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74-572: In 1867 the United States Corps of Engineers dredged the Saginaw River to enable passage by larger ships upriver. This change required replacing the first light, and in 1876 a pair of lighthouses were constructed in range light configuration to provide improved navigation. The front one was located on the west bank of the river and the rear range lighthouse was located south of the river mouth. It contained living quarters. In 1915,

148-444: A class-action civil lawsuit won at a jury trial in 2013. Dow settled the suit in 2016 for $ 835 million. In the early 1990s, Dow embarked on a major structural reorganization. The former reporting hierarchy was geographically based, with the regional president reporting directly to the overall company president and CEO. The new organization combines the same businesses from different sites, irrespective of which region they belong (i.e.

222-422: A combined brick dwelling and tower. Because of swampy ground, timber piles had to be driven deep into the ground to provide a solid foundation on which timber forms for the concrete base could be erected and filled. Atop this concrete foundation, a square two-story Cream City brick Lighthouse keeper 's dwelling 26 feet 6 inches (8.08 m) in plan was constructed. Integrated into the northwest corner of

296-476: A deteriorated credit market and the collapse of the K-Dow Petrochemical deal as reasons for failing to timely close the merger. Around the same time, CEO Andrew Liveris said a first- time cut to the company's 97- year- old dividend policy was not "off the table". On 12 February 2009, the company declared a quarterly dividend of $ 0.15/share, down from $ 0.42 the previous quarter. The cut represented

370-506: A first 750000 tonne per year unit, while other units would become available in the future. An ethylene production facility was expected to start up in the first half of 2017. On 27 March 2015, Dow and Olin Corporation announced that the boards of directors of both companies unanimously approved a definitive agreement under which Dow will separate a significant portion of its chlorine business and merge that new entity with Olin in

444-402: A focal plane of 37 feet (11 m), sending its light 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 nautical miles (15.7 km; 9.8 mi) out into the bay. The "rear" range light was constructed 2,300 feet (700 m) south of the mouth of the river. Eleventh district engineer Major Godfrey Weitzel 's design for the combined rear range tower and dwelling was unique. A large elevated concrete base was to support

518-501: A focal plane of 61 feet. The range lights were converted to electricity in 1915. The rear range light stayed active, and was used as the residence for men assigned to the associated US Coast Guard facility until the 1970s. At that time, the Coast Guard Station was moved across the river in order to have more space. The lighthouse remained empty until 1986. Dow Chemical Company , which owned the surrounding land, purchased

592-491: A possible leveraged buyout of Dow. The two executives have since filed lawsuits claiming they were fired for being a threat to CEO Liveris, and that the allegations were concocted as a pretext. However, in June 2008 Dow Chemical and the litigants announced a settlement in which Kreinberg and Reinhard dropped their lawsuits and admitted taking part in discussions "which were not authorized by, nor disclosed to, Dow's board concerning

666-650: A potential LBO" and acknowledged that it would have been appropriate to have informed the CEO and board of the talks. In summer 2008, Dow sold its zoxamide business to Gowan Company. Included in the sale were the trademarks for a potato and grape fungicide called Gavel (fungicide) . It is employed by potato growers to control early and late potato blight and is also registered in Canada for control of downy mildew in grapes , except in British Columbia . In

740-528: A range of insecticides (such as Lorsban ), herbicides and fungicides . Seeds from genetically modified plants are also an important area of growth for the company. Dow AgroSciences sells seeds commercially under the following brands: Mycogen ( grain corn , silage corn , sunflowers , alfalfa , and sorghum ), Atlas ( soybean ), PhytoGen ( cotton ) and Hyland Seeds in Canada (corn, soybean, alfalfa, navy beans and wheat ). The Dow AgroSciences business unit

814-482: A share) on 9 March 2009. On 12 April 2007, Dow dismissed two senior executives for "unauthorized discussions with third parties about the potential sale of the company". The two figures are executive vice president Romeo Kreinberg , and director and former CFO J. Pedro Reinhard. Dow claims they were secretly in contact with JPMorgan Chase ; at the same time, a story surfaced in Britain's Sunday Express regarding

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888-495: A ship, the two lights only become aligned vertically when a vessel is positioned on the correct bearing. During the day, the lights may not easily be seen and therefore leading lights are often fitted with secondary visual aids, e.g. large red flags with wide black lines running down them. When both red flags and black lines line up, the navigator knows that the vessel is on the correct bearing. The structures are usually painted to make them more prominent. Some major rivers, such as

962-436: A small enclosed room was created beneath the gallery for the storage of oil and supplies, and in which the keeper could seek shelter while tending the light during inclement weather conditions. The gallery was surrounded with an iron safety railing and capped with a prefabricated octagonal cast iron lantern. Seated atop a cast iron pedestal within the lantern, the light's sparkling new, fixed white sixth-order Fresnel lens sat at

1036-450: A specific line of position when they are in line. The higher rear light is placed behind the front light. When the mariner sees the lights vertically in line, he is on the range line. If the front light appears left of the rear light, the observer is to the right of the range line; if the front appears to the right of the rear, the observer is left of the range line. [1] Range light Leading lights , also known as range lights in

1110-567: A tank containing 2,4,5-T , one of the composites that is used in the production of Agent Orange. The settlement of the case included $ 9 million for the cleanup of affected homes in the area, and $ 84 million to cover the medical monitoring and treatment of people affected by the explosion, as well as legal costs for the claimants. No care has been given for the in state damage done by the Headquarters in Midland, Michigan, and they refuse to give

1184-561: A transaction that will create an industry leader, with revenues approaching $ 7 billion. Olin, the new partnership, became the largest chlorine producer in the world. On 11 December 2015, Dow announced that it would merge with DuPont , in an all-stock deal. The combined company, which was known as DowDuPont , had an estimated value of $ 130 billion, was equally held by the shareholders of both companies, and maintained their respective headquarters in Michigan and Delaware. Within two years of

1258-511: A wide range of crops including cotton , beans , canola , cereals , crucifers , cucurbits , and vegetables. Dinitroanilines, are also known as " DNA herbicides ", and have been commercialised at least since 1970. Dow is a large producer of plastics, including polystyrene , polyurethane , polyethylene , polypropylene , and synthetic rubber . It is also a major producer of ethylene oxide , various acrylates , surfactants , and cellulose resins. It produces agricultural chemicals including

1332-567: Is Dow's largest site, and the largest integrated chemical manufacturing site in the country. The site grew quickly – with power, chlorine, caustic soda and ethylene also soon in production. Growth of this business made Dow a strategic company during World War II, as magnesium became important to manufacture lightweight parts for aircraft . Based on 2002–2003 data, the Freeport plants produced 27 billion lbs of product – or 21% of Dow's global production. In 1942, Dow began its foreign expansion with

1406-527: Is a business unit which manufactures Filmtec reverse osmosis membranes which are used to purify water for human use in the Middle East. The technology was used during the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics . The DW&PS business unit remained with DowDuPont following the April 2019 spin-off. Agricultural Sciences, or ( Dow AgroSciences ), provides 7 percent of sales and is responsible for

1480-492: Is a member of the American Chemistry Council . In 2015, Dow and fellow chemical company DuPont agreed to a corporate reorganization involving the merger of Dow and DuPont followed by a separation into three different entities. The plan commenced in 2017, when Dow and DuPont merged to form DowDuPont, and was finalized in April 2019, when the materials science division was spun off from DowDuPont and took

1554-644: Is generally believed (but not well documented) that the Saginaw River lighthouse was the first place where range lights were installed. More details are available in the Misplaced Pages article on Lighthouses . According to Saginaw Future, the river still carries nearly 5 million tons of commerce in the 21st century. This lighthouse was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. According to US Government publication, "The American Practical Navigator", Chapter 5: Range lights are light pairs that indicate

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1628-937: The Elbe River in Germany , have a series of leading lines. When it is necessary to make a turn, the navigator lines up the next pair of leading lights. This provides guidance from Hamburg to the sea, using successive pairs of leading lights. Leading lights were used in Great Britain as early as 1763 to mark the Port of Liverpool . The first set of range lights in the United States were privately established by subscription at Newburyport Harbor in Massachusetts in 1788. Leading lights are sometimes designed to be movable, allowing their position to be shifted in

1702-591: The Environmental Protection Agency to remove 50,000 cubic yards (38,000 m ) of sediment from three areas of the riverbed and levees of the river that had been found to be contaminated. In November 2008, Dow Chemical along with the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Michigan Department of Environmental Quality agreed to establish a Superfund to address dioxin cleanup of

1776-615: The Financial crisis of 2007–2008 , it would accelerate job cuts resulting from its reorganization. The announced plan included closing 20 facilities, temporarily idling 180 plants, and eliminating 5,000 full-time jobs (about 11 percent of its work-force) and 6,000 contractor positions. Citing the global recession that began in the latter half of 2008, the Kuwaiti government scuttled the K-Dow partnership on 28 December 2008. The collapse of

1850-492: The Rocky Flats Plant near Denver, Colorado . Rocky Flats was a nuclear weapons production facility that produced plutonium triggers for hydrogen bombs . Contamination from fires and radioactive waste leakage plagued the facility under Dow's management. In 1957 a fire burned plutonium dust in the facility and sent radioactive particles into the atmosphere. The Department of Energy transferred management of

1924-688: The Saginaw River began in the 1830s, which was critical to development in the region, as it was navigable inland. Construction of the Saginaw Bay Lighthouse, to mark the entrance to the river, was begun in July 1839 by Captain Stephen Wolverton. The project was completed under the direction of Levi Johnson of Cleveland, Ohio in the fall of 1841. In September 1841, the operations of the light were demonstrated. By this time,

1998-409: The United States , are a pair of light beacons used in navigation to indicate a safe passage for vessels entering a shallow or dangerous channel; they may also be used for position fixing . At night, the lights are a form of leading line that can be used for safe navigation. The beacons consist of two lights that are separated in distance and elevation, so that when they are aligned, with one above

2072-489: The United States , have subsequently found that silicone breast implants do not cause breast cancers or any identifiable systemic disease. The Bhopal disaster occurred at a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide India Ltd., a subsidiary of Union Carbide , in 1984. A gas cloud containing methyl isocyanate and other chemicals spread to the neighborhoods near the plant where more than half a million people lived. The government of Madhya Pradesh confirmed 3,787 deaths related to

2146-471: The Vietnam War until 1973. Dow was one of several manufacturers who began producing the napalm B compound under government contract from 1965. After experiencing protests and negative publicity, the other suppliers discontinued manufacturing the product, leaving Dow as the sole provider. The company said that it carefully considered its position, and decided, as a matter of principle, "its first obligation

2220-513: The common equity interest of Rohm and Haas Co. for $ 15.4 billion, which equated to $ 78 per share. The buyout was financed with equity investments of $ 3 billion by Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and $ 1 billion by the Kuwait Investment Authority . The purpose of the deal was to move Dow Chemical further into specialty chemicals , which offer higher profit margins than the commodities market and are more difficult to enter for

2294-922: The pesticide Lorsban and consumer products including Styrofoam . Some Dow consumer products, including Saran wrap, Ziploc bags, and Scrubbing Bubbles were sold to S. C. Johnson & Son in 1997. Performance plastics make up 25% of Dow's sales, with many products designed for the automotive and construction industries . The plastics include polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene , as well as polystyrene used to produce Styrofoam insulating material. Dow manufactures epoxy resin intermediates including bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin . Saran resins and films are based on polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC). The Performance Chemicals (17 percent of sales) segment produces chemicals and materials for water purification , pharmaceuticals , paper coatings , paints and advanced electronics . Major product lines include nitroparaffins, such as nitromethane , used in

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2368-646: The 1921 winner of the Indianapolis 500 used the Dowmetal pistons in his vehicle. In the 1930s, Dow began producing plastic resins, which would grow to become one of the corporation's major businesses. Its first plastic products were ethylcellulose , made in 1935, and polystyrene , made in 1937. From 1940 to 1941, Dow built its first plant in Freeport, Texas , to produce magnesium extracted from seawater rather than underground brine . The Freeport plant

2442-498: The Bhopal disaster. William S. Stavropoulos served as president and chief executive officer of Dow from 1995 to 2000, then again from 2002 to 2004. He relinquished his board seat on 1 April 2006, having been a director since 1990 and chairman since 2000. During his first tenure, he led the purchase of UCC, which proved controversial, as it was blamed for poor results under his successor as chief executive officer, Mike Parker. Parker

2516-709: The Tittabawassee River, Saginaw River and Saginaw Bay . In December 2015, Dow Chemicals agreed to sell part of its global herbicide business, which had reported falling sales for nearly a year. A portfolio of weed killers known as dinitroanilines was sold to privately held Gowan Company , a family owned company located in Yuma , Arizona , which markets a variety of pesticides to the agricultural and horticultural industries. The global trademarks for Treflan (pesticide) ®, which can be sprayed on field corn , cotton and some fruit and vegetables, were included in

2590-552: The U.S. military during the Vietnam War. In 2005, a lawsuit was filed by Vietnamese victims of Agent Orange against Dow and Monsanto Co. , which also supplied Agent Orange to the military. The lawsuit was dismissed. In 2012, Monsanto agreed to a $ 93 million settlement as a result of a case pursued by ex-Monsanto employees and citizens in the city of Nitro, WV. In 1949, a chemical plant in Nitro experienced an explosion that damaged

2664-622: The United States had previously imported from Germany. Dow produced magnesium for incendiary flares, monochlorobenzene and phenol for explosives, and bromine for medicines and tear gas. By 1918, 90 percent of Dow's production was geared towards the war effort. At this time, Dow created the diamond logo that is still used by the company. After the war, Dow continued research in magnesium, and it developed refined automobile pistons that produced more speed and better fuel efficiency. The Dowmetal pistons were used heavily in racing vehicles, and

2738-515: The bleach business by cutting prices. Dow survived by also cutting its prices and, although losing about $ 90,000 in income, began to diversify its product line . In 1905, German bromide producers began dumping bromides at low cost in the U.S. in an effort to prevent Dow from expanding its sales of bromides in Europe. Instead of competing directly for market share with the German producers, Dow bought

2812-485: The cancer-causing chemical dioxin in November 2006. The dioxin was located in sediments two to ten feet below the surface of the river, and, according to The New York Times , "there is no indication that residents or workers in the area are directly exposed to the sites". However, people who often eat fish from the river had slightly elevated levels of dioxin in their blood. In July 2007, Dow reached an agreement with

2886-412: The cheap German-made bromides and shipped them back to Europe. This undercut his German competitors. Even in its early history, Dow set a tradition of rapidly diversifying its product line. Within twenty years, Dow had become a major producer of agricultural chemicals, elemental chlorine , phenol and other dyestuffs , and magnesium metal. During World War I , Dow supplied many war materials that

2960-480: The company would not complete the Rohm & Haas transaction, as the cash from the former transaction was expected to fund the latter. The deal was expected to be finalized in early 2009 and was to form one of the nation's largest specialty chemicals firms in the U.S. However, on 26 January 2009 the company informed Rohm and Haas that it would be unable to complete the transaction by the agreed upon deadline. Dow cited

3034-414: The competition. The purchase was criticized by many on Wall Street who believed Dow Chemical overpaid (about a 75 percent premium on the previous day's market capital) to acquire the company; however, the high bid was needed to ward off competing bids from BASF. The transaction to purchase the outstanding interest of Rohm and Haas was closed on 1 April 2009. On 8 December 2008, Dow announced that due to

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3108-440: The deal dealt a blow to Dow CEO Andrew Liveris ' vision of restructuring the company to make it less cyclical . However, on 6 January 2009 Dow Chemical announced they were in talks with other parties who could be interested in a major joint venture with the company. Dow also announced they that it would be seeking to recover damages related to the failed joint venture from PIC. After the K-Dow deal collapsed, some speculated that

3182-535: The decision. On 23 April 2009 a Los Angeles judge threw out two cases against Dole and Dow due to fraud and extortion by lawyers in Nicaragua recruiting fraudulent plaintiffs to make claims against the company. The ruling casts doubt on $ 2 billion in judgments in similar lawsuits. In February 2013 a federal court rejected two tax shelter transactions entered into by Dow that created approximately $ 1 billion in tax deductions between 1993 and 2003. The court wrote that

3256-932: The direct parent company of The Dow Chemical Company. Also in 2019 Dow employees won an Adhesives and Sealants Council Innovation Award for "UV Curable Primer that Enables Hard to Bond INFUSE Olefin Block Copolymer Midsole Foams in High Performance Footwear". Dow Chemical has begun to shed commodity chemical businesses, such as those making the basic ingredients for grocery bags and plastic pipes, because their profit margins only average 5–10%. Dow is, as of 2015, focusing its resources on specialty chemicals that earn profit margins of at least 20%. Areas along Michigan's Tittabawassee River , which runs within yards of Dow's main plant in Midland , were found to contain elevated levels of

3330-446: The dwelling at the first floor level, providing easy and dry access to all sides of the structure. The living quarters consisted of a kitchen, parlor and oil storage room on the first floor, and three bedrooms above. The tower was capped with a square iron gallery, supported by five cast iron corbels on each of its four sides. An octagonal cast iron lantern was installed at its center, with a fixed white fourth-order Fresnel lens placed at

3404-458: The dwelling, a tapered 53 feet (16 m)-tall square tower with double walls housed a set of prefabricated cast iron spiral stairs. Winding from the cellar to the lantern, these stairs also serve as the only means of access to the first and second floors by way of landings on each floor. Each was outfitted with tightly fitting arch-topped iron doors designed to stem the spread of fire between floors. A timber deck supported by timber columns encircled

3478-592: The event of a change in the safe channel; these include one at Hilton Head, South Carolina , the original Chatham Light , and the Nantucket Beacon , predecessor to the Nantucket Harbor Range shown above. [REDACTED] Media related to Leading lights at Wikimedia Commons Dow Chemical Company The Dow Chemical Company is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Midland, Michigan , United States. The company

3552-539: The evidence to the community. A major manufacturer of silicone breast implants , Dow Corning (Dow Chemical's Joint Venture with Corning Inc. ) was sued for personal damages caused by ruptured implants. On 6 October 2005, all such cases pending in the District Court against the company were dismissed. A number of large, independent reviews of the scientific literature, including the Institute of Medicine in

3626-411: The facilities will employ about 3000 people, and 5000 people during construction. The plants will manufacture materials for several of its growing segments, including hygiene and medical, transportation, electrical and telecommunications, packaging, consumer durables and sports and leisure. Dow's new propane dehydrogenation (PDH) facility in Freeport, Texas, was expected to come online in 2015, with

3700-577: The facility and boarded it up. In 1999, the Saginaw River Marine Historical Society (SRMHS) approached Dow to collaborate to restore the lighthouse and open it to tourists. Renovation is being done by the SRMHS, with Lighthouse Friends helping raise funding. In 2002, the Saginaw River Marine Historical Society "acquired a historic locomotive-style range lens of the type used in the lighthouse between 1930 and 1960." It

3774-528: The facility to Rockwell International in 1975. In 1990, nearby residents filed a class action lawsuit against Dow and Rockwell for environmental contamination of the area; the case was settled in 2017 for $ 375 million. According to the Appellate Court, the owners of the 12,000 properties in the class-action area had not proved that their properties were damaged or they had suffered bodily injury. The United States military used napalm bombs during

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3848-406: The falsification of test results and the recruitment of plaintiffs who had never worked at Dole plantations. While Nicaraguan courts awarded the plaintiffs over $ 600 million in damages, they have been unable to collect any payment from the companies. A group of plaintiffs then sued in the United States, and, on 5 November 2007, a Los Angeles jury awarded them $ 3.2 million. Dole and Dow vowed to appeal

3922-408: The first time the company had diminished its investor payout in the dividend's 97-year history. The transaction to purchase the outstanding interest of Rohm and Haas closed on 1 April 2009. After negotiating the sale of preferred stock with Rohm and Hass' two largest stockholders and extending their one-year bridge loan an additional year, the company purchased Rohm and Haas for $ 15 billion ($ 78

3996-514: The formation of Dow Chemical of Canada in Sarnia, Ontario , to produce styrene for use in styrene-butadiene synthetic rubber . Also during the war, Dow and Corning began their joint venture, Dow Corning , to produce silicones for military and, later, civilian use. The Ethyl-Dow Chemical Co. plant at Kure's Beach, NC , the only plant on the East Coast producing bromine from seawater,

4070-465: The formation of a joint venture, later named K-Dow, with Petrochemical Industries Co. (PIC), a subsidiary of Kuwait Petroleum Corporation . In exchange for $ 9.5 billion, the agreement included Dow selling 50-percent of its interest in five global businesses: polyethylene, polypropylene and polycarbonate plastics, and ethylenamines and ethanolamines . The agreement was terminated by PIC on 28 December 2008. On 10 July 2008, Dow agreed to purchase all of

4144-534: The fourth quarter of 2014, Dow announced new operating segments in response to its previously announced leadership changes. The company stated it would give further support to its end-market orientation and increase its alignment to Dow's key value chains – ethylene and propylene. Several plants on the Gulf Coast of the US have been in development since 2013, as part of Dow's transition away from naphtha. Dow estimates

4218-464: The gas release. The leak caused 558,125 injuries, including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries. Union Carbide was sued by the Government of India and agreed to an out-of-court settlement of US$ 470 million in 1989. Dow Chemical acquired Union Carbide in 2001. Activists want Dow Chemical to clean up the site which is now controlled by

4292-412: The light until 1876. That year a pair of lighthouses were erected in a range light configuration. The "front" range light was constructed on a square timber crib beside the western river bank, and took the form of a 34-foot (10 m) tall painted-white pyramid framework of timber similar in design to that being used for pierhead beacons throughout the district at the time. With its upper half sheathed,

4366-633: The lumber industry was growing rapidly, and much timber was shipped downriver and through the Great Lakes and New York state's Erie Canal to eastern markets. In 1867, the United States Army Corps of Engineers dredged the Saginaw River channel so that larger vessels could navigate the river. When they were finished, the light was no longer well-positioned to allow boats navigation of the entrance. Funding requests, negotiations for land, and contractual issues delayed work to replace

4440-560: The merger was pushed back a second time pending regulatory approvals. The same day, Dow also announced that it had reached a deal to acquire Corning Incorporated 's stake in their joint venture Dow Corning for $ 4.8 billion in cash and a roughly 40% stake in Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation . In 2019, DowDuPont de-merged, forming Dow Inc. The spin-off was completed on 1 April 2019, at which time Dow Inc. became an independent, publicly traded company, and

4514-429: The merger's closure, DowDuPont was set to split into three separate public companies, focusing on the agriculture, chemical, and specialty product industries. Shareholders of each company held 50% of the combined company. In the new entity, Dow Chemical chief executive officer Andrew N. Liveris became executive chairman and DuPont chief executive officer Edward D. Breen became chief executive officer. In January 2017,

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4588-501: The name of the Dow Chemical Company. Dow was founded in 1897 by chemist Herbert Henry Dow , who invented a new method of extracting the bromine that was trapped underground in brine at Midland, Michigan. The company originally sold only bleach and potassium bromide , achieving a bleach output of 72 tons a day in 1902. Early in the company's history, a group of British manufacturers tried to drive Dow out of

4662-477: The other, they provide a bearing. Range lights are often illuminated day and night. In some cases the two beacons are unlighted, in which case they are known as a range in the United States or a transit in the UK. The beacons may be artificial or natural. Two lights are positioned near one another. One, called the front light, is lower than the one behind, which is called the rear light. At night when viewed from

4736-409: The pharmaceutical industry and manufactured by Angus Chemical Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Co. Important polymers include Dowex ion-exchange resins , acrylic and polystyrene latex , as well as Carbowax polyethylene glycols . Specialty chemicals are used as starting materials for production of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Dow Water and Process Solutions (DW&PS)

4810-502: The sale, as well as a formulation and packaging facility in Fort Saskatchewan , Alberta , Canada. Edge (pesticide) ®, Team (pesticide) ®, Bonalan (pesticide) ® and Sonalan (pesticide) ®, intellectual property and labels for herbicides based on the molecules trifluralin , benfluralin and ethalfluralin were also included in the sale. Annual grasses and small seeded broadleaf weeds can be controlled with these products in

4884-521: The state of Madhya Pradesh . Until the late 1970s, Dow produced DBCP (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane), a soil fumigant, and nematicide , sold under the names the Nemagon and Fumazone. Plantation workers who alleged that they became sterile or were stricken with other maladies subsequently sued both Dow and Dole Foods in Latin American courts. The cases were marred by extensive fraud, including

4958-472: The transactions were "schemes that were designed to exploit perceived weaknesses in the tax code and not designed for legitimate business reasons". The schemes were created by Goldman Sachs and the law firm of King & Spalding , and involved creating a partnership that Dow operated out of its European headquarters in Switzerland. Dow stated that it had paid all tax assessments with interest. The case

5032-545: The two lighthouses were converted to electricity. Closed since the 1970s, the rear range lighthouse was listed in 1984 on the National Register of Historic Places . Dow Chemical Company , which owned the surrounding property, purchased the lighthouse and site in 1986 and boarded it up. Since the turn of the 21st century, the lighthouse and site are being renovated by the Saginaw River Marine Historical Society for heritage tourism. European-American settlement along

5106-415: The vice president for Polystyrene is now in charge of these plants all over the world). At the beginning of August 1999, Dow agreed to purchase Union Carbide Corp. (UCC) for $ 9.3 billion in stock. At the time, the combined company was the second largest chemical company, behind DuPont. This led to protests from some stockholders , who feared that Dow did not disclose potential liabilities related to

5180-582: Was against the Internal Revenue Service seeking a refund of the taxes paid. The case was appealed to the 5th Circuit court, where Dow's claims were again rejected. Dow has petitioned for an en banc hearing by the 5th Circuit, arguing that the decision was contrary to established case law. Dow Chemical was implicated in a price-fixing scheme that inflated the cost of polyurethane for customers. The U.S. Justice Department closed an investigation in 2007 without charges or recommendations, but

5254-426: Was among the three largest chemical producers in the world in 2021. It is the operating subsidiary of Dow Inc. , a publicly traded holding company incorporated under Delaware law . With a presence in around 160 countries, it employs about 36,000 people worldwide. Dow has been called the "chemical companies' chemical company", as its sales are to other industries rather than directly to end-use consumers. Dow

5328-545: Was attacked by a German U-boat in 1942. In the post-war era, Dow began expanding outside of North America, founding its first overseas subsidiary in Japan in 1952, and in several other nations soon thereafter. Based largely on its growing plastics business, Dow opened a consumer products division, beginning with Saran wrap in 1953. Based on its growing chemicals and plastics businesses, Dow's sales exceeded $ 1 billion in 1964 and $ 2 billion in 1971. From 1951 to 1975, Dow managed

5402-540: Was dismissed and Stavropoulos returned from retirement to lead Dow. On 31 August 2006, Dow announced that it planned to close facilities at five locations: In 2006, Dow formed the Business Process Service Center (BPSC). In December 2007, Dow announced a series of moves to revamp the company. A 4 December announcement revealed that Dow planned to exit the automotive sealers business in 2008 or 2009. Within several weeks, Dow also announced

5476-602: Was to the government". Despite a boycott of its products by anti-war groups and harassment of recruiters on some college campuses, Dow continued to manufacture napalm B until 1969. Agent Orange , a chemical defoliant containing dioxin , was also manufactured by Dow in New Plymouth , New Zealand, and Midland, Michigan, in the United States for use by the British military during the Malayan Emergency and

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