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64-658: The Moira River is a river in Hastings County in eastern Ontario , Canada. It travels from its source in the centre of the county to the Bay of Quinte at the county seat Belleville . Originally named the Sagonaska River by the indigenous peoples of the area, the river was renamed in 1807 by the British colonial government ( Upper Canada ) after Francis Rawdon-Hastings , Earl of Moira . Rawdon-Hastings fought in

128-650: A "Catalogue of Culbertson Tract Land Claim documents collection" in its archives. Chief Don Maracle renewed a call for negotiations to continue in 2011, following a period of stagnation. A symposium entitled "The Land that Supports our Feet", was held in Deseronto in 2013 which was well-attended. In June 2013, Justice Rennie of the Federal Court of Canada ruled in Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte v. Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development) , that expropriation

192-508: A chief, though historical evidence is inconclusive. By December 1868, there were three men in the community who could still claim the title of "old chief" (i.e. a chief following the traditional method of selection), Chiefs Thomas Green, Joseph Penn, and Seth Powless. Fearing that the traditional form of governance they represented would be upset by upcoming legislation (the Gradual Enfranchisement Act of 1869 would be

256-582: A council of chiefs selected following Haudenosaunee democratic tradition. When the Mohawks first came to the Bay of Quinte, they were led by Captain John Deserontyon, and he was then the first leader of the community. Between the time of the landing in 1784 and Captain John's death in 1811, the government consisted of so-called "community chiefs," "war chiefs," and Captain John himself, who was considered

320-468: A group of around 200 who did not want to take part in the legislated system gathered to form a traditional council, following the old ways. This group had help from eighteen chiefs from Grand River, and they reported the creation of this traditional council to the Secretary of State. The chiefs named to this council were Chiefs Thomas Green, Joseph Penn, Seth Powless, Cornelius Maracle (unclear whether this

384-738: A leg of the Trans-Canada Highway , in the central region, Highways 62 and 37 travelling north to south, Highway 28 travelling east to west in the northern region, and Highway 127 travelling north from Maynooth, also in the northern region. There are 5 EMS stations in Hastings County with Hastings-Quinte EMS HQ located in Belleville, Ontario . Currently, Hastings & Prince Edward District School Board operates public schools. Previously, Hastings County Board of Education operated public schools. Mohawks of

448-503: A more active role in nominating candidates to the managing council, which Rae characterizes as meddling. In 1858, Superintendent Thomas Gummersall Anderson named two men as councillors, and the community chose three other men to be on council—resulting in a council of five. The only one of the "old chiefs" on this 1858 council was Powles Claus. The following year, Visiting Superintendent W. R. Bartlett again named two men to council (Powles Claus and Thomas Claus), while three men were elected by

512-416: A population of 145,746 living in 61,141 of its 68,518 total private dwellings, a change of 6.8% from its 2016 population of 136,445 . With a land area of 6,013.35 km (2,321.77 sq mi), it had a population density of 24.2/km (62.8/sq mi) in 2021. Following are members of Hastings County Council as of August, 2019: The county is served by Highway 401 in the south, Highway 7 ,

576-489: A secretary and a treasurer. Trish Rae of Tsi Tyónnheht Onkwawén:na refers to this six-person council as the "managing council," and notes that the four old chiefs remained important members of the community, responsible for signing documents, but only two sat on this managing council. According to research done by Trish Rae, from the 1840s and increasingly through the 1860s, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs played

640-603: A trend toward consolidation of township administrations: At the dawn of the 21st century, there has been a trend toward amalgamating rural and urban administrations. On 1 January 1998: In 1998, the Village of Tweed was amalgamated with its Township of Hungerford and the contiguous Township of Elzevir & Grimsthorpe to form the Municipality of Tweed. In 1999, the Village of Bancroft merged with Dungannon Township to form

704-563: Is one of several viable alternatives available to the government under the law. The Mohawk of the Bay of Quinte have been under a Drinking Water Advisory since 2008, "due to fecal, bacterial and algae contaminations". During a drought in the area, many of the groundwater wells—upon which they had depended—went completely dry. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada , supply chains from manufacturers were disrupted, resulting in an increase in

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768-625: Is paralleled by Highway 37 from Tweed all the way to Belleville. The river flows past Chisholm's lumber Mills , through the northwest corner of the township of Tyendinaga and enters the city of Belleville, continuing southeast. It takes in the right tributaries Chrysal Creek and Palliser Creek, flows over the Belleville Yardmen Dam through the former Laziers Dam Site, the McLeod Dam and the Lott Dam and reaches its mouth at

832-412: Is the same man as on the elected council, possibly Turtle clan), James Brant (likely Bear clan), David Powless (likely Wolf clan), John Brant, Simon Hill (likely Bear clan), and Brant Powless (likely the brother of Seth). Critics of this traditional council wrote to the Secretary of State to warn him about what they characterized as a power-grab by Seth Powless, backed by "pagan" "foreigners," and entreating

896-732: The Indian Act . On December 4, 2017, Council adopted a motion 'to approve to adopt the First Nations Election Act [FNEA] regulations for the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory in 2019', but Council has not officially adopted a custom election code or opted into the FNEA as of December 2018. Chief Councillors From the start, the government of the Mohawk community at the Bay of Quinte consisted of

960-673: The Bay of Quinte because it was said to be the birthplace of Tekanawita , one of the founders of the Iroquois Confederacy in the 12th century. The majority of the Mohawk followed Joseph Brant to the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation in what has become the province of Ontario. On May 22, 1784, the group of 20 Mohawk families (between 100 and 125 people) arrived at Tyendinaga. Nine years later,

1024-828: The Bay of Quinte , Lake Ontario . While the Moira river itself is entirely within Hastings County, the watershed includes parts of the next two counties to the east, Lennox and Addington (one east) and Frontenac (two east). Tributaries of the Clare River extend into the township of Central Frontenac in Frontenac County. The Clare River also is in the townships of Stone Mills and Addington Highlands in Lennox and Addington County. The Skootamatta River and tributitaries flow through Addington Highlands as well. The tributaries also extend further north in Hastings County than

1088-560: The Cayuga language the name is Tayęda:ne:gęˀ or Detgayę:da:negęˀ —"land of two logs". The geographical feature, the bay is kénhte in the Mohawk language and the community's official Mohawk name is Kenhtè:ke —"on the bay". It was anglicized to "Quinte". The Mohawk nation reserve covers 7,362.5  ha (18,193- acre ) in Hastings County on the Bay of Quinte in southeastern Ontario , Canada, east of Belleville and immediately to

1152-779: The Culbertson Tract land claim . The claim is based on Loyalist settlers allegedly acquiring Mohawk traditional land illegally, during the period from 1820 to 1843, resulting in the loss of the majority of the land from the Simcoe Treaty . As set out in the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the terms and conditions for purchasing land from Mohawk included the requirement of a community vote prior to sales of any common land to non-Mohawk. Research and documentation has shown that these terms and conditions may not have been followed at Tyendinaga. The Township created

1216-744: The Indian Act throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Seth W. Hill was removed from council in 1860 for intemperance and replaced by William J. W. Hill in an election. John Loft was removed in 1863 for the same reason, but was not replaced. Powles Claus died in 1866 and was not replaced on council, though many in the community wanted Seth Powless to replace him. Sampson Green died on January 27, 1923; Archibald Culbertson died in 1892, but had been removed from council in 1887; William J. W. Hill died on December 24, 1910; John Loft died in 1878; Seth W. Hill died on August 27, 1884; Cornelius Maracle died on May 28, 1920; John Claus died on February 25, 1898. This

1280-919: The " Gunshot Treaty " and "other treaties of the Six Nations Indians," as well as to have all expenses paid by the Department for Indian Affairs. In April 1919, there was another installation of traditional chiefs. The Minister of the Interior was notified of this installation, and advised that there would be no more elections at the Bay of Quinte. The men installed with chief titles were Joseph J. Brant, Wellington Green, Jacob Maracle, Cornelius J. Maracle, William J. Sero, Abram L. Maracle, William Doreen, George Hill, and Solomon J. Brant. The substitutes were James M. Barnhart, Fred Sero, Ambrose Claus, Jacob Maracle, John W. Maracle, Andrew Sero, Johnson Louis, John Sero, and John J. Smart. The recording secretary

1344-492: The "headman." All functions of government went through Captain John, and as such the finer points of the government structure are unclear, for instance how many chiefs made up the council. Upon Captain John's death in 1811, there is evidence from external correspondence with other governments that six chiefs may have led the community in the early 1800s. Extant documents from the 1820s and 1830s include signatures from groups of four chiefs, five chiefs, and six chiefs. In 1835, with

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1408-451: The 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) water main project from about $ 8.1 million to $ 18.2 million. In December 2020, the federal government had announced new funding of $ 16.7 million to "cover the cost of extending the water mains" from the township of Deseronto and the MBQ's own water-treatment plants which will then be able to serve five areas in the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory. This funding supports

1472-643: The American Revolutionary War and had a political career in England, but has no connection with the site. The name Sagonaska continues to be used in the Belleville area, as the name of a bridge over the Moira, and the name of a public school. The Moira River begins at an unnamed lake in the more northern Tudor geographic township portion of the municipality of Tudor and Cashel at an elevation of 303 metres (994 ft). It flows south into

1536-538: The Bay of Quinte First Nation The Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte (MBQ) ( Mohawk : Kenhtè:ke Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk pronunciation: [gʌ̃h'dè:ge ganjʌ̃ge'hà:ga] ) are a Mohawk community within Hastings County , Ontario. They control the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory , which is a 7,362.5  ha (18,193- acre ) Mohawk Indian reserve on the Bay of Quinte in southeastern Ontario , Canada, east of Belleville and immediately to

1600-651: The Belleville Waterworks was created as a private company, which was then bought by the city of Belleville in 1889. In 1911, Hastings County was the first in the province to appoint a reforestation committee, which was instrumental in passing laws around county forests. Postal service began in the area in 1913. By 1927 the original townships had each formed separate governance and many of them had been partitioned due to increase in population and development. The 1927 townships were: Following World War II , more efficient communication and transportation led

1664-687: The Canadian government wrote a memorandum explaining why they wouldn't allow a return to the hereditary system, explaining that firstly, while the Six Nations and Oneida Nation of the Thames did still operate under the traditional system, they would be brought under the Indian Act system eventually (and they were, in 1924); secondly, the Canadian government felt the traditional system was cumbersome and antiquated, and "includes selection of chiefs by old women in their dotage." Into January 1919, despite

1728-674: The County continued to form part of the Midland District. In 1821, the newly surveyed townships of Elzevir, Madoc and Marmora were added to the county. While in this time agriculture was the most important industry in Hastings County, by 1822 (when the Marmora Iron Works was approaching its peak production) mining was playing an increasingly more important role in the area's economy. Prominent citizens of Hastings County and Ameliasburgh Township unsuccessfully petitioned

1792-544: The Governor-General. In February 1870, Superintendent Bartlett finally offered to name somebody to replace the late Powles Claus, as long as the community elected somebody to replace the late John Loft. However, this never took place. Instead, in October 1870, the first election under the new federal legislation took place. Seven men were elected following the Gradual Enfranchisement Act . Around this same time,

1856-690: The Hastings County Council was also interested in education and the building of the railroad. On October 27, 1856, the first railroad train arrived in Belleville and by 1864 around 100 people were employed by the railroad. In August 1866, discovery of gold at Eldorado, near Madoc , caused great excitement throughout Hastings County as people flooded to the area from all over North America. According to Barnes, "gold has been found in twenty-seven locations spread over nine townships." The railroads and 170 miles (270 km) of good gravel roads opened these areas to settlement by 1880. In 1889

1920-525: The Hastings census division but is independent of the county. The cities of Belleville and Quinte West are separated municipalities and so are within the geographical boundaries of the county and included in the Hastings census division, but they not under the administration of the county government. Hastings County (named for Francis Rawdon-Hastings ) was first organized for electoral purposes in 1792, with its boundaries described as being: bounded on

1984-469: The Indian Agent, prompting him to write letters complaining about them. On September 21, 1916, there was another installation of traditional chiefs: The women who certified this installation included Mrs. K. Hill (most likely Katherine Hill, mother of George Hill), S. B. (possibly a relative of Solomon Brant), and Mrs. Jane D. (most likely Jane Doreen, mother of William Doreen). In December 1918,

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2048-482: The MBQ's and Deseronto's water treatment plant, thereby connecting "86 existing homes and several of the community's semi-public buildings". By 2021, there were about 2,200 people living on the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte reserve with another 3,000 Mohawks living nearby. Of these, there are about 90 families "on a waiting list for affordable housing". The Tyendinaga Mohawk Council consists of one Chief and four Councillors, chosen during elections every two years, as per

2112-426: The Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte elected council took place in October 1870, where seven chiefs were elected to sit on the council. In 1995 the MBQ filed a claim on an area which covers 923 acres of land surrounding the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory area, which included most of the land upon which the township of Deseronto has been built. In 2003, the federal government entered into initial land claims negotiations on

2176-468: The Moira itself. For example, Partridge Creek in the Skootamatta system extends past Upper Partridge Lake to 44° 57′ 28″ North in the more northerly Cashel portion of the township of Tudor and Cashel. Hastings County Hastings County has trademarked the moniker "Cheese Capital of Canada". The 14 local municipalities within Hastings County are: The Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory is within

2240-508: The Town of Bancroft. On 1 January 2001, the Municipality of Hastings Highlands was incorporated by amalgamating the contiguous townships of Bangor, Wicklow & McClure, Herschel and Monteagle. Also in 2001, the Village of Marmora amalgamated with the surrounding townships of Marmora and Lake to form the Municipality of Marmora and Lake. As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Hastings County had

2304-596: The Tyendinaga tract of land was officially set aside under Crown Treaty 3½, signed on April 1, 1793, by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe and thereafter known as the 'Simcoe Deed'. This tract of land, measuring 37,500  ha (92,700 acres ) was legally accepted by the British Crown, and subsequently by the Upper Canada government. A wave of Loyalists also settled in the Bay of Quinte area, and

2368-482: The appointment of a new elected council headed by Josiah Hill, the "Thunder Water council" continued to meet and enact resolutions. They locked the council house doors to what they referred to as the "appointed elected council," and warned the Indian Agent G. M. Campbell that "he is not a governor or ruler of this band of Indians on Tyendinaga Reserve, only a servant to the said band of Indians." Finally, in February 1919

2432-646: The birthplace of the Great Peacemaker , Dekanahwideh, who was instrumental in the bringing together the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca into the Haudenosaunee Confederacy , according to Kayanesenh Paul Williams, a Six Nations lawyer and author. The traditional land of the MBQ, which was much more vast that the current territory, was based on a variation of the traditional Mohawk name of Joseph Brant , Thayendanegea , which means "two pieces of fire wood beside each other". In

2496-431: The bottom of the declaration affirming the above chiefs. Though many members of the community supported a return to a traditional council, the government of Canada did not allow it. In 1915, supporters of Thunder Water, a man who was interested in the education of indigenous people, the improvement of women's rights, and a traditional form of governance, ran for council. His supporters were elected, which greatly displeased

2560-606: The colonial government for control of the land). In addition, Mohawk and others joined the existing communities of Kahnawake , Kanesatake , Wahta and Akwesasne (the latter four were mostly Mohawk settlements established along the St. Lawrence River during the colonial era prior to the war). In 1869, the Gradual Enfranchisement Act was passed by the Canadian federal government, establishing elected band councils on First Nations reserves. The first election for

2624-425: The community (Seth W. Hill, John Loft, and William Maracle). Ultimately, the Superintendent called an end to widespread community-internal elections between 1860 and 1870, claiming that "they're a great deal of trouble, and much ill feeling was caused by the intemperance and excitement." Seth W. Hill was removed from council for intemperance in 1860, and replaced at an election by William J. W. Hill. In 1863, John Loft

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2688-479: The community is called Kenhtè:ke , which means "on the bay" (from Mohawk kénhte "bay", which is also the origin of the word "Quinte"). The Cayuga name is Tayęda:ne:gęˀ or Detgayę:da:negęˀ , 'land of two logs'. The nation's band number is 164. The territory of the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte (MBQ), represent one of the largest First Nations territories in Ontario. Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory has ties to

2752-576: The conversion of over 60 community members to Methodism and their subsequent exodus to the Grand River , the number of chiefs on the Quinte Mohawk council was reduced by two, resulting in a council size of four, referred to as "the old chiefs ," Brant Brant, Powles Claus, Joseph Pinn, and one other. In 1843, owing to frustration among the community with how the old chiefs were organizing things, as well as complaints of their alcoholism and

2816-536: The county was declared to consist of the following geographic townships: Belleville , after an abortive attempt two years previously, was organized as a municipality with its own Board of Police in 1836, and was designated as the district seat in 1837. It was constituted as a town under the Baldwin Act in 1850, and later became a city in 1877. Edward Fidlar became the first warden of Hastings County with their first meeting on January 28, 1850. By this time

2880-403: The east by the westernmost boundary of the county of Lenox , on the south by the bay of Quinte , until it meets a boundary on the easternmost line of the river Trent , thence along the river until it intersects the rear of the ninth concession, thence by a line running north sixteen degrees west until it intersects the river Ottawa or Grand river , thence descending the said river until it meets

2944-432: The elected council composed of Thunder Water supporters passed a motion abolishing elections, announcing a return to a life chief system. This was rejected by the government of Canada, and the election was to go forward in 1918. Only pro-election candidates were nominated for election, but since that led to only five men being nominated, the nominees were acclaimed into their council positions with no election. In January 1919,

3008-562: The final phase in the "multi-phase project to improve access to safe drinking water for the MBQ community. The federal government and the First Nation invested a combined total of $ 18.2 million towards the project, which will "ultimately lift five long-term drinking water advisories in the community". This final phase has been contracted out to Gordon Barr Limited, who began construction work in December 2020. The new water mains will link

3072-467: The first official imposition of a government structure by Canada on indigenous governments), the three wrote a letter to an Indian Affairs official to implore them to see the value in their traditional ways of governance. In May 1869, the old chiefs wrote another letter alongside others in the community asking to be exempted from the upcoming legislation. The Gradual Enfranchisement Act , passed on June 22, 1869, instituted official band council elections under

3136-652: The government granted many of them land in the Tyendinaga Tract. During the period from 1820 to 1843, the Mohawk lost two-thirds of the treaty lands of the Simcoe Deed. Additional land loss has left the Mohawk with only 7,100  ha (18,000 acres ) in this area today. The major new settlement for the Mohawk and other Iroquois in Canada was the Six Nations Reserve of the Grand River (where prominent Mohawk leader Joseph Brant struggled with

3200-490: The jurisdiction of the Canadian Ministry for Indian Affairs. Under the 1869 act, councils were elected by men aged 21 years and older, with one chief and two "secondary chiefs" per 200 people in the community. The term of office under the act was 3 years, though the legislation also allowed "life chiefs" that were in power when the legislation was enacted to remain in their role until death, resignation, or removal by

3264-470: The lake, enters the municipality of Tweed and takes in the left tributaries Black River and Skootamatta River . It then heads south through the village of Tweed, Ontario into Stoco Lake at an elevation of 138 metres (453 ft), where it takes in the left tributaries Sulphide Creek and Clare River . The river leaves the lake via two channels, an eastern channel Moira River and the named West Channel, which enclose Sugar Island. It heads southwest, and

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3328-555: The locks were broken. On the 4th of that month, a general council meeting with the community was held, and the supporters of the Thunder Water council passed a motion empowering Chief Joseph J. Brant to pursue legal action against the Agent-appointed council. Another motion was passed to seek deeds and treaties from Ottawa, including the " Haldimand Deed ," "the constitution of the proclamation of Sir William Johnson," and

3392-509: The municipality of Marmora and Lake . It passes through Deloro Lake and over the Deloro Dam at Deloro at an elevation of 200 metres (656 ft), and is crossed by Highway 7 . The Moira then heads east, enters the township of Stirling-Rawdon , and empties into Bend Bay on Moira Lake at an elevation of 154 metres (505 ft), south of the community of Madoc , where it takes in the left tributary Madoc Creek. The river continues east from

3456-502: The northwesternmost boundary of the county of Addington ; and the said county of Hastings to comprehend all the islands of the bay of Quinte and the river Trent nearest to the said county, in the whole or in greater part fronting the same. For the initial elections to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada , it was united with Northumberland County and most of Lennox County for purposes of returning one member. It

3520-491: The poor decision they had made, the community got together to change the government structure. From this point on, the government was composed of four chiefs and four councilmen, who managed administrative needs such as finances and letter-writing, while the chiefs led the community more broadly. A little while after this, the structure was changed again, so that government consisted of two chiefs and two councilmen, who were chosen by "their equals" (i.e. other "warriors"), as well as

3584-534: The protection of the government as Christians. On October 15, 1889, there was again a selection of chiefs in the traditional way. The chief titles were filled as follows: This selection was once again done with help from people from Six Nations, and in consultation with women in the community, including Katherine Brant (likely the mother of Joseph I. Brant), Lina Brant, Lucy Sero, Margaret Jo Brant, Cecilia Ann Brant (mother of Jeremiah Hill), Rachel Maracle, and Mary John (sister of Peter John), whose names are listed at

3648-520: The provincial government for district status during 1817, 1818, 1823 and 1825. After Prince Edward County successfully achieved its own government in 1831, Hastings County continued to send petitions throughout the 30s before finally achieving the status of a separate district in March 1837. It was constituted as the District of Victoria in 1839 (which continued until its dissolution in 1850). By 1845,

3712-462: The township of Madoc , passes through Wolf Lake at an elevation of 276 metres (906 ft), is crossed by Highway 62 , and takes in the right tributary Jordan River at the settlement of Bannockburn, before heading south. The river loops east then back west under the highway at Keller Bridge and continues south to the west of Eldorado. The river takes a sharp turn west, before taking in the right tributary Gawley Creek and heading south again at Malone in

3776-399: The west of Deseronto . They also share Glebe Farm 40B and the Six Nations of the Grand River reserves with other First Nations. The community takes its name from a variant spelling of Mohawk leader Joseph Brant 's traditional Mohawk name, Thayendanegea (standardized spelling Thayentiné:ken), which means 'two pieces of fire wood beside each other'. Officially in the Mohawk language ,

3840-688: The west of the township of Deseronto . Following the American Revolution , the Mohawk, who were allies of the British Crown, lost their traditional homelands in the Mohawk Valley of what became New York state, when they were forced to cede their lands following the defeat of the British. As compensation for their allegiance, the Crown offered them unsettled land in Upper Canada . A group of Mohawk led by John Deseronto selected

3904-465: Was Solomon J. Wright. This petition to the Ministry of Indian Affairs included the names of nearly four hundred community members. And yet, elections under the Indian Act system continued. Evidence of continued frustration by Indian Agents indicates that supporters of traditional councils continued to run for and get elected to the elected council. Elected councils have continued to operate following

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3968-422: Was dismissed from council also due to intemperance, but was not replaced, leaving a council of four. In 1866, the last remaining of the four "old chiefs" Powles Claus died, reducing the council further to three. Historical evidence indicates that the community had selected Seth Powless to replace the old chief, but he was a controversial figure and not accepted by the whole community—some thought he had "made himself"

4032-538: Was situated within the Mecklenburg District , which was later renamed the "Midland District" in 1792. In 1798, the Parliament of Upper Canada passed legislation to provide, that, at the beginning of 1800: ... the townships of Sidney, Thurlow, the tract of land occupied by the Mohawks, Huntingdon, Hungerford, and Rawdon, do constitute and form the county of Hastings. The territory withdrawn from

4096-453: Was the first council elected under the Indian Act , enacted April 1876. Solomon Loft resigned on December 28, 1896. This council tried to return the governance system of the Nation to the traditional life chief system, but was prevented by the Canadian government. This council kept meeting after the following council was appointed, locking the council house doors to them. Nelson Green is

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