author of Knights Templar Mysteries, sets his books in and around Dartmoor , England. Paul Kingsnorth ’s Beast is also set on a western English moor, using the barren landscape and fields of heather to communicate themes of timelessness and distance from civilization. Great Britain

3456-493: The twelve divisions. Special constables work alongside their regular counterparts and are mainly assigned to divisions and work within local policing teams (LPTs), however some divisions still allow officers to work within response teams when LPT's are not on duty. Between 2009 and 2012, a small number of special constables were integrated into the Special Operations Department (X – Depart) working within

3520-472: The wall six-part BBC documentary X-Cars , albeit referred to as 'X Department', which attracted 12 million viewers on the series' first airing and resulted in the TVCU receiving an overwhelmingly positive reaction from the public. In 2010, the TVCU was replaced by Vortex, which was based at Stretford Police Station. In June 2011, The Tactical Vehicle Crime Unit was reformed under the slightly different name of

3584-433: The warmest winter day on record, a blaze, described by witnesses as "apocalyptic" occurred on the moor. Notes Citations Bibliography Moorland Moorland habitats mostly occur in tropical Africa , northern and western Europe , and South America . Most of the world's moorlands are diverse ecosystems . In the extensive moorlands of the tropics, biodiversity can be extremely high. Moorland also bears

3648-509: The young protagonists adventuring across various moorlands where they confronted criminals or other individuals of interest. Such a setting enhanced the plot as the drama unfolded away from the functioning world where the children could solve their own problems and face greater danger. Moorland in the Forest of Bowland in Lancashire is the setting for Walter Bennett's The Pendle Witches ,

3712-458: Was a Eurocopter AS355 Twin Squirrel . In c. 2001, the GMP was operating a McDonnell Douglas MD 902 Explorer helicopter call sign India 99 which remained in service until 2008. The MD 902 Explorer flew more than 8,000 hours dealing with around 5,500 incidents and was involved in the arrest of more than 700 criminals. In 2008, a new MD Helicopters MD 902 Explorer entered service to replace

3776-466: Was created in November 2019. Its role involves proactively tackling crime and disorder across Greater Manchester's public transport system, including roads, buses, trams and interchanges. The unit consists of 56 police officers, replacing previous initiatives that saw PCSOs patrolling the transport network. Greater Manchester Police is a partner in the following collaborations: The rank structure that

3840-592: Was decommissioned in December 2013. In the United Kingdom, two other police services have also operated the Defender 4000 – the Police Service of Northern Ireland and Hampshire Constabulary . GMP also trialled a tethered blimp in 2010 to provide surveillance for major events and high crime locations. The blimp was only used on 18 occasions and was sold due to operational problems. GMP operates

3904-517: Was directly created from two recently amalgamated city police forces, Manchester and Salford Police and parts of what were Lancashire Constabulary , Cheshire Constabulary and West Yorkshire Constabulary on 1 April 1974. The city forces were Manchester Borough Police , which formed in the late 1830s and Salford Borough Police , which began in 1844. Upon Manchester gaining city status in 1853, its police force changed its name to Manchester City Police to reflect its status. In 1926, Salford also became

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3968-565: Was formed in April 2007 to prevent the spread of terrorism. The city has experienced incidents with the intention to spread terror, such as the 1996 Manchester Bombing and the Manchester Arena bombing . Most recently, the unit helped thwart the 2009 plot to launch terror attacks on the Trafford Centre, Arndale Centre and nearby St Ann's Square. Officers of the GMP, as in the rest of Great Britain, do not routinely carry firearms. Instead,

4032-450: Was placed into special measures by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS), after a watchdog report found that GMP did not record one in five crimes between July 2019 and June 2020. They estimated the force failed to log around 80,100 crimes, a high proportion of which were violent offences. Following the announcement, Chief Constable Ian Hopkins resigned from his post. Greater Manchester Police

4096-560: Was the police governance. However, under new plans for an elected Mayor of Greater Manchester announced by George Osborne in November 2014, the position of Police and Crime Commissioner was removed and its responsibilities subsumed into the mayoral office. The first Mayoral election took place in 2017 , in which Andy Burnham was elected mayor. The area GMP polices is split into geographical divisions , with each Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester being assigned one. In 2021, GMP grouped some divisions together to form command areas,

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