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54-436: Saint Anthony Park was formed by the merger of two neighborhoods. North Saint Anthony Park, centered around Como Avenue, was originally an independent city established in the late 19th century as a railroad suburb , consisting of estates for the wealthy of Minneapolis and Saint Paul . South Saint Anthony Park is centered around Raymond Avenue near University Avenue, and was built mostly as workers' housing for people employed on

108-483: A Master of Divinity degree (M.Div.) for students seeking ordination, as well as Master of Arts , Master of Theology , Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.), and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degrees for other students. In the fall of 2013, Luther Seminary suspended new admissions to the Ph.D program for at least three years as part of budget cuts. The seminary was planning to again offer the Ph.D. program, with classing beginning in

162-526: A degree requirement for ELCA M.Div. students. While individual situations may vary, internship typically begins after two-thirds of coursework has been completed. Thus, most students complete internship between their middler and senior year. The internship requirement is unique to the ELCA among the other mainline denominations in the U.S. Luther Seminary has affiliations with the acclaimed American theologian and author, Frederick Buechner . In addition to being

216-907: A few years later became recognized by the City of Saint Paul as part of its District Council system. The neighborhood's largest park, Langford Park, is named for former Saint Anthony Park resident Nathaniel P. Langford , who helped create the world's first national park, Yellowstone National Park . Other well-known former Saint Anthony Park residents include author, humorist and radio show host Garrison Keillor ; Nobel Peace Prize-winning scientist Norman Borlaug ; Nobel Prize-winning author Saul Bellow ; children's author Carol Ryrie Brink ; John F. Kennedy Chairman of Council of Economic Advisors Walter Heller ; physician, poet, etymologist, and essayist Lewis Thomas ; psychologist B.F. Skinner ; presidential advisor Eugene Z. Young ; and architect Sarah Susanka . Saint Anthony Park hosts its own Independence Day parade, which

270-420: A fixed route, allowing passengers to travel three miles sitting down in the time it would take them to walk two miles. Later more efficient horse-drawn streetcars allowed cities to expand to areas even more distant. By 1860, they operated in most major American and Canadian cities, including New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Chicago , Cincinnati, Saint Louis, Montreal, and Boston. Horsecar suburbs emanated from

324-476: A frequent target of Urban renewal programs. The West End in Cincinnati , Bronzeville, Chicago , and West Philadelphia were all typical streetcar suburbs which were partially or completely demolished as part of postwar urban renewal programs. Now somewhat urban in appearance, former streetcar suburbs are readily recognizable by the neighborhood structure along and near the route. Every few blocks, or along

378-464: A greater sense, the streetcar suburbs of the early 20th century worked well for a variety of reasons. Miami's Coral Gables neighborhoods were built in the 1920s as the earliest suburbs of Downtown Miami by early Miami developers. Coral Gables was connected to Downtown, by a series of streetcars down Coral Way . Today, Coral Gables homes are some of the most expensive single-family homes in Miami, as

432-549: A new era of transportation-influenced suburbanization through the birth of the "streetcar suburb". The early trolley allowed people to effortlessly travel in 10 minutes what they could walk in 30, and was rapidly introduced in cities like Boston and Los Angeles , and eventually to all larger American and Canadian cities. There were 5,783 miles of streetcar track serving American cities in 1890; this grew to 22,000 by 1902 and 34,404 by 1907. By 1890, electric streetcar lines were replacing horse-drawn ones in cities of all sizes, allowing

486-464: A person could exit the transport near home, do some light shopping for dinner items, and continue by walking to his or her residence. These buildings also provided shopping for a non-employed spouse. Very few small groceries remain (outside of dense cities), though the space is often now used for non-foodstuff retail, capable of drawing clients from outside of the immediate neighborhood. Modern streetcar suburbs are usually served by buses which run roughly

540-453: A planned suburb served by both ferry and steam railroad . In the 1840s and 1850s, new railroad lines fostered the development of such New York City suburbs as Yonkers , White Plains , and New Rochelle . The steam locomotive in the mid 19th century provided the wealthy with the means to live in bucolic surroundings, to socialize in country clubs and still commute to work downtown. These suburbs were what historian Kenneth T. Jackson called

594-849: A vibrant main street, usually the one where the trams traversed, that contains most of the shops, businesses and services, while smaller dépanneurs (Convenience stores) line the intersections of the smaller residential streets. Many communities in Essex County, New Jersey were served by the Public Service Railway lines that fed into the Newark City Subway and the Newark Public Service Terminal including Irvington, Maplewood, Montclair, Bloomfield, Glen Ridge and The Oranges. Some of these routes remain today as NJ Transit Bus routes including

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648-543: Is followed by an all-day, all-neighborhood party in Langford Park. The 9.6-acre (39,000 m) park includes a recreation center offering hockey, baseball, basketball, indoor and outdoor soccer and tennis, and contains a playground, two tennis courts, indoor and outdoor basketball courts, and two baseball fields that are flooded in the winter to make two hockey rinks and one general skating rink. The Metro Green Line light rail , which opened on June 14, 2014, serves

702-651: Is general and one development called a streetcar suburb may vary greatly from others. However, some concepts are generally present in streetcar suburbs, such as straight (often gridiron ) street plans and relatively narrow lots. By 1830, many New York City area commuters were going to work in Manhattan from what are now the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens , which were not part of New York City at that time. They commuted by ferries. In 1852, architect Alexander Jackson Davis designed Llewellyn Park in New Jersey ,

756-541: Is served by the Wellington Cable Car , and Karori transport once linked to it. The inner suburbs of many Australian cities were planned around tram lines. Melbourne 's existing extensive tram network includes some examples of existing tram suburbs where tram was the dominant form of early transportation and still a major form of transport, including Carlton , Fitzroy , St Kilda , Albert Park , South Melbourne and Brunswick . Sydney also once had

810-739: Is the largest seminary of the ELCA. It also accepts and educates students of 41 other denominations and traditions. It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and the Association of Theological Schools . It also has theological accreditation through the ELCA as well as the United Methodist Church . Luther Seminary is the result of a series of mergers that consolidated what at one time were five separate institutions into one seminary. In 1917, three Norwegian-American Lutheran churches united to create

864-664: The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , which was formed by a merger of the LCA, the ALC, and the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches . The seminary's name was simplified to Luther Seminary on July 1, 1994. The presidents of Luther Seminary (1982–1994 as Luther Northwestern Theological Seminary): In the 2022–2023 academic year, Luther Seminary served 411 total students, employing 24 faculty. Luther offers

918-797: The Norwegian Lutheran Church of America (NLCA). Each of the three church bodies had operated a seminary. The Norwegian Synod 's Luther Seminary in Saint Paul, Minnesota , had been founded in 1876; the Hauge Synod 's Red Wing Seminary in Red Wing, Minnesota , in 1879; and the United Norwegian Lutheran Church 's United Church Seminary in Saint Paul, in 1892. The merged seminaries occupied

972-467: The United States and Canada . San Francisco 's Western Addition is one of the best examples of streetcar suburbs before westward and southward expansion occurred. Although most closely associated with the electric streetcar, the term can be used for any suburb originally built with streetcar-based transit in mind, thus some streetcar suburbs date from the early 19th century. As such, the term

1026-497: The " railroad suburbs " and historian Robert Fishman called a "bourgeois utopia". Outside of Philadelphia , suburbs like Radnor , Bryn Mawr , and Villanova developed along the Philadelphia Main Line . As early as 1850, 83 commuter stations had been built within a 15-mile radius of Boston . Chicago saw huge developments, with 11 separate lines serving over 100 communities by 1873. A famous community served

1080-812: The 1869 founding date of Augsburg Seminary. Northwestern Lutheran Theological Seminary traces its origin to the Chicago Lutheran Divinity School , begun in Chicago, Illinois , in 1920 following action taken by the English Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the Northwest , a synod of the United Lutheran Church in America . In 1921, the seminary was moved to Fargo, North Dakota , and the following year to Minneapolis. From 1921 to 1982, its name

1134-617: The 21, 25, 27, 29 and 39. Soon after the city's founding in 1856, many different companies provided horse-drawn cars, streetcars and eventually busing throughout the city. Streetcar service stopped on March 4, 1955. Some of the communities served exclusively as streetcar suburbs included: During the late-1800s, streetcars spurred development in numerous villages in Washington County, D.C. , including Brightwood , Mount Pleasant , Tenleytown , Chevy Chase , LeDroit Park , Uniontown , and Brookland . All lost streetcar service by

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1188-652: The Minnesota Synod and the Red River Valley Synod. The presidents of Northwestern Lutheran Theological Seminary: Desiring to make witness to a shared mission in theological education, Luther and Northwestern seminaries were functionally unified in 1976, beginning with a single administration. After a period of six years, the two seminaries formally merged on July 1, 1982, as Luther Northwestern Theological Seminary . On January 1, 1988, Luther Northwestern Theological Seminary became affiliated with

1242-554: The New World. Here, therefore, the term "streetcar suburb" is not needed as distinct concept as most neighborhoods in many European cities are tram-oriented, especially in those countries which still had a lower rate of private automobile ownership in the 20th century, such as in the former Soviet Union . An example is the city of Prague , the capital of the Czech Republic . Prague has built many new suburban roads since

1296-418: The beginning of a complete separation between residential and commercial areas in cities. Unlike railroad suburbs, which tended to form in pockets around stations along the interurban line, streetcar suburbs formed continuous corridors stretching outwards from city cores. The streetcar lines themselves were either built on roads that conformed to the grid, or on former turnpikes radiating in all directions from

1350-577: The centre of the city. This is broadly similar to many mid-sized European cities. As housing was scarce in much of the Eastern bloc, new construction mostly occurred in the Plattenbau / Panelák style and new neighborhoods were planned from the outset with a tram connection to enable easy commuting. Examples include the planned developments of Berlin Marzahn , Halle-Neustadt or Dresden- Gorbitz . In

1404-465: The city center towards the more distant railroad suburbs. For the first time, transportation began to separate social and economic classes in cities, as the working and middle class continued to live in areas closer to the city center, while the rich could afford to live farther out. The introduction of the electrical streetcar in Richmond, Virginia , in 1887 by Frank J. Sprague marked the start of

1458-534: The city, sometimes giving such cities a roughly star-like appearance on maps. Along the lines, developers built rectangular "additions" with homes, usually on small lots, within a five- to ten-minute walk of the streetcar. These were essentially built on the grid plan of the older central cities, and typically spread out in between streetcar lines throughout a city. Streetcar use continued to increase until 1923 when patronage reached 15.7 billion, but it declined in every year after that as automobile use increased amongst

1512-401: The entire route in well-preserved neighborhoods, there are small commercial structures, storefronts usually flush with the sidewalk; these were small stores—often groceries—operated by "mom and pop" operators who lived in quarters behind or above the establishment. Off-street parking, if it exists at all, is in the rear of the building. Because stores were originally built along streetcar lines,

1566-451: The fall of communism and also has an extensive metro and bus system, but because its central core is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , the city authorities limit new road construction in historic areas. Instead the tram system is the backbone of the transportation system, with many pre-communist and communist-era neighborhoods featuring brick and plaster walk-up apartment buildings lining roads that are served by several tram routes which run into

1620-418: The fall semester of 2018. The seminary has since returned to financial stability, reporting a budget surplus of $ 594,000 after fiscal year 2022. As in most seminaries, M.Div. students complete three years of theological education, divided into a junior year (first), middler year (second) and senior year (final). A full year of internship, usually in a parish, is an integral part of pastoral training, and

1674-464: The initial houses have burned or been torn down, are usually too narrow for modern residential zoning regulations, meaning that it is difficult to infill housing in well-preserved streetcar suburbs. Occasionally two lots are combined into one for a wide enough lot, or many houses are torn down for a new use as needed. However, in some cases where historic zoning applies, infill housing is encouraged or required to match neighboring housing standards. In

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1728-603: The intersection of streetcar lines, or directly along more heavily traveled routes (otherwise, routes would simply be lined with houses similar to those found in the surrounding neighborhoods). These shops would sometimes be multi-story buildings, with apartments on the upper floors. These provided convenient shopping for household supplies for the surrounding neighborhoods, which could potentially be visited on one's way to or from work. While there were stores near houses, they were not quite as close as in older parts of cities, and they were usually confined to specific streets, representing

1782-570: The largest tram network in the Southern Hemisphere , with many of the contemporary main streets of different suburbs having been built around tram stops. In the Old World, many residential neighborhoods were developed in the early days of industrial urbanization before electric streetcars/trams were invented. However, in much of Europe tram systems eventually came to play a much larger role in public transportation than in most of

1836-473: The lines to be extended and fostering a tremendous amount of suburban development. They were often extended out to formerly rural communities, which experienced an initial surge of development, and then new residential corridors were created along the newly built lines leading to what had sometimes been separate communities. On side streets, the houses closest to the original streetcar line are often as much as ten to twenty years older than houses built farther down

1890-460: The many nearby railroads. Although the two areas have very different histories and housing stock, they have grown more similar over the 20th and 21st centuries due to their proximity and convenience for commuters to both downtowns and to the University of Minnesota . Both are now middle-class neighborhoods with diverse populations and large numbers of professors and academics. Saint Anthony Park

1944-648: The mid-1960s. From the late 1880s to the end of the streetcar era, transit lines spread out of Washington and into the surrounding areas of Montgomery and Prince George's counties in Maryland, heading out to Rockville , Forest Glen , Kensington , Takoma Park , and Berwyn Heights . In particular, the streetcar helped shape the development of the Gateway Arts District from Mount Rainier through Hyattsville and Riverdale Park and beyond through College Park to Laurel . Kelburn, New Zealand

1998-426: The middle and upper classes. By the 1930s, the once-profitable streetcar companies were diversifying by adding motorized buses and trackless trolleys to their fleets. By the 1940s, streetcar ridership had dropped dramatically, and few subdivisions were being built with streetcars or mass transit in general in mind. By the 1950s, nearly all streetcar lines had stopped running, and were instead served by buses. Compared to

2052-593: The middle class. The houses in a streetcar suburb were generally narrow in width compared to later homes, and Arts and Crafts movement styles like the California Bungalow and American Foursquare were most popular. These houses were typically purchased by catalog and many of the materials arrived by railcar, with some local touches added as the house was assembled. The earliest streetcar suburbs sometimes had more ornate styles, including late Victorian and Stick . The houses of streetcar suburbs, whatever

2106-410: The nation’s burgeoning middle class to move beyond the central city’s borders. Early suburbs were served by horsecars , but by the late 19th century cable cars and electric streetcars , or trams , were used, allowing residences to be built farther away from the urban core of a city. Streetcar suburbs, usually called additions or extensions at the time, were the forerunner of today's suburbs in

2160-526: The neighborhood in an official capacity before the city, is among Saint Paul's oldest neighborhood organizations. It was formed in the early 1960s in response to pressure from the St. Paul Port Authority and others to expand industrial development into residential areas of South Saint Anthony Park, as well as a perceived decline in the standard of housing in the tonier areas of North Saint Anthony Park. The organization allowed women to join as voting members in 1972, and

2214-559: The neighborhood with stops on University Avenue at Raymond Avenue and Westgate . Minnesota State Highway 280 runs through the neighborhood on its western border. The St. Anthony Park Branch Library , a Carnegie library built in 1917, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was expanded in 1999 with a children's wing. St. Anthony Park Elementary School and Murray Middle School (formerly Murray Junior High School, and before that Murray High School) are

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2268-430: The original streetcar routes, and may offer highly reasonable mass transit commute times to downtowns and other business areas, especially compared to later automobile suburbs. Toronto, Ontario , Canada is an example of a city in which most streetcar suburbs are still served by streetcars . House prices in streetcar suburbs vary by neighborhood and city. Lots left empty in these areas during initial development, or where

2322-535: The schools in the neighborhood. Luther Seminary is also in St. Anthony Park. Streetcar suburb A streetcar suburb is a residential community whose growth and development was strongly shaped by the use of streetcar lines as a primary means of transportation. Such suburbs developed in the United States in the years before the automobile, when the introduction of the electric trolley or streetcar allowed

2376-592: The site of the United Church Seminary because it was the most developed and elaborate, and retained the name of the oldest of the three schools, namely, Luther Theological Seminary. The NLCA took the name Evangelical Lutheran Church in 1946 and, with other churches, formed the American Lutheran Church (ALC) in 1960. The presidents of Luther Theological Seminary: Augsburg Theological Seminary , later renamed Augsburg University,

2430-407: The street, reflecting the initial surge and slow completion of a development. Because streetcar operators offered low fares and free transfers, commuting was finally affordable to nearly everyone. Combined with the relatively cheap cost of land farther from the city, streetcar suburbs were able to attract a broad mix of people from all socioeconomic classes, although they were most popular by far with

2484-534: The streetcars, which were the primary method of transport at their peak and ran very frequent service, the replacement buses tended to be much less frequent and reliable. In the second half of the 20th century, streetcar suburbs in many American cities suffered serious deterioration. The home ownership boom facilitated by the Federal Housing Administration excluded neighborhoods which received negative reviews from FHA and bank officials in

2538-462: The style, tended to have prominent front porches, while driveways and built-in garages were rare, reflecting the pedestrian-focused nature of the streets when the houses were initially built. Setbacks between houses were not nearly as small as in older neighborhoods (where they were sometimes nonexistent), but houses were still typically built on lots no wider than 30 to 40 feet. Shops such as groceries, bakeries, and drug stores were usually built near

2592-595: The underwriting process. FHA standards at the time discouraged many design features common in streetcar suburbs; small lots, narrow streets, semi-detached housing , lack of off-street parking, and mixing single-family houses with apartment or commercial buildings were all viewed negatively in FHA reports. This meant that streetcar suburbs were very frequently redlined . Without streetcar services, and lacking adequate space and infrastructure for residents to keep private automobiles, these neighborhoods were considered obsolete and were

2646-517: The vast majority of them have been preserved since the 1920s. Within Coral Gables, Miracle Mile has urbanized over the decades, becoming a dense, urban neighborhood with numerous high rise apartment and office towers. Most of Montreal's streetcar suburbs feature a mix of attached red-brick or greystone duplexes, triplexes, fourplexes and multiplexes with exterior staircases instead of narrow-lot single-family homes. These areas usually feature

2700-450: The west, streetcars had lost much of their importance so similar neighborhoods were built along much more car-dependent lines or - in the case of Nürnberg Langwasser - with a new subway that was built from Langwasser inwards to link the new neighborhoods to jobs and shopping in downtown Nuremberg. Luther Seminary Luther Seminary is a seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) in Saint Paul, Minnesota . It

2754-412: Was Riverside, Illinois , arguably one of the first planned communities in the United States, designed in 1869 by Frederick Law Olmsted . However, the suburbs closest to the city were based on horsecars and eventually cable cars . First introduced to America around 1830, the horse-drawn omnibus was revolutionary because it was the first mass transit system, offering regularly scheduled stops along

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2808-464: Was Northwestern Lutheran Theological Seminary. Located in north Minneapolis from 1922 to 1940 and in south Minneapolis from 1940 to 1967, it moved near the campus of Luther Theological Seminary in Saint Paul in 1967. At the time of the formation of the Lutheran Church in America (LCA) in 1962, Northwestern Lutheran Theological Seminary was placed under the jurisdiction of two supporting synods:

2862-710: Was founded in 1869 at Marshall, Wisconsin , later moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota , and in 1897 became the seminary of the Lutheran Free Church . It remained a separate seminary until 1963, at which time the Lutheran Free Church merged with the American Lutheran Church and Augsburg Seminary was merged with Luther Theological Seminary. The merged institution took the Luther Theological Seminary name and

2916-577: Was home to three Minnesota governors ( William Rainey Marshall , 1866–70; Andrew Ryan McGill , 1887–1889; and Elmer L. Andersen , 1961–63), all members of the Republican Party . In the middle of the 20th century, Saint Anthony Park was one of Saint Paul's most conservative neighborhoods. Today, it is one of the city's strongest neighborhoods for the Minnesota DFL . The St. Anthony Park Community Council, which represents

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