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38-548: Sahagún contains some of the earliest examples of the mudéjar architecture . It lies on the Way of St. James and is often considered the half-way point between St. Jean Pied de Port and Santiago de Compostela. The Battle of Sahagún was a notable victory by the British light cavalry against their more numerous French adversaries in 1808 . The first settlement on the site grew up around the nearby Benedictine monastery consecrated to

76-430: A constructive function but which were also decorative. Brick held great importance as a material of construction, its maneuverability and resistance, aesthetic characteristics and inexpensive nature, made it suitable for architecture that needed to be built in a timely fashion. Mudejar decoration and ornamentation includes stylized calligraphy and intricate geometric and vegetal forms. The classic Mudéjar elements include

114-454: A key feature of Islamic art and architectural traditions, but in conveying the sumptuousness of materials and ornament. Many decorative arts were applied to architecture, such as the tiling and ceramic work, as well as carving practices. To enliven the surfaces of wall and floor, Mudéjar art developed complicated tiling patterns. The motifs on tile work are often abstract, leaning more on vegetal designs and straying from figural images (which

152-671: A location in the province of León, Spain is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mud%C3%A9jar art Mudéjar art , or Mudéjar style , was a type of ornamentation and decoration used in the Iberian Christian kingdoms, primarily between the 13th and 16th centuries. It was applied to Romanesque , Gothic and Renaissance architectural styles as constructive, ornamental and decorative motifs derived from those that had been brought to or developed in Al-Andalus . These motifs and techniques were also present in

190-470: A preferred style of housing. Mudéjar characteristics continue to act as a foundation for modernizing styles. Muslim architects are also currently making great strides in terms of modern architecture, reflecting the technical and engineering feats, as well as aesthetic expertise, reminiscent of the Mudéjar styles. Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar Neo-Mudéjar is a type of Moorish Revival architecture practised in

228-426: A range of objects, from bowls and plates to candlesticks. Mudejar style ceramics were typically worked in three “styles:” green-purple ware (manganese green), ( cobalt ) blue ware, and gold-glazed ware ( lusterware ). Mudejar artisans introduced their perfected glazing techniques to Medieval Europe where Mudejar pottery from Manises, Paterna, and Teruel were the most popular. A transparent glaze could be achieved through

266-651: A “common visual language” rather than a cohesive structure with particular regulations. This led to Mudejar design themes in the New World to be considered purely a continuation of an architectural blend that was unique to Spain. The Church of San Miguel in Sucre , Bolivia, provides an example of Mudéjar in Hispanic America with its interior decorations and the open floor plan. Mudéjar geometric design can be seen through its octagonal patterned wood ceiling and in

304-561: Is common in Islamic work). The colors of tile work of the Mudéjar period are much brighter and more vibrant than other European styles. The production process was also typical of techniques that had been used in Islamic Iberia, the tile was fired before it was cut into smaller, more manageable pieces. This approach meant that the tiles and glaze work shrank less in the firing process, and retained their designs more clearly. This allowed

342-580: Is considered one of the greatest surviving examples of Mudéjar Gothic and Mudéjar Renaissance architecture although its so-called Mudéjar Rooms are directly related to the Moorish Nasirid architecture of the Alhambra rather than to Mudéjar art techniques; the Christian king Pedro of Castile employed architects from the then Islamic Emirate of Granada to construct them. Mudéjar art emerged in

380-668: The Iberian Peninsula and to a far lesser extent in Ibero-America . This architectural movement emerged as a revival of Mudéjar style . It was an architectural trend of the late 19th and early 20th centuries that began in Madrid and Barcelona and quickly spread to other regions in Spain and Portugal. It used Mudéjar style elements such as the horseshoe arch , arabesque tiling, and abstract shaped brick ornamentations for

418-535: The art and crafts , especially Hispano-Moresque lustreware that was once widely exported across Europe from southern and eastern Spain at the time. The term Mudejar art was coined by the art historian José Amador de los Ríos y Serrano in reference to the Mudéjars , who played a leading role in introducing Islamic derived decorative elements into the Iberian Christian kingdoms. The Mudéjars were

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456-449: The horseshoe and multi-lobed arch, muqarna vaults, alfiz (molding around an arch), wooden roofing, fired bricks, glazed ceramic tiles, and ornamental stucco work. Mudejar plasterwork, sometimes called Yeseria , includes all the Islamic motifs, such as epigraphic, “atauriques,” or arabesque ornament, and geometrical motifs, although motifs of Christian art are also included, such as Gothic vegetables and shields, they are depicted in

494-482: The late 15th century and the early-to-mid 16th century . The Mudéjar decorative elements were developed in Iberia specially in the context of historic architecture. There was a revival in the late-19th and the early-20th-century Spain and Portugal as Neo-Mudéjar style. Mudéjar was originally the term used for Muslims of Al-Andalus who remained after the Christian reconquest of Muslim controlled territories in

532-542: The 16th century, imported Mudéjar art decorated tiles from Seville appear in churches and palaces, such as the Royal Palace of Sintra. Christian builders and craftsmen carried Mudéjar style elements to the overseas territories of the Spanish empire, especially in the 16th century, complementing Renaissance architecture before the emergence of Baroque. The Mudéjar "style" in architecture is most accurately described as

570-459: The Christian architectural practices of the different regions in the Christian kingdoms differed greatly, but all come under the general umbrella term of Mudejar art . Mudejar style in architecture refers to the application of decorative Islamic art styled motifs and patterning to Christian styles of architecture. It is thought to have begun with Muslim craftsmen who applied traditional constructive, ornamental, and decorative elements derived from

608-580: The Islamic arts to Christian styles of architecture. These methods became part of local Christian building traditions and were applied to Romanesque , Gothic , and Renaissance architectural styles in the expanding Christian kingdoms of Iberia. These decorative techniques included calligraphy, intricate geometry, and vegetal forms derived from Islamic art and architecture. Mudejar constructive systems were very simple and extremely effective. The materials used included brick, along with other artificial stone materials, and wood, which were not only entrusted with

646-634: The Kingdom of León: notable examples can be found in Toledo , Ávila , Segovia , Toro , Cuéllar , Arévalo and Madrigal de las Altas Torres . Later, Mudéjar was spread into southern Spain by the Kingdom of Castile . A particularly fine example of Mudéjar Renaissance is the Casa de Pilatos , built in the early 16th century at Seville . Seville includes many other examples of Mudéjar art. The Alcázar of Seville

684-597: The Muslims who remained in the former areas of Al-Andalus after the Christian Reconquista in the Middle Ages and were allowed to practice their religion to a limited degree. Mudéjar art is valuable in that it represents peaceful co-existence between Muslims and Christians during the medieval era, although all Muslims and Jews in Spain eventually were forced to convert to Christianity or exiled between

722-427: The appearance of gold and other precious metals. Similarly to tile and stucco work, ceramic motifs included vegetal patterns, in addition to figurative motifs, calligraphy, and geometric patterns and images. There are also Christian influences in the imagery, such as boats, fern leaves, hearts, and castles. Mudéjar art has had modern revivals, the most important in Spain and Portugal being Neo-Mudéjar that appeared in

760-576: The church exemplifying the transculturation found in Spanish architecture. Some other notable examples of Mudejar design in Hispanic America are: Mudejar artisans brought into the Christian kingdoms the elaborate geometric designs found in tilework , brickwork , wood carving , plasterwork , ceramics, and ornamental metals of Al-Andalus. Objects, as well as ceilings and walls, were often decorated with rich and complicated designs, as Mudéjar artists were not only interested in relaying wonder,

798-744: The façades of modern buildings. The first examples of Neo-Mudéjar buildings were the Aguirre School designed by Rodríguez Ayuso, the Plaza de Toros in Madrid built in 1874 (now demolished), and the Casa Vicens by Antoni Gaudí i Cornet . The style then became almost "compulsory" for the construction of bullfight rings all around Spain, Portugal and the Hispanoamerican countries. In Madrid it became one of its most representative styles of

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836-585: The gothic Manueline style in Portugal, which was very lavish and ornate. Portuguese use of Mudéjar art developed particularly in the 15th and 16th centuries, and structures such as the Palace of the Counts of Basto and the Royal Palace feature characteristic wooden Mudéjar roofs that are also to be found in some churches in towns such as Sintra and Lisbon . Since trade was an essential part of Portugal's culture in

874-670: The last Muslim stronghold in the peninsula, the Granada , fell to the Christian Castile in 1492, Muslims were forced to choose between becoming Christians or to leave, first in Castile and soon after in Aragon . Those who chose to convert and stay were called Moriscos , and were often suspected of secretly practicing Islam, and were finally expelled from Spain after 1609. What allowed Mudejar culture to survive and flourish in

912-399: The late 19th and early 20th centuries. It combined modern architecture and materials, including cast iron and glass with Mudéjar art styled arches, tiling, and brickwork. Some Spanish architectural firms have turned their attention to building projects in the modern Arabic-speaking world, specifically Morocco , Algeria , and Eastern Arabia , where Mudéjar art influences are commissioned as

950-665: The later Middle Ages but were not initially converted to Christianity or exiled. It was a medieval Castilian borrowing of the Arabic word Mudajjan مدجن , meaning "tamed", referring to Muslims who submitted to the rule of Christian kings. The term likely originated as a taunt, as the word was usually applied to domesticated animals such as poultry. The term Mudéjar can also be translated from Arabic as "one permitted to remain", which references Christians allowing Muslims to remain in Christian Iberia. The concept "arte mudéjar"

988-413: The medieval Christian kingdoms depended upon whether the capture by Christians was accomplished through negotiated surrender or military defeat, the ratio of Muslim to Christian populations, the competing interests of the monarchy and the papacy, and economic exigencies. With a balance of these things, Mudejar art was born. As a result of this local variation, the Islamic influences that were absorbed into

1026-482: The mixing of lead and tin for an opaque, shiny white glaze, and mixtures of metal oxides were applied to the glazed and fired surfaces to create lustre decoration. This technique was carried on from the Nasrid period. Typically, artisans would apply a layer of opaque white glaze before the colors. On top of the white, cobalt blue, green copper, and purple manganese oxides were used to make vibrant, shimmering surfaces with

1064-486: The north-eastern Christian Kingdom of Aragon in the 12th century and includes more than a hundred surviving examples, located predominantly in the valleys of the Ebro , Jalón and Jiloca . Its first manifestations have two origins: on the one hand, a palatial architecture linked to the Christian monarchy, which amended and extended the originally Moorish Aljafería Palace and maintained an Islamic ornamental tradition, and on

1102-687: The other hand, a tradition that developed Romanesque architecture using brickwork rather than stone construction and which often displays Hispanic ornamental tracery. Examples of the latter type of Mudéjar elements can be seen in churches in Daroca , which were started in stone and finished off in the 13th century with Mudéjar brick panels. Portugal commissioned fewer Mudéjar decorated buildings, which generally incorporated simpler Mudéjar elements. The Church of Castro de Avelãs in Braganza features classic Mudéjar art brick work. Mudéjar also tended to be applied to

1140-763: The period, not only for public buildings, like the Aguirre School or the bullring of Las Ventas , but also for housing. The use of cheap materials, mainly brick for exteriors, made it a popular style in new neighborhoods. Neo-Mudéjar was often combined with Neo-Gothic by architects such as Francisco de Cubas , Antonio María Repullés y Vargas and Francisco Jareño . After the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 in Seville , another stream of Neo-Mudéjar features appeared known as Andalusian Architectural Regionalism. The Plaza de España (Seville) or

1178-429: The re-establishment of Christian rule throughout the formerly Muslim controlled areas of Iberia came the different Mudéjar construction methods for creating a building using inexpensive materials like brick, wood, and stucco. It is generally accepted by scholars that Mudéjar art in architecture first appeared in the northern town of Sahagún in the 12th century Christian Kingdom of León . Mudéjar spread to other parts of

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1216-598: The reign of Alfonso III de Asturias, and reached its greatest splendour during the reign of Alfonso VI of Castile . On November 25, 1085, this latter king promulgated the edicts known as the Fuero de Sahagún , which gave a number of privileges to the Monastery and town, fomenting its growth. The king favoured the Cluniac order and the monastery was known as the "Spanish Cluny ". Friction often erupted into disputes between

1254-610: The rhythm of Islamic tradition, which plays an important role in chromatics. Mudéjar often makes use of girih geometric strapwork decoration, as used in Middle East architecture, where Maghreb buildings tended to use vegetal arabesques . Scholars have sometimes considered the geometric forms, both girih and the complex vaultings of muqarnas , as innovative, and arabesques as retardataire, but in Al-Andalus, both geometric and vegetal forms were freely used and combined. With

1292-407: The saints Facundus and Primitivus . The name Sahagún is thought to derive from an abbreviation and variation on the name San Fagun ("Saint Facundus"). Arenillas de Valderaduey , Celada de Cea , Galleguillos de Campos , Joara , Riosequillo , Sahagún, San Martín de la Cueza , San Pedro de las Dueñas , Sotillo de Cea , Villalebrín and Villalmán . The monastery acquired importance during

1330-478: The tiles to be laid closer together with less grout, making the compositions more intricate and cohesive. Ceramics had been a sophisticated art form during the period of Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula and Mudéjar style ceramics were built on the techniques developed in the previous centuries of Islamic art. Pottery centers all over Spain - e.g. Paterna , Toledo , Seville - focused on making

1368-524: The townsfolk and the monastery in the mid-12th century, as recorded in the Crónicas anónimas de Sahagún . The monastery was very important on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela , and in the 14th century housed a University (see also List of early modern universities in Europe ). In the 19th century, the monastery was disbanded and the structure nearly completely razed. This article about

1406-474: The underside of the supporting arches, which are carved with a vegetable motif based on the arabesque . San Miguel is a direct inheritor of the Mudéjar and tradition of the expansion and multiplication of an initial pattern. Around the octagonal dome, there are more wooden ceiling panels carved with the same pattern as the church's ceiling. Additionally, the white stucco walls demonstrate the Baroque influence on

1444-463: Was coined and defined by the Spanish art historian José Amador de los Ríos y Serrano in his induction discourse El estilo mudéjar, en arquitectura at the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in 1859. The Muslims living in the medieval Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula , called Mudejars , were tolerated and could practice their religion with certain restrictions. However, soon after

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