79-589: Sakhalin Oblast (Russian: Сахали́нская о́бласть , romanized : Sakhalinskaya oblast' , IPA: [səxɐˈlʲinskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ] ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast ) comprising the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the Russian Far East . The oblast has an area of 87,100 square kilometers (33,600 sq mi). Its administrative center and largest city
158-711: A border zone , which means that the freedom of movement for foreigners is dramatically restricted and any movement outside of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk requires registration to the Federal Security Service (FSB) and the Border Guard . Scuba diving and recreation on the seacoast is permitted only in places defined by the Border Guard. Population: According to the 2021 census , there were 466,609 people residing in Sakhalin oblast. The population density
237-577: A Latin alphabet for the Russian language was discussed in 1929–30 during the campaign of latinisation of the languages of the USSR , when a special commission was created to propose a latinisation system for Russian. The letters of the Latin script are named in Russian as following (and are borrowed from French and/or German ): Heilongjiang Heilongjiang is a province in northeast China . It
316-444: A Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of typing rapidly using a native Russian keyboard layout ( JCUKEN ). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their keyboard layout , such as for English QWERTY keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert
395-639: A Working Group of the United Nations , in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of GOST 16876-71 . It may be found in some international cartographic products. American Library Association and Library of Congress (ALA-LC) romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in North American libraries and in the British Library since 1975. The formal, unambiguous version of
474-482: A decree issued on 2 February 1946. Almost a year later, on January 2, 1947, the South Sakhalin Oblast was disbanded and included into Sakhalin Oblast, forming present-day boundary of the latter. On the same day Sakhalin Oblast was excluded from Khabarovsk Krai . The Japanese who had been living there before mostly repatriated to Japan, but at least one-third of Koreans were refused repatriation; stuck on
553-434: A total of 14.37 million ha (35.5 million acres) of grain plantation area, including 4 million ha (9.9 million acres) of rice plantation and 5.5 million ha (14 million acres) of corn. Heilongjiang has vast tracts of black soil ( chernozem ), one of the most fertile soil types. Since the early 20th century, cultivation in the black soil belt has expanded by almost 100-fold, and after
632-870: A wave of privatization led to the closure of uncompetitive factories in the 1990s, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation. As a result, the government has started the Revitalize Northeast China campaign to deal with this problem, promoting the private sectors as the preferred method of economic reform . Petroleum is of great importance in Heilongjiang, and the Daqing oilfields are an important source of petroleum for China . Coal, gold, and graphite are other important minerals to be found in Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang also has great potential for wind power , with potential capacity for 134 gigawatts of power production. Heilongjiang's population
711-648: Is Datudingzi Mountain at 1,690 metres (5,540 ft), located on the border with Jilin province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry. The east and southwest of the province, which are relatively flat and low in altitude, feature the Muling River , the Naoli River , the Songhua River , the Nen River , and
790-522: Is Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk . As of the 2021 Census , the oblast has a population of 466,609. The vast majority of the oblast's residents are ethnic Russians , with a small minority of Sakhalin Koreans . Sakhalin Oblast is rich in natural gas and oil , and is Russia's second wealthiest federal subject after the Tyumen Oblast . It borders by sea Khabarovsk Krai to the west and Kamchatka Krai to
869-765: Is 400 to 700 millimetres (16 to 28 in), concentrated heavily in summer. Clear weather is prevalent throughout the year, and in the spring, the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain provide abundant sources of wind energy. The province's largest cities include Harbin , Qiqihar , Mudanjiang , Jiamusi , Daqing , Jixi , Shuangyashan , Hegang , Qitaihe , Yichun , and Heihe . Heilongjiang boasts an extensive road network. As of October 2020, it has 165,989 km (103,141 mi) of expressways, highways and other roads. The Beijing - Harbin Expressway
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#1732764927962948-560: Is a city of contrasts, with Chinese, Russian , and eclectic worldwide influences clearly apparent. Bukui Mosque , a national heritage site, is the largest glazed-tile building in the province. Eastern Orthodox , Roman Catholic , and Protestant churches as well as synagogues dot the city. The long, cold winter is the backdrop for its famed ice sculpture exhibitions. In 2007 already the 8th Ice and Snow World opened to visitors in Harbin. More than 2,000 ice sculptures were on display at
1027-584: Is also an important source of lumber for China. Pine, especially the Korean pine and larch are the most important forms of lumber produced in Heilongjiang. Forests are mostly found in the Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains , which are also home to protected animal species such as the Siberian tiger , the red-crowned crane , and the lynx . Herding in Heilongjiang
1106-540: Is an adoption of an ICAO standard for travel documents. It was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013 ( see below ). The standard was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/ IEC 7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, but directly refers to the ICAO romanization ( see below ). Names on street and road signs in the Soviet Union were romanized according to GOST 10807-78 (tables 17, 18), which
1185-753: Is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as an official standard of the COMECON . GOST 7.79-2000 System of Standards on Information, Librarianship, and Publishing–Rules for Transliteration of the Cyrillic Characters Using the Latin Alphabet is an adoption of ISO 9:1995 . It is the official standard of both Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). GOST 52535.1-2006 Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports
1264-423: Is based on its predecessor ISO/R 9:1968, which it deprecates; for Russian, the two are the same except in the treatment of five modern letters. ISO 9:1995 is the first language-independent, univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics) that faithfully represents the original and allows for reverse transliteration for Cyrillic text in any contemporary language. The UNGEGN ,
1343-424: Is centered upon horses and cattle; the province has the largest number of milk cows and the highest production of milk among all the province-level divisions of China. Heilongjiang is part of northeast China , the country's traditional industrial base. Industry is focused upon coal, petroleum, lumber, machinery, and food. Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade with Russia . Since
1422-633: Is estimated to be 30.9 million in 2022, down from its peak at 38.3 million in 2010. As of 2021 , the population is 65.7% urban and 34.3% rural. The majority of Heilongjiang's population is Han Chinese , while ethnic minorities include the Manchus , Koreans , Mongols , Hui , Xibe , and Hezhen . Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service. Source: Most of Heilongjiang's residents are either non-religious or practice Chinese folk religions , including Taoism . Manchu shamanism
1501-583: Is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030. Major airports include Harbin Taiping International Airport , Qiqihar Airport , Mudanjiang Airport , Jiamusi Airport and Heihe Airport . Harbin International Airport is capable of handling six million passengers every year and connects to over 70 domestic and international cities. The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge
1580-599: Is not connected was conclusively established by Mamiya Rinzō , who explored and mapped Sakhalin in 1809 and definitively recorded by Russian navigator Gennady Nevelskoy in 1849. Japanese settlement on Sakhalin dates to at least the Edo period . Ōtomari was supposedly established in 1679, and cartographers of the Matsumae domain mapped the island, and named it "Kita- Ezo ". During the Ming and Qing dynasties China considered
1659-539: Is practiced by many Manchu people . Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism have an important presence in the province. Heilongjiang's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is relatively homogeneous across this region, known in Mandarin Chinese as "Dongbei" (the northeast). Heilongjiang Television and Harbin Economy Radio serve as broadcasters. Harbin, the provincial capital,
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#17327649279621738-583: Is the most significant expressway corridor to the province, which begins at the Heilongjiang - Jilin border and ends within the Harbin Ring Expressway . The Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway runs northeast and it links far-flung counties within the jurisdiction of Harbin, Jiamusi and other major counties in Northeast Heilongjiang. Near the end of Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway, Jiansanjiang–Heixiazi Island Expressway branches off
1817-596: Is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri rivers). The province is bordered by Jilin to the south and Inner Mongolia to the west. It also shares a border with Russia ( Amur Oblast , Jewish Autonomous Oblast , Khabarovsk Krai , Primorsky Krai and Zabaykalsky Krai ) to
1896-822: The Chuang Guandong , the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region. In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria were defeated by the Soviet Army . During the Chinese Civil War , Soviet forces aided
1975-602: The 2010 census and 42,000 in the 1959 census . According to a 2012 survey 21.6% of the population of Sakhalin Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 2% adheres to other Orthodox churches or is an Orthodox believer without belonging to any church, 1% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or to local Siberian native faiths , 1% adheres to forms of Protestantism . In addition, 37% of
2054-734: The Amur River , whose name in Mandarin is Heilongjiang ("black dragon river"). Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Sushen , Buyeo , the Mohe , and the Khitan . Mongolic Donghu people lived in Inner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang. Some names are Manchu or Mongolian. The eastern portion of Heilongjiang
2133-636: The Chinese Communist Party Heilongjiang Committee: List of governors: In 2022, Heilongjiang's GDP was 1.59 trillion RMB ($ 236 billion in GDP nominal), with a per capita GDP of CN¥51,906 ( US$ 7,717 in nominal). Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries contributed ¥360 billion (22.7%), ¥465 billion (29.2%), and ¥764 billion (48%) to GDP, respectively. Heilongjiang's GDP has been rising steadily since 2003, growing 37% from 2003 to 2007. The value of
2212-571: The Cultural Revolution , Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia ; this has since mostly been reversed. Heilongjiang is a land of varied topographies. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains , Laoye Mountains , and Wanda Mountains . The highest peak
2291-749: The Mudan River , all tributaries of the Amur , while the northern border forms part of the Amur valley. Xingkai Lake (or Khanka Lake ) is found on the border with Russia 's Primorsky Krai . A humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa or Dwb ) predominates in the province, though areas in the far north are subarctic (Köppen Dwc ). Winters are long and bitter, with an average of −31 to −15 °C (−24 to 5 °F) in January, and summers are short and warm to very warm with an average of 18 to 23 °C (64 to 73 °F) in July. The annual average rainfall
2370-620: The Nivkh , Orok , and Ainu minorities. The first Europeans to explore the waters around Sakhalin Island were Ivan Moskvitin and Martin Gerritz de Vries in the mid-1600s, Jean-François de La Pérouse in 1787 and Adam Johann von Krusenstern in 1805. Early maps of Sakhalin reflect the uncertainty of the age as to whether or not the land mass was attached to the Asian continent . The fact that it
2449-525: The Russian SFSR as a part of Far Eastern Oblast (1922–1926), Far Eastern Krai (1926–1938) and Khabarovsk Krai (included Russian-administered territories of Sakhalin in 1938–1947). Sakhalin Oblast was established on 20 October 1932 as a part of Far Eastern Krai, and became part of Khabarovsk Krai upon the latter foundation in 1938. In August 1945, the Soviet Union took over the control of
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2528-702: The Russo-Japanese War , Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905, which resulted in the southern part of the island below 50° N passing to Japan; the Russians retained the other three-fifths of the area. South Sakhalin was administered by Japan as Karafuto-chō (樺太庁), with the capital Toyohara, now known as Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk . After the Russian Revolution and subsequent civil war northern Sakhalin ultimately became governed by
2607-870: The Stanovoy Mountains . The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose power reached the Sea of Japan . These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration. The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjiang City (also known as Aigun or Heihe , or, in Manchu , Saghalien Ula), located on
2686-487: The 1850s, established coal mines, administration facilities, schools, prisons and churches on the island. In 1855, Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of Shimoda , which declared that both nationals could inhabit the island: Russians in the north, and Japanese in the south, without a clear boundary between. Russia also agreed to dismantle its military base at Ōtomari. Following the Second Opium War , Russia forced
2765-554: The 1960s agriculture in the region transformed to modern agriculture with heavy mechanization and an increase of fertilizer use. Heilongjiang is one of the Asia's leading production areas for japonica rice , known for high quality brand rice varieties. The introduction of cold-resistant varieties, favorable policies and climate change have all contributed to a significant increase in rice production in recent years. Commercial crops grown include beets , flax , sunflowers . Heilongjiang
2844-639: The 19th century. It is based on the Czech alphabet and formed the basis of the GOST and ISO systems. OST 8483 was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced on 16 October 1935. Developed by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography at the USSR Council of Ministers , GOST 16876-71 has been in service since 1973. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000. This standard
2923-476: The Amur River. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred to Nenjiang (Mergen) on the Nen River , and, in 1699, further south to Qiqihar . According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all
3002-524: The Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists and Harbin the first major city to be controlled by them. At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang ; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During
3081-647: The Heilongjiang - Jilin border in East Heilongjiang, is another major expressway that facilitates the transportation of lumber and coal. There are 60 railway lines of around 5,300 kilometres (3,300 miles) including a section of the Eurasian Land Bridge . The Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway , completed in 2012, stretches from Harbin, Heilongjiang's capital, to Dalian in Liaoning province via Changchun and Shenyang comprising 23 stops. It
3160-628: The Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count) ≈ – not including territories within Inner Mongolia (if included: 82,928.80 km or 32,018.99 sq mi) (Additional information regarding the last prefecture can be found at Greater Khingan .) These 13 prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 128 county-level divisions (65 districts , 20 county-level cities , 42 counties , and one autonomous county ). Those are in turn divided into 1,284 township-level divisions (473 towns , 400 townships , 58 ethnic townships , and 353 subdistricts ). List of secretaries of
3239-543: The Oxford University Press, and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975. The Library of Congress system (ALA-LC) is used for newer acquisitions. The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones to read and pronounce. In many publications, a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names, typically converting ë to yo , simplifying -iy and -yy endings to -y , and omitting apostrophes for ъ and ь . It can be rendered using only
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3318-421: The Qing to sign the Treaty of Aigun and Convention of Peking , under which China lost all territories north of Heilongjiang ( Amur ) and east of Ussuri , including Sakhalin, to Russia. A Czarist penal colony was established in 1857, but the southern part of the island was held by the Japanese until the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg , when they ceded it to Russia in exchange for the Kuril islands. After
3397-425: The Russian population increased slightly in percentage from 77.7% in 1959 to 81.6% in 1989. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the population of the oblast has declined sharply. Compared with the Soviet 1989 Census, the population of the Oblast according to the Russian 2002 Census had declined by 163,547 or 23.0%, to 546,695. The 2010 population of 497,973 recorded in 2010 is the lowest on record since
3476-411: The Russians in 1860.) In 1858 and 1860, the Qing government was forced to give up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers to the Russian Empire , cutting off the Qing Empire from the Sea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early twentieth century, due to
3555-438: The Treaty of Portsmouth of September 5, 1905". However, the status of the southern Kuril Islands remains disputed , as Japan does not consider them to be a part of the Kuril Islands (calling them "Northern Territories" instead) and, thus, claims sovereignty over them as "unaffected" by the 1952 renunciation. The issue remains a major strain on Japanese-Russian relations . Even now, no official peace treaty has been signed between
3634-406: The annual event. Wudalianchi Lakes are a series of five lakes formed between 1719 and 1721 when volcanic eruption shaped one section of a tributary of the Amur into five interconnected lakes. The second lake in particular is renowned for its irregular geological sights. Lake Jingbo , in Ning'an County, is a section of the Mudan River that has been narrowed and shaped by volcanic eruption into
3713-427: The basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards: no diacritics or unusual letters are required, although the interpunct character (·) may be used to avoid ambiguity. This particular standard is part of the BGN/PCGN romanization system which was developed by the United States Board on Geographic Names and by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use . The portion of
3792-466: The entire Sakhalin and Kuril Islands . The Soviet attack on South Sakhalin started on August 11, 1945, about a month before the Surrender of Japan in World War II. The 56th Rifle Corps consisting of the 79th Rifle Division , the 2nd Rifle Brigade, the 5th Rifle Brigade and the 214th Tank Brigade attacked the Japanese 88th Division. Although the Red Army outnumbered the Japanese by three times, they could not advance due to strong Japanese resistance. It
3871-472: The immigrants from the Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces of Korea during the late 1930s and early 1940s, the latter half of the Japanese ruling era . After the Red Army had seized control over southern Sakhalin at the end of WW2, all but a few Japanese there repatriated successfully, while most Koreans could not secure permission to depart either to Japan or their home towns in South Korea. In 2021, there were roughly 16,000 Sakhalin Koreans, down from 25,000 in
3950-443: The introduction of a dedicated Latin alphabet for writing the Russian language. Such an alphabet would not necessarily bind closely to the traditional Cyrillic orthography. The transition from Cyrillic to Latin has been proposed several times throughout history (especially during the Soviet era), but was never conducted on a large scale, except for informal romanizations in the computer era. The most serious possibility of adoption of
4029-435: The island part of its empire, and included the Sakhalin peoples in its "system for subjugated peoples". At no time though was any attempt ever made to establish an Imperial military presence on the island. Japan, concerned about Russian expansion in northeast Asia, unilaterally proclaimed sovereignty over the whole island in 1845. Russian settlers ignored the claim (and the similar claim of China), however, and, beginning in
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#17327649279624108-443: The island since the mid-1990s. Coal and some manganese had been mined there by the Soviet authorities since the 1920s. The governor Alexander Khoroshavin was appointed on August 9, 2007. He was succeeded by Oleg Kozhemyako on March 25, 2015, in 2018 he was replaced by Valery Limarenko . Due to restrictions, the entire Sakhalin Oblast and its internal and territorial waters except for Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk are considered to be
4187-402: The island, they and their descendants became known as the Sakhalin Koreans . The Karafuto Prefecture was abolished by Japan as a legal entity on June 1, 1949. The Treaty of San Francisco (1952) provides, that Japan renounces "all right, title and claim to the Kurile Islands, and to that portion of Sakhalin and the islands adjacent to it over which Japan acquired sovereignty as a consequence of
4266-487: The main expressway at Jiansanjiang and connects many state-owned farms at the far east of the province before ending near the Sino-Russian border. The Suifenhe - Manzhouli Expressway is another major corridor, it runs southeast to northwest and connects some of the most significant population centers of the province, including Mudanjiang, Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, before ending at the Heilongjiang - Inner Mongolia border. The Hegang - Dalian Expressway runs between Hegang and
4345-406: The new system and the old one, citizens who wanted to retain the old version of a name's transliteration, especially one that had been in the old pre-2010 passport, could apply to the local migration office before they acquired a new passport. The standard was abandoned in 2013. In 2013, Order No. 320 of the Federal Migration Service of Russia came into force. It states that all personal names in
4424-564: The north and east. The capital and the largest city of the province is Harbin . Among Chinese provincial-level administrative divisions , Heilongjiang is the sixth-largest by total area , the 20th-most populous , and the second-poorest by GDP per capita after only Gansu province. The province takes its name from the Amur River which marks the border between the People's Republic of China and Russia . Heilongjiang has significant agricultural production, and raw materials, such as timber, oil, and coal. The province takes its name from
4503-403: The north, along with Hokkaido , Japan to the south. The etymology of Sakhalin can be traced back to the Manchu hydronym Sahaliyan Ula ( Manchu : ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ ) for "Black River" ( i.e. the Amur River ). Sakhalin shares this etymology with the Chinese province of Heilongjiang (Chinese for "black dragon river ( Chinese : 黑龍江, Hēilóngjiāng)"). The indigenous people of Sakhalin are
4582-560: The oblast was created, although the decline was less (8.9%) than during the 1990s. As of the 2002 census, 333 residents of the oblast still identified themselves as ethnic Japanese. Most of the 888 Japanese people living in Russia (2010 Census) are also of mixed Japanese-Ainu ancestry, although they do not acknowledge it (full Japanese ancestry gives them the right of visa-free entry to Japan). Several Russian, French, South Korean, British, Canadian and American oil and gas companies have been either drilling or prospecting for oil and gas on
4661-410: The passports must be transliterated by using the ICAO system , which is published in Doc 9303 " Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3 ". The system differs from the GOST R 52535.1-2006 system in two things: ц is transliterated into ts (as in pre-2010 systems), ъ is transliterated into ie (a novelty). In a second sense, the romanization or Latinization of Russian may also indicate
4740-413: The population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 15% is atheist , and 18.4% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. Romanization of Russian The romanization of the Russian language (the transliteration of Russian text from the Cyrillic script into the Latin script ), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in
4819-405: The private economy reached RMB234 billion in 2006 and accounted for 37.6 percent of the GDP. In that year, the tax revenue from private enterprises hit RMB20.5 billion. Private enterprises in Heilongjiang led the overall economic growth of the province. Many leading private enterprises have begun to emerge. Heilongjiang is home to China's largest plantations of rice , corn and soybeans , with
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#17327649279624898-406: The remaining Japanese units set truce agreements with the Soviet Army. The Soviets completed the conquest of Sakhalin on August 25, 1945, by occupying the capital of Sakhalin, then known as Toyohara. Japanese sources claim that 20,000 civilians were killed during the invasion. Soviet-conquered areas of South Sakhalin and Kuril Islands were declared a South Sakhalin Oblast by the Soviet authorities in
4977-399: The renounced territory. On September 1, 1983, the Soviets downed Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , carrying 269 occupants, including U.S. Congressman Larry McDonald , west of Sakhalin Island near the smaller Moneron Island . In 1995 the 7.0 M w Neftegorsk earthquake shook the former settlement of Neftegorsk with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX ( Violent ). Total damage
5056-419: The southern part of Sakhalin Island, with only a small number remaining today. The Ainu are not recognized as a separate ethnic group in the Russian census, making it difficult to estimate their total population. Another indigenous group, the Nivkh people, live mainly in the north of the island and amount for roughly 2,000 people. There exists a notable minority of Sakhalin Koreans , who can trace their roots to
5135-410: The system for bibliographic cataloguing requires some diacritics, two-letter tie characters , and prime marks. The standard is also often adapted as a "simplified" or "modified Library of Congress system" for use in text for a non-specialized audience, omitting the special characters and diacritics, simplifying endings, and modifying iotated initials. British Standard 2979:1958 is the main system of
5214-436: The system pertaining to the Russian language was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947. In Soviet international passports , transliteration was based on French rules but without diacritics and so all names were transliterated in a French-style system . In 1997, with the introduction of new Russian passports , a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs , but
5293-447: The system was also abandoned in 2010. In 2006, GOST R 52535.1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for Russian international passports and introduces its own system of transliteration. In 2010, the Federal Migration Service of Russia approved Order No. 26, stating that all personal names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST R 52535.1-2006. Because of some differences between
5372-399: The text into Cyrillic. There are a number of distinct and competing standards for the romanization of Russian Cyrillic , with none of them having received much popularity, and, in reality, transliteration is often carried out without any consistent standards. Scientific transliteration, also known as the International Scholarly System , is a system that has been used in linguistics since
5451-434: The two nations. In addition, because the treaty did not explicitly specify cession of the renounced areas to the Soviet Union, Japan officially considers South Sakhalin and northern Kuril Islands to be a territories of undetermined ownership and these areas are marked as No Man's Land with white color on Japanese maps, although Japan currently has a Consulate-General in Sakhalin's capital city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk , located on
5530-449: The two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019. Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020", and then 3rd quarter of 2021. Heilongjiang is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions : twelve prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city ) and one prefecture : * – including Ethnic districts ** – administrative districts not registered under
5609-413: The way down the Sungari River until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using a portage over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and
5688-492: The western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (Sahaliyan Ula i Jiyanggiyūn) (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang; jiyanggiyūn is the Manchu reading of the Chinese word 將軍 jiāngjūn ; "military leader, general" and is cognate with Japanese shōgun ), whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk , as far north as
5767-406: The Ölöt Mongols . Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. According to the 18th- and early-20th-century European sources and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) ( Chinese : 乌鲁苏穆丹 Wūlǔsūmùdān ), near the Amur River's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was on the left (north) bank of the river, lost to
5846-542: Was $ 64.1–300 million, with 1,989 deaths and 750 injured. The settlement was not rebuilt. On 24 April 1996 Sakhalin Oblast, alongside Rostov Oblast , signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement would be abolished on 4 March 2002. According to the first post World War II Soviet Census in 1959, the population of the oblast numbered 649,405. That figure dropped slightly to 615,652 in 1970 before rising to 661,778 in 1979 and peaking at 710,242 in 1989. Throughout this time period,
5925-468: Was 5.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (14/sq mi). 82.4% lived in urban areas. The annual population growth stood at −0.6% (2010-21). Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.81 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 68.42 years (male — 63.72, female — 73.41) Ethnic groups: Most inhabitants are descendants of Russian and other Slavic settlers. The indigenous Ainu people have historically inhabited
6004-497: Was amended by newer Russian GOST R 52290-2004 (tables Г.4, Г.5), the romanizations in both the standards are practically identical. ISO/R 9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968, was the adoption of the scientific transliteration by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages. ISO 9:1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It
6083-493: Was not until the 113th Rifle Brigade and the 365th Independent Naval Infantry Rifle Battalion from Sovietskaya Gavan (Советская Гавань) landed on Tōrō (塔路), a seashore village of western Sakhalin on August 16 that the Soviets broke the Japanese defense line. Japanese resistance grew weaker after this landing. Actual fighting continued until August 21. However, this was relatively limited in scope. From August 22 to August 23, most of
6162-627: Was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich , the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia . The railway bridge over the Amur River will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye , a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016. In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between
6241-747: Was ruled by the Bohai Kingdom between the 7th and 10th centuries, followed by the Khitan Liao dynasty . The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during the Kangxi era of the Manchu Qing Dynasty , from the northwestern part of the Jilin province. This Heilongjiang Province only included
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