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29-847: On October 27, 1945, the Sakhalin State Steamship Company (Sakhalin Godsmorparakhodtsvo) was formed from 13 vessels previously operated by the Nikolaev-on-Amur Shipping Company and several vessels from the Far East Shipping Company (FESCO). The new shipping company was intended to promote the economic development of Sakhalin, which Russian had recently acquired from Japan. By 1951, the company's fleet had grown to 30 vessels and transported 2 million tons of cargo from Vladivostok to Sakhalin and other ports along

58-444: A Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of typing rapidly using a native Russian keyboard layout ( JCUKEN ). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their keyboard layout , such as for English QWERTY keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert

87-639: A Working Group of the United Nations , in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of GOST 16876-71 . It may be found in some international cartographic products. American Library Association and Library of Congress (ALA-LC) romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in North American libraries and in the British Library since 1975. The formal, unambiguous version of

116-716: Is an intermodal transport operator in Russia, which provides services, including marine shipping, roll-on/roll-off , rail transportation and port handling. The parent company of the Group is Far-Eastern Shipping Company JSC. FESCO Group is headquartered in Moscow. The base company of the group is the Far-Eastern Shipping Company (FESCO; Russian: Дальневосточное морское пароходство , romanized : Dal'nevostochnoye morskoye parokhodstvo ). The company

145-595: Is an adoption of an ICAO standard for travel documents. It was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013 ( see below ). The standard was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/ IEC 7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, but directly refers to the ICAO romanization ( see below ). Names on street and road signs in the Soviet Union were romanized according to GOST 10807-78 (tables 17, 18), which

174-753: Is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as an official standard of the COMECON . GOST 7.79-2000 System of Standards on Information, Librarianship, and Publishing–Rules for Transliteration of the Cyrillic Characters Using the Latin Alphabet is an adoption of ISO 9:1995 . It is the official standard of both Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). GOST 52535.1-2006 Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports

203-423: Is based on its predecessor ISO/R 9:1968, which it deprecates; for Russian, the two are the same except in the treatment of five modern letters. ISO 9:1995 is the first language-independent, univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics) that faithfully represents the original and allows for reverse transliteration for Cyrillic text in any contemporary language. The UNGEGN ,

232-684: The RZhD ). In 2011, the Bremen-based BLG Group and FESCO founded a joint venture for logistics for the Russian automotive industry. Romanization of Russian The romanization of the Russian language (the transliteration of Russian text from the Cyrillic script into the Latin script ), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in

261-461: The Vanino - Kholmsk line. SASCO also operates regular cargo service along the following lines: The company provides additional tramp service, primarily between ports in the northwestern Pacific. SASCO previously operated regular cargo or ferry service along the following lines: SASCO operates a fleet of 3 ferries and 11 cargo vessels as well as several harbor tugs. The fleet is registered to

290-639: The 19th century. It is based on the Czech alphabet and formed the basis of the GOST and ISO systems. OST 8483 was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced on 16 October 1935. Developed by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography at the USSR Council of Ministers , GOST 16876-71 has been in service since 1973. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000. This standard

319-619: The Oxford University Press, and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975. The Library of Congress system (ALA-LC) is used for newer acquisitions. The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones to read and pronounce. In many publications, a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names, typically converting ë to yo , simplifying -iy and -yy endings to -y , and omitting apostrophes for ъ and ь . It can be rendered using only

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348-715: The Sea of Okhotsk. After the failure of the Sakhalin Tunnel project in 1953, Sakhalin State Shipping Company began construction on the required infrastructure to support rail and vehicle ferry service between Vanino and Kholmsk . Routine passenger ferry service began in April 1973 on the icebreaking ferry vessel Sakhalin-1 and rail ferry service began in June 1973. By the 1960s, the shipping company's fleet

377-622: The basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards: no diacritics or unusual letters are required, although the interpunct character (·) may be used to avoid ambiguity. This particular standard is part of the BGN/PCGN romanization system which was developed by the United States Board on Geographic Names and by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use . The portion of

406-540: The full length of the route during the summer and fall months. In 2021 SASCO transported equipment from Vladivostok to Novatek natural gas projects on the Taimyr peninsula . In 2022 SASCO was acquired by Delo Group , a Russian logistics and port infrastructure conglomerate. On July 20, 2023, SASCO was sanctioned by the US State Department in relation to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War. Specifically, SASCO

435-496: The introduction of a dedicated Latin alphabet for writing the Russian language. Such an alphabet would not necessarily bind closely to the traditional Cyrillic orthography. The transition from Cyrillic to Latin has been proposed several times throughout history (especially during the Soviet era), but was never conducted on a large scale, except for informal romanizations in the computer era. The most serious possibility of adoption of

464-633: The large oceangoing tugboat Barbara Foss arrived on 18 October to the tow of the Simushir . The Canadian Coast Guard Cutter Gordon Reid was assisting, and the US Coast Guard kept a rescue helicopter on stand-by if the crew needed to be evacuated. There were 10 crew members aboard the Simushir . The USCG had already evacuated the ship's captain because of an injury he suffered. Fesco Transport Group FESCO Transportation Group (Russian: Fesco , romanized : FESCO Group )

493-484: The new system and the old one, citizens who wanted to retain the old version of a name's transliteration, especially one that had been in the old pre-2010 passport, could apply to the local migration office before they acquired a new passport. The standard was abandoned in 2013. In 2013, Order No. 320 of the Federal Migration Service of Russia came into force. It states that all personal names in

522-459: The passports must be transliterated by using the ICAO system , which is published in Doc 9303 " Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3 ". The system differs from the GOST R 52535.1-2006 system in two things: ц is transliterated into ts (as in pre-2010 systems), ъ is transliterated into ie (a novelty). In a second sense, the romanization or Latinization of Russian may also indicate

551-700: The port of Kholmsk and sails under Russian flag. All vessels in the SASCO fleet are ice rated to Russian Maritime Register of Shipping ice class L1 or Arc4 (approximately equivalent to Finnish-Swedish ice class 1A). On 16 October 2014, the SASCO-owned MV Simushir lost power off Haida Gwaii, also known as the Queen Charlotte Islands, along British Columbia's coast as it made its way from Everett, Washington, US, to Russia. The Canadian Forces' Joint Rescue Co-ordination Centre said

580-783: The shares of FESCO, respectively. The acquisition was funded by a mixture of debt and equity. In December 2012, TPG joined in Summa Group's investment in FESCO, as a result of which TPG has certain rights in respect of oversight of the FESCO business and an indirect economic ownership interest of 17.5% in the Group. The majority of the company's operations are located in the Russian Far East. FESCO operations are handled by five divisions, namely Port, Rail, Liner and Logistics, Shipping, and Bunkering. The 100% FESCO subsidiary Transgarant and Russkaya Troyka (50% joint venture with

609-410: The system for bibliographic cataloguing requires some diacritics, two-letter tie characters , and prime marks. The standard is also often adapted as a "simplified" or "modified Library of Congress system" for use in text for a non-specialized audience, omitting the special characters and diacritics, simplifying endings, and modifying iotated initials. British Standard 2979:1958 is the main system of

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638-502: The system pertaining to the Russian language was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947. In Soviet international passports , transliteration was based on French rules but without diacritics and so all names were transliterated in a French-style system . In 1997, with the introduction of new Russian passports , a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs , but

667-447: The system was also abandoned in 2010. In 2006, GOST R 52535.1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for Russian international passports and introduces its own system of transliteration. In 2010, the Federal Migration Service of Russia approved Order No. 26, stating that all personal names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST R 52535.1-2006. Because of some differences between

696-483: The text into Cyrillic. There are a number of distinct and competing standards for the romanization of Russian Cyrillic , with none of them having received much popularity, and, in reality, transliteration is often carried out without any consistent standards. Scientific transliteration, also known as the International Scholarly System , is a system that has been used in linguistics since

725-538: Was 13 million tons, of which 5.8 million was carried on the Vanino - Kholmsk ferry crossing and 2.4 million on overseas voyages. Faced with weak bulk cargo demand in eastern Russia, SASCO has leveraged its existing fleet of ice-class vessels to provide cargo service to along the Northern Sea Route. The company inaugurated service to the eastern Northern Sea Route service in 2014, but now provides service along

754-497: Was amended by newer Russian GOST R 52290-2004 (tables Г.4, Г.5), the romanizations in both the standards are practically identical. ISO/R 9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968, was the adoption of the scientific transliteration by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages. ISO 9:1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It

783-477: Was completely renovated. New transportation routes were constantly being developed. In particular, during this period, the shipping company became one of the main carriers of goods for the fighting people of Vietnam. The company underwent privatization in 1992 under the name Sakhalin Shipping Company. At the time of privatization, the company held 77 ships (383,000 DWT). The annual transportation volume

812-565: Was founded in Vladivostok in 1880. FESCO is publicly traded as MCX :  FESH . Current shareholding structure is: Mr. Magomedov – 32.5%; entities controlled by Mr. Garber (is one of the controlling shareholders of GHP Group) – 23.8%, TPG – 17.4%, other shareholders/Free float – 26.3%. The chairman of the executive board of FESCO Transportation Group is Leyla Mammad Zada, the president is Alexander Isurin. On 13 December 2012, Summa Group and GHP Group indirectly acquired 49.99% and 23.75% of

841-536: Was sanctioned for its role in providing logistical support to future energy projects in the Russian Arctic, particularly those in the Taimyr Peninsula. The sanctions prohibit US entities from dealing with SASCO or its subsidiaries (OOO MPL Vanino Sakhalin and AO Vostok Treid Invest) as well as the 14 vessels of the SASCO fleet. As of June 2024, SASCO operates its three ferries in regular service on

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