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36-469: The Acts of Paul and Thecla is a 2nd-century text ( c.  AD 180 ) which forms part of the Acts of Paul , but was also circulated separately. According to the text, Thecla was a young noble virgin from Iconium who chose to leave her fiance so she could convert to Christianity and follow Paul. In the text, it is said that Thecla spent three days sitting by her window, listening to Paul speak about

72-503: A culture of imitation in these women. Several of them would live as virgins in households, in tombs (as she was rumored to do), and sometimes in monasteries. These women would travel together as bands of empowered virgins telling stories of Thecla and her grace. Other women in the Movement of St. Thecla would name their daughters after her and engrave her face on their tombs and on their oil lamps. All of these women were empowered by Thecla,

108-764: A man's cloak". As she traveled, she preached the word of God and encouraged women to imitate her by living a life of chastity. According to some versions of the Acts , Thecla lived in a cave in Seleucia Cilicia for 72 years, where she continued to spread Christianity. It is also said that Thecla spent the rest of her life in Maaloula , a village in Syria. There, she became a healer and performed many miracles, but remained constantly persecuted. In one instance, as her persecutors were about to get to her, she called out to God,

144-609: A new passage was opened in the cave she was in, and the stones closed behind her. Before her death, she was able to go to Rome and lie down beside Paul's tomb. Tertullian , in chapter 17 of his work On Baptism , writes: But if the writings which wrongly go under Paul's name, claim Thecla's example as a license for women's teaching and baptizing, let them know that, in Asia, the presbyter who composed that writing, as if he were augmenting Paul's fame from his own store, after being convicted, and confessing that he had done it from love of Paul,

180-494: A publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Sts. Thecla ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Acts of Paul The Acts of Paul is one of the major works and earliest pseudepigraphal series from the New Testament apocrypha also known as Apocryphal Acts . This work is part of a body of literature either about or purporting to be written by Paul

216-563: A source; instead it relies on oral traditions of Paul's missionary work. The text is primarily known from Greek manuscripts. The discovery of a Coptic language version of the text demonstrated that the text was composed of: All of these constituent parts were often considered worth treating as separate texts and frequently appeared independently, leading to speculation that the Acts of Paul may have been compiling disparate stories into one work, although other parts scholars believe to be original to

252-460: A woman who did things that not many women would ever dare to do, and they built a strong community in which they empowered each other. Thecla is counted as the patron saint of Tarragona and Sitges in Catalonia ( Spain ), where the cathedral has a chapel dedicated to her . Her feast day remains the town's major local holiday. In Spanish-speaking countries, she is also facetiously counted as

288-584: The Acts of Paul were always classified among the disputed. The Acts of Paul may have been considered orthodox by Hippolytus of Rome but were eventually regarded as heretical when the Manichaeans started using the texts. The author of the Acts of Paul is unknown, but probably came from a Christian community in Asia Minor that revered Paul. The work does not use the canonical Acts of the Apostles as

324-440: The Acts of Paul. Besides the four main sections mentioned above, the remainder of the Acts of Paul exist only in fragments from the 3rd and 5th centuries: The texts are a coherent whole and are generally thought to have been written by one author using oral traditions, rather than basing it on any of the other apocrypha or the orthodox canon. The main emphasis of the text is on chastity and anti- Gnosticism . According to Tertullian,

360-504: The Apostle , including letters, narratives, prayers, and apocalypses. An approximate date given to the Acts of Paul is 100-160 AD. The Acts of Paul were first mentioned by Tertullian , who deemed the work to be heretical. He mentioned that that the writings "wrongly go under Paul's name" and was "augmenting Paul's fame from his own store". Eusebius wrote than, unlike other writings which were classified as antilegomena in some instances,

396-565: The Apostle . "It is otherwise difficult to account for the very great popularity of the cult of St. Thecla, which spread over East and West, and made her the most famous of virgin martyrs," wrote M. R. James , the editor of this Acta (James 1924). The cave-tomb in Seleucia was one of the most celebrated in the Christian world. Gregory of Nazianzus withdrew to the shrine of "the highly praised young maid Thecla" for three years. The site

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432-487: The Christian God and the importance of living in chastity. Thecla's mother, Theoclia, and fiance, Thamyris, became concerned that Thecla was going to follow Paul's teachings. They turned to local authorities to punish Paul for being a Christian and "mak[ing] virgins averse to marriage". Paul was sent to prison, where Thecla visited him, kissed his bonds, and refused to leave him and return to her mother and fiance. Paul

468-711: The Corinthians , and the Martyrdom of the Holy Apostle Paul . Paul's Correspondence With the Corinthians was written roughly a century after the death of Paul, with the intention of correcting perceived misinterpretations of Paul's first and second epistles, as well as to counter certain Gnostic teachings. This work consists of two letters. The first letter is the Epistle of the Corinthians to Paul, in which

504-579: The Monk , and St. Theodora of Alexandria . Written three or four centuries after the Acts of Paul and Thecla , these stories reference Thecla's story through thematic connections, and in the case of The Life of Eugenia , explicitly. In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the wide circulation of the Acts of Paul and Thecla is evidence of her veneration. She was called "apostle and protomartyr among women" and " equal-to-apostles in sanctity". She

540-617: The Roman empress Helena founded the monastery of Saint Tecla that is located in Mosfiloti near Larnaca . After the Mamluks had taken control of Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , part of the hallows of Saint Thecla were carried to Cyprus by Christians . The hallows are in this monastery now. An inscription in remembrance "of the martyr Thecla" in the church of St. Menas in Cyprus, and dated to

576-659: The author repudiates all of the claims made by the two presbyters. The Martyrdom of the Holy Apostle Paul tells the story of Paul's last days in Rome. Upon learning that Paul had resurrected a young man who had died after falling from a parapet, Nero became fearful that the Roman Empire might be overthrown by the Christians. This was the event that precipitated the Neronian persecution of Christians in general, as well as

612-405: The author tells the story of how two presbyters had come to Corinth, preaching "pernicious words". Specifically, they claimed that God is not almighty, there is no resurrection of the body, man was not created by God, Christ had not come in the flesh, nor was he born of Mary, and the world was created not by God but rather by angels. The second letter is Paul's response to the first. In this letter,

648-498: The author was a priest in Asia Minor. Tertullian mentions that after the priest wrote the work adding his own ideas to Paul's fame, the priest was "convicted" and "was removed from his office". The Acts of Paul — which was declared to be antilegomena by Eusebius in his Church History — consists of narratives depicting Paul's preaching and other activities, such as the Acts of Paul and Thecla , Paul's Correspondence With

684-522: The mountainside, a pilgrimage site with a holy well. The Church tradition is that the mountain opened miraculously to protect Thecla from her persecutors. On Monday, December 2, 2013, during the Syrian civil war , twelve nuns there were seized by Al-Qaeda radicals of Al-Nusra Front during the bombardment of her shrine; three months later the nuns were exchanged for relatives of terrorists and in April 2014,

720-454: The old or Julian Calendar. Her veneration flourished particularly at Seleucia Cilicia (where she was said to have lived to old age and be buried), Iconium (present day Konya ), and Nicomedia . Chamalières in France was believed to hold relics. The obscure saints, Tecla of Aquileia and of Trieste are modeled after her. In Bede's martyrology , Thecla is celebrated on 23 September, which

756-467: The oldest image in existence of Paul, dating from the late 4th century. St. Thecla, with her dedication and image of a chosen saint, started a following of masses of women across Asia Minor and Egypt. St. Thecla was praised among these women as a sort of patron of empowerment for women : in the Acts of Paul and Thecla , St. Thecla preached to men, and baptized herself, all things that were normally supposed to have only been done by men. St. Thecla created

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792-1096: The oldest is the St. Taqla Church in Masqa , Matn District , built in 1695. The church boasts an 1870 painting of Thecla by the Italian artist Vincento Lampodico . In Syria, there is a Greek Orthodox church of St. Thecla in Darayya . In 1849, some people found a cave in Latakia which later became St. Taqla's Shrine. In the United States there are three Roman Catholic parishes named for Saint Thecla: in Clinton, Michigan ; in Pembroke, Massachusetts ; and in Chicago , Illinois . Several cities and towns are named for her: [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

828-578: The other side. In June 2010, on a wall of the Catacomba di Santa Tecla in Rome , Vatican archaeologists of the Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology, using laser technology to remove layers of clay and lime rind, discovered a frescoed portrait of St Paul the Apostle , "recognizable by his thin face and dark pointed beard... with small eyes and furrowed brow", which they believe is

864-531: The patron saint of computers and Internet , from the homophony with the Spanish and Catalan word tecla ("key"). The earliest cathedral in Milan was also dedicated to her; its baptistry and remnants of its structure are still accessible below the present structure . The duomo of the town of Este, Veneto , is dedicated to Santa Tecla . Lebanon has 42 churches dedicated to St. Takla or Taqla. One of

900-463: The same source. Eugenia of Rome in the reign of Commodus (180–192) is reported in the Acts of her martyrdom to have taken Thecla as her model. According to some scholars, Thecla's story inspired many later stories of women saints who dressed as men, including St. Anastasia the Patrician , St. Matrona of Perge , St. Euphrosyne of Alexandria , St. Apolinaria , St. Eugenia of Rome , St. Marina

936-464: The second half of the 1st century, was interpreted in the early twentieth century as evidence for her historical existence. At this pilgrimage site near the Church of St. Menas in Cyprus, women had the option to buy a flask which they could fill with holy water, oil, or even dirt from that stop which many women visited during their pilgrimage. These flasks depict the image of Menas on one side and Thecla on

972-433: The specific order to behead Paul. According to this work, when Paul was beheaded, milk — rather than blood — spurted from his neck. Richard J. Bauckham argues that the author of the Acts of Paul drew directly from 2 Timothy in addition to 1 and 2 Corinthians to write a sequel to the Acts of the Apostles based on their understanding of Paul’s final years. Perpetua Too Many Requests If you report this error to

1008-548: The town was liberated by Syrian governmental troops. On May 30, 2018, the rector of the Church, Ilias Ades, announced that the monastery would be entirely restored in a month by the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch with help from the Russian Orthodox Church . The Monastery is a popular destination for Eastern Orthodox Christians from around the world, including Russia. According to tradition,

1044-641: The whole world seemed dead to her as she was to the world. Macarius Magnes , shortly after AD 300, wrote how the message of Christianity was "the sword, [Matt 10:34] which cuts relations from each other [Matt:10:35], as it cut Thecla from Theocleia". Around AD 280, Thecla features as one of the characters in Methodius of Olympus ' Symposium , in which she displays considerable knowledge of secular philosophy, various branches of literature, and eloquent yet modest discourse. Methodius states that she received her instruction in divine and evangelical knowledge from Paul, and

1080-561: Was described by Egeria in the mid-380s. It was restored several times, among others by the Emperor Zeno in the 5th century, and today the ruins of the tomb and sanctuary are called Aya Tekla Church or Meriamlik . A 5th-century anonymous work, The Life and Miracles of Thecla , concentrates on the town. In Maaloula , Syria, a Greek Orthodox nunnery , the Convent of Saint Thecla , was built near her cave tomb, reached by steps in

1116-487: Was eminent for her skill in sacred science ("Logos 8"). The martyrdom of Thecla is frequently referred to in the earliest Acts of the Martyrs . Eugenius, a martyr of Trebizond under Diocletian (284–305), couples Thecla with David and Daniel in his prayers. The exordium of the Acts of Polyeuctes (died 259) refers to Thecla and Perpetua , and there were certainly many virgin martyrs who drew their first inspiration from

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1152-818: Was her feast day in the West, though in 1969 the Roman Catholic Church removed Thecla's feast day from the Calendar of Saints for lack of historic evidence. The Western Rite Parishes of the Orthodox Churches continue to celebrate her on 23 September (new Calendar Parishes) and 6 October (old Calendar Churches). The Western Rite Monastic Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit celebrates her feast day on 24 September. A local martyr tradition of Thecla may have inspired an episode connected to Paul

1188-549: Was made to leave the city and Thecla was condemned to be burned. However, Thecla was miraculously saved from burning at the stake by the onset of a storm. She then encountered Paul outside of Iconium , where she told him, "I will cut my hair off and I shall follow you wherever you go". She then traveled with Paul to Antioch of Pisidia . There, a nobleman named Alexander desired Thecla and attempted to rape her. Thecla fought him off, tore his cloak, and knocked his coronet off his head, which caused her to be put on trial for assault. She

1224-605: Was removed from his office. Johann Peter Kirsch says, "Notwithstanding the purely legendary character of the entire story, it is not impossible that it is connected with an historical person." The Church Fathers recount a number of traditions about Thecla. Gregory of Nyssa writes in the 4th century (Homily 14 in Cant ) that she undertook the sacrifice of herself, by giving death to the flesh, practicing great austerities, extinguishing in herself all earthly affections, so that nothing seemed to remain living in her but reason and spirit:

1260-490: Was sentenced to be eaten by wild beasts , but was again saved by a series of miracles. In one scene, female beasts, particularly lionesses, protected her against her male aggressors. While in the arena, she baptized herself by throwing herself into a nearby lake full of aggressive seals, who were all killed by lightning before they could devour her. Thecla rejoined Paul in Myra , "wearing a mantle that she had altered so as to make

1296-500: Was widely cited as an ascetic role model for women. During the fourth and fifth centuries, Thecla was lauded in literature as an exemplary virgin and martyr by ascetic writers and theologians such as Methodius of Olympus , Gregory of Nyssa , and Gregory of Nazianzus . The Eastern Rites of the Eastern Orthodox Church commemorate her on 24 September in churches following the new Calendar and 7 October for those using

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